PH Politics and Governance

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LESSON 1: Introduction: The concepts of politics 

and governance

The meaning of politics


Politics (from Greek: Polis definition "affairs of the cities") is the process of making
decisions that apply to members of a group, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of
governance -- organized control over a human community, particularly a state. Furthermore,
politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given
community (this is usually a hierarchically organized population) as well as
the interrelationship(s) between communities.
How politics can be studied
Political science is the study a range of political ideas, events, actions, and
institutions. It includes both understanding and explaining the world of politics
that is all around us. We all participate in politics, though most of the time we do
so unknowingly. Politics is much more than simply voting in an election or working in
government. Reading or listening to news, making donations to aid groups, or
talking with friends and family about social issues and values are a few of the
many examples of political activity in our everyday lives.
The meaning of governance
Governance is all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government,
market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory
and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society.
[1] It relates to "the processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors
involved in a collective problem that lead to the creation, reinforcement, or
reproduction of social norms and institutions."
[2] In lay terms, it could be described as the political processes that exist in
between formal institutions.
Articulate definitions of politics
They are represented by the articulation between social movements, electoral
institutions and political parties. Political articulation can be defined as the degree
to which citizens and citizen groups can influence policy through democratic
institutions.
Differentiate the various views on politics
Political parties base their political action on a certain ideology believed in by
their members. ...We could divide political ideologies under the following headers
with many variations under each header: Anarchism, Communism, Conservatism,
Environmentalism, Gender-ism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Religious, Socialism etc.
 
Explore the connection between the phenomenon (politics) and the method of
inquiry (Political Science)
Politics as a Cultural Phenomenon. Culture is the symbolic process through which
human beings cognitively order reality and transmit their ways of life. Culture is
the symbolic process through which human beings cognitively order reality and
transmit their ways of life. Examines the study of politics as a social science and explores
the assumptions underlying various methodologies used in the field. Reviews methods of
measurement, comparison, and the construction of empirical and theoretical models
of political phenomena.
Recognize the value of politics
This means they vary across individuals and cultures and are in many ways aligned
with belief and belief systems. Types of values include ethical/moral values,
doctrinal/ideological (religious, political) values, social values, and aesthetic
values.
Differentiate governance from government
Governance is the act of governing or ruling. It is the set of rules and laws framed
by the government that are to be implemented through the representatives of the state. The
difference between “government” and “governance” may be clarified using an example of
a business which is run by a group of people.
LESSON 2: Political Ideologies
The basic tenets of the major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism, socialism,
conservatism, etc.)
These political ideologies are, for the most part, mutually exclusive. So, a liberal
government does not usually practice socialism, nor does an absolute ruler follow
liberalism. The five major political ideologies have played a key role in history by
shaping governments and political movements.
Anarchism. The belief that the best government is absolutely no government is known as
anarchism. This ideology argues that everything about government is repressive and
therefore must be abolished entirely. A related ideology known as
Nihilism emphasizes that everything — both government and society must be
periodically destroyed in order to start anew. Nihilists often categorically reject
traditional concepts of morality in favor of violence and terror. Anarchism and
Nihilism were once associated with socialism because many anarchists and
nihilists supported the socialists’ call for revolution and the complete overhaul of
government and society in the early to mid-twentieth century.
 
Liberalism. In the early modern age of the Western world (beginning roughly in the early
1500s and running for about 200 years), a number of changes occurred that led to
new ideologies: The European discovery of the Americas, the rise
of Protestantism, the beginnings of the free-market economy and the early stages of
the scientific revolution fundamentally altered Europe. People began developing different
ways of thinking to take account of these changes.

Conservatism (also known as classical conservatism) began as a reaction against


the liberal ideas taking hold of Europe during the French Revolution in the late eighteenth
century. This type of conservatism differs from American conservatism. Edmund Burke, a
British member of Parliament, observed the early stages of the French Revolution with great
distress and predicted the violence and terror that would ensue. His book, Reflections on the
Revolution in France (1790), is one of the founding texts of classical conservatism.

Socialism arose as a response to the Industrial Revolution, which was the


emergence of technologies such as the steam engine and mass production. The Industrial
Revolution started in England in the last years of the eighteenth century and had spread to
much of Europe and America by the end of the nineteenth century. It caused major
upheavals: In a very short time, many people were forced to abandon agricultural ways
of life for the modern mechanized world of factories.
Nationalism. A strong belief that one’s nation is great (and, usually, better than
others), also arose during the modern era. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,
nationalism emerged as a powerful force that caused a number of revolutions. People began
to identify with and take pride in their particular nation-state. The French Revolution
and the subsequent Napoleonic Wars helped spread nationalism throughout Europe
because many nations rallied together to defeat Napoleon.

Fascism is a highly nationalist, militaristic, totalitarian political ideology in which


one-person has absolute power. World War I was the key event that spawned fascism. The
war was the first major war fought between industrialized nations, which were armed with
technology such as machine guns and chemical weapons. The result was utter
devastation. Millions died, entire countries collapsed, and those who
survived were often profoundly disillusioned. For many people, the war showed
that modern ideas had failed and that a new way was needed.

Differentiate the political ideologies


An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas
on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy or autocracy) and
the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). Sometimes the same word is used to
identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. In social studies, a political
ideology it is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols
of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society
should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain
social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to
what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely,
while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies
without specifically embracing any one of them. The popularity of an ideology is
in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their
own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions:
Goals: how society should be organized.
Methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.

For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an


ideology which supports that economic system. Political ideology is a term fraught
with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of
social science", [1] However, ideologies tend to identify themselves by their
position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right),
though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished
from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built
around (e.g. opposition to European integration or the legalization of marijuana). There
are several studies that show that political ideology is heritable within families.

Examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of


political communities
Ideology, and its study, have been subject to an interpretational tug-of-war
among political theorists that, until recently, has devalued their status as an object of
scholarship. Disputes ---- They might have understood how conceptual configurations could
be rejigged through their reordering and re-weighting.

Critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage ourselves as a
political community
Here in the Philippines because we don't have just one political ideology the
effect of it brings different set of principles to each life of Filipinos.
The impact of political ideology in political life puts up set of different opinions
and belief from group to individual political party and through these the ideals of
how a society should work varies on how the power will allocate.
Political ideologies also affect one’s social life as everyone fight for their right
of understanding as each opinion contain certain ideas to provide
recommendation for the betterment of one country.
Analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political life of Filipino
In reality, political ideologies have little to almost no effect over Filipino’s social
and political life.
This reason is due to the fact that existing political parties in the Philippines have
either muddled or twisted different political ideologies that they were supposed
to be built on.
Nevertheless, what currently drives Filipinos’ socio-political life is populism.

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