The document discusses two data link layer framing methods:
1) Bit stuffing inserts additional 0 bits into the data stream whenever five consecutive 1 bits are detected to ensure frame synchronization.
2) Byte stuffing uses special character sequences to delineate frame boundaries and inserts additional characters if those sequences appear in the data to avoid loss of synchronization.
The document discusses two data link layer framing methods:
1) Bit stuffing inserts additional 0 bits into the data stream whenever five consecutive 1 bits are detected to ensure frame synchronization.
2) Byte stuffing uses special character sequences to delineate frame boundaries and inserts additional characters if those sequences appear in the data to avoid loss of synchronization.
The document discusses two data link layer framing methods:
1) Bit stuffing inserts additional 0 bits into the data stream whenever five consecutive 1 bits are detected to ensure frame synchronization.
2) Byte stuffing uses special character sequences to delineate frame boundaries and inserts additional characters if those sequences appear in the data to avoid loss of synchronization.
The document discusses two data link layer framing methods:
1) Bit stuffing inserts additional 0 bits into the data stream whenever five consecutive 1 bits are detected to ensure frame synchronization.
2) Byte stuffing uses special character sequences to delineate frame boundaries and inserts additional characters if those sequences appear in the data to avoid loss of synchronization.
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1.
Implement the data link layer framing methods such as character, character stuffing and bit stuffing.
a) Bit Stuffing:
The new technique allows data frames to contain an ar bitrary number if bits and allows character codes with an arbitrary no of bits per character. Each frame begins and ends wit h special bit pattern, 011 11110, called a flag byte. When ever the sender ’s data link layer enc ounters five consecutive ones in the dat a , it automatically stuffs a 0 b itin to the out going bit stream .
Example of bit stuffing –
Bit sequence: 110101111101011111101011111110 (without bit stuffing) Bit sequence: 110101111100101111101010111110110 (with bit stuffing)
After 5 consecutive 1-bits, a 0-bit is stuffed. Stuffed bits are marked bold.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
int a[20],b[30],i,j,k,count,n;
printf("Enter frame size (Example: 8):");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the frame in the form of 0 and 1 :");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
i=0; count=1;
j=0;
while(i<n)
if(a[i]==1)
b[j]=a[i];
for(k=i+1; a[k]==1 && k<n && count<5; k++)
j++;
b[j]=a[k];
count++;
if(count==5)
j++;
b[j]=0;
i=k;
else
{ b[j]=a[i];
i++;
j++;
printf("After Bit Stuffing\n");
for(i=0; i<j; i++)
printf("%d \n",b[i]);
return 0;
Output:
1 b) Byte Stuffing:
The framing method gets around the problem of resynchronization after an error by havi ng each frame start with the AS II character sequence DLE STX and the sequence DLE ETX. If the destination ever losses the track of the frame boundaries all it has to do is look for DLE STX or DLE ETX characters to figure out. The data link l ayer on the receiving end removes the DLE before the data are given to t h e network layer. This technique is called character stuffing.
EX: WELCOME ( Befor Stuffing)
DLESTXWELCOMEDLEETX
Program:
#include<stdio.h> #include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h> //#include<process.h> void main() { int i=0,j=0,n,pos; char a[20],b[50],ch; printf("Enter string\n"); scanf(" %s",a); n=strlen(a); printf("Enter position\n"); scanf("%d",&pos); //printf("Enter the character\n"); //scanf("%c",&ch); if(pos>n) { printf("invalid position, Enter again :"); scanf("%d",&pos); }
