Challenges of Non Tax Compliance Amongst
Challenges of Non Tax Compliance Amongst
Challenges of Non Tax Compliance Amongst
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VOLUME NO. 5 (2014), ISSUE N O. 12 (DECEMBER) ISSN 0976-2183
CONTENTS
Sr. Page
No. TITLE & NAME OF THE AUTHOR (S) No.
1. CHALLENGES OF NON-TAX COMPLIANCE AMONGST THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES 1
(SMEs) IN ZIMBABWE
DR. B. NGWENYA, LIONET SIBANDA & DR. T. CHITATE
2. STUDY ON ATTRITION AND RETENTION FOR BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT EXECUTIVE AT PRIVATE 5
SECTOR BANK, PUNE
SHIKHA SINDHU & ASHU SINDHU
3. STRATEGIC ISSUES AND DIMENSIONS OF BRAND MANAGEMENT IN FINANCIAL SERVICES 15
DR. M.G.KRISHNAMURTHY, G.V.MRUTHYUNJAYA SHARMA & DR. MAHESHA KEMPEGOWDA
4. A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF MICRO FINANCE IN EMPOWERMENT OF SELF HELP GROUPS’ 20
WOMEN IN NAMAKKAL DISTRICT
G. BHOOPATHY & DR. R. MATHIVANAN
5. A STUDY ON THE LEARNING STYLES OF THE EMPLOYEES OF AN IT COMPANY IN COIMBATORE 24
DR. G. SIVARAMAKRISHNAN & ISWARYA.M
6. BUILDING AND MANAGING A HIGH PERFORMING SALES FORCE 31
RAHUL SETH & NIKHIL JAIN
7. A STUDY ON FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF POOR HOUSEHOLDS IN CHENNAI AREA 34
M.VALLIAMMAL & DR. A. CHANDRA MOHAN
8. A STUDY ON THE BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF GREEN PRODUCTS 39
RESHMI.R & DR. B. JOHNSON
9. MORALE OF WOMEN WORKERS IN UNORGANISED SECTOR: A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE 46
TO MADURAI CITY
DR. I. NAGARAJAN & DR. S. MEENAKUMARI
10. SAVING BEHAVIOUR AMONG UNORGANIZED SECTOR WORKERS IN COIMBATORE DISTRICT 52
J.THIRAVIA MARY GLORIA & DR. P. SANTHI
11. FACTORS INFLUENCING CUSTOMERS’ ADOPTION OF MOBILE BANKING SERVICES: AN 60
EXPLORATORY STUDY
K. PADMANABAN & DR. T. JOSEPH
12. A STUDY ON IMPACT OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED 65
ACQUIRER BANKS IN INDIA
DR. G. MANOKARAN & R.RADHARUKKUMANI
13. GREEN MARKETING IN INDIA AND ITS IMPACT ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR 71
DR. SANJAY KESHAORAO KATAIT
14. CHALLENGES BEFORE INDIAN FINANCIAL SECTOR IN INFORMATION AGE 75
POOJA BHUTANI
15. UNIVERSAL BANKING: FINANCIAL MALL BY BANKS 80
NIKETAN SHET
16. THE ATTITUDE OF INVESTORS TOWARDS MUTUAL FUNDS IN INDIA 86
J.KANNAN & R.JAYA
17. ASSESSMENT OF SATISFACTION LEVEL AMONG GUESTS OF WOLAITA SODO CITY 90
TEMESGEN TESHOME & YITBAREK SEYOUM
18. EFFECTIVENESS OF GREEN BANKING TECHNOLOGY OF THE COMMERCIAL BANKS IN INDIA 98
DR. AR.ANNADURAI
19. BRICS EQUITY MARKETS LINKAGES: EVIDENCE FROM PRE- AND POST- GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS 101
PAYAL JAIN
20. STAGES IN CONSUMPTION AND ACCEPTANCE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS IN PUNE 107
DR. SUPRIYA PATIL & RACHITA BHATTACHARYA
111
REQUEST FOR FEEDBACK & DISCLAIMER
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT ii
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed (Refereed/Juried) Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories
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VOLUME NO. 5 (2014), ISSUE N O. 12 (DECEMBER) ISSN 0976-2183
CHIEF PATRON
PROF. K. K. AGGARWAL
Chairman, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur
(An institute of National Importance & fully funded by Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India)
Chancellor, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurgaon
Chancellor, Lingaya’s University, Faridabad
Founder Vice-Chancellor (1998-2008), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi
Ex. Pro Vice-Chancellor, Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar
FOUNDER PATRON
LATE SH. RAM BHAJAN AGGARWAL
Former State Minister for Home & Tourism, Government of Haryana
FormerVice-President, Dadri Education Society, Charkhi Dadri
FormerPresident, Chinar Syntex Ltd. (Textile Mills), Bhiwani
CO-ORDINATOR
DR. SAMBHAV GARG
Faculty, Shree Ram Institute of Business & Management, Urjani
ADVISORS
DR. PRIYA RANJAN TRIVEDI
Chancellor, The Global Open University, Nagaland
PROF. M. S. SENAM RAJU
Director A. C. D., School of Management Studies, I.G.N.O.U., New Delhi
PROF. M. N. SHARMA
Chairman, M.B.A., HaryanaCollege of Technology & Management, Kaithal
PROF. S. L. MAHANDRU
Principal (Retd.), MaharajaAgrasenCollege, Jagadhri
EDITOR
PROF. R. K. SHARMA
Professor, Bharti Vidyapeeth University Institute of Management & Research, New Delhi
CO-EDITOR
DR. BHAVET
Faculty, Shree Ram Institute of Business & Management, Urjani
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
PROF. NAWAB ALI KHAN
Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P.
PROF. ABHAY BANSAL
Head, Department of Information Technology, Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity
University, Noida
PROF. V. SELVAM
SSL, VIT University, Vellore
PROF. N. SUNDARAM
VITUniversity, Vellore
DR. PARDEEP AHLAWAT
Associate Professor, Institute of Management Studies & Research, MaharshiDayanandUniversity, Rohtak
DR. S. TABASSUM SULTANA
Associate Professor, Department of Business Management, Matrusri Institute of P.G. Studies, Hyderabad
DR. JASVEEN KAUR
Asst. Professor, University Business School, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
TECHNICAL ADVISOR
AMITA
Faculty, Government M. S., Mohali
FINANCIAL ADVISORS
DICKIN GOYAL
Advocate & Tax Adviser, Panchkula
NEENA
Investment Consultant, Chambaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh
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JITENDER S. CHAHAL
Advocate, Punjab & Haryana High Court, Chandigarh U.T.
CHANDER BHUSHAN SHARMA
Advocate & Consultant, District Courts, Yamunanagar at Jagadhri
SUPERINTENDENT
SURENDER KUMAR POONIA
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT iv
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed (Refereed/Juried) Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories
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VOLUME NO. 5 (2014), ISSUE N O. 12 (DECEMBER) ISSN 0976-2183
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DR. B. NGWENYA
DEAN
FACULTY OF BUSINESS
SOLUSI UNIVERSITY
ZIMBABWE
LIONET SIBANDA
STUDENT
FACULTY OF BUSINESS
SOLUSI UNIVERSITY
ZIMBABWE
DR. T. CHITATE
DIRECTOR
MBA PROGRAMME
SOLUSI
UNIVERSITY
ZIMBABWE
ABSTRACT
Tax plays an important role in economic development and in the growth of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). However, non-tax compliance among SMEs in
Zimbabwe is very high. This study was conducted on SMEs in Bulawayo, Gweru and Harare Central Business Districts (CBDs) to establish and rank the factors that
encourage non-compliance with tax obligation by SMEs in accordance with the Zimbabwe Tax Regime. The findings were presented in terms of factor loadings,
eigenvalues and percentage variances. There were four factors that ranked high as causes for non-tax compliance of SMEs in Bulawayo, CBD are Complexity of
the tax systems, norms, economic factors, deterrence to tax evasion and possibilities of tax evasion. It was found that the complexity of the tax system affect non-
tax compliance of SMEs to a greater extent followed by norms and economic factors. Possibilities to tax evasion were found to affect non-tax compliance of SMEs
to a lesser extent followed by deterrence to tax evasion. In conclusion, there is a great relationship between non-tax compliance of SMEs in Bulawayo and the
existing tax system. Norms have a higher relationship with non-tax compliance but its lower than that of the tax system. Economic factors also possess a little
higher relationship to non-tax compliance but it’s lower than of norms. On the other hand deterrence to tax evasion has the second least relationship to non-tax
compliance. Possibilities to tax evasion possess the least relationship to non-tax compliance as compared to the five factors causing non-tax compliance of SMEs.
KEYWORDS
Tax evasion, non-tax compliance, small and medium enterprises, tax system, economic growth.
INTRODUCTION
A lbanesi, Stefania and Christopher, (2006) states that globally most of the SMEs operate in the informal sector of the economy, depriving their countries of
the tax revenue which might be used for the stabilization of the economy, the redistribution of income and the provision of services in the form of public
goods. On the other hand, (Goriwondo, 2012) observed that the Government of Zimbabwe is losing large sums of tax revenue through non-tax
compliance of SMEs, hence this research seek to establish the factors that are causing non-tax compliance of SMEs in Bulawayo CBD, Zimbabwe so as to
formalise the SMEs sector and improve the public revenue and hence improving the standards of living of every Zimbabwean citizen. According to the (OECD,
2008) report SMEs are the majority business taxpayers in most developing countries and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ), (2009) also added that SMEs
represent over 95% of enterprises that generate over 50% of private sector employment as such their non-tax compliance levels directly impact on government
tax revenue collections. Goriwondo, (2012) States that Zimbabwe has one of the poorest public service delivery system in the African region and insufficient
public revenue is one of the causes of this. Academic scholars frequently make extensive research on tax compliance or non-compliance in the field of taxation in
order to assist revenue authorities to minimise public revenue lost through non-tax compliance behaviour. The problem of tax non-compliance is as old as taxes
themselves (Braithwaite, 2009). It is generally accepted that tax non-compliance and tax evasion exists in every country and Zimbabwe is no exception. Tax
noncompliance by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is an expensive and pervasive problem (Deloitte, 2013). In Zimbabwe, the problem of tax non-
compliance became even more significant with the formation of a statutory body (Zimbabwe Revenue Authority) by the Zimbabwean government in 2001 to
administer revenue collection that includes dealing with non-tax compliance issues. A review of the non-tax compliance behaviour indicated that previous
researchers found broad factors such as deterrence to Tax evasion, possibilities of tax evasion, norms, economic factors and fairness of the tax systems and trust
to the revenue body and the Government to be the major umbrella causes of non-tax compliance in many countries (Braithwaite, 2009). Therefore this research
seeks to examine whether these factors apply to the Bulawayo Central Business District (CBD) context in Zimbabwe.
METHODOLOGY
The researcher used quantitative descriptive method, based on the survey of 235 owners of randomly selected Small and Medium Enterprises from Bulawayo,
Gweru and Harare. These were drawn from an approximately 1500 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in these three major towns in Zimbabwe. The survey
was administered using a self-constructed questionnaire with 32 item questions. Data was analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS).
LITERATURE REVIEW
Tax laws often do not require a proper definition of the term “SME” at all. They indirectly define small businesses by defining eligibility criteria for incentives and
special regimes targeted at SMEs. The Value Added Tax (VAT) threshold is a typical example of such an approach. It defines up to what level of turnover a
business is not required to register for VAT without necessarily mentioning that the businesses below the registration threshold are to be qualified as SMEs. Such
thresholds and eligibility criteria for special regimes may be found in several tax laws; therefore, there is no consistent approach in the tax system to determine
which businesses are considered small businesses (Baurer, 2005). While definitions of SMEs vary from country to country, they can also vary within the same
country depending on who is providing the definition (Bhorat, 2003). The SME Association of Zimbabwe defined small (turnover less than $ 240 000 or assets
less than $ 100 000) and medium enterprises (turnover and assets above the thresholds for small enterprises but less than $ 1 million each) (www.smeaz.org).
Finscope Zimbabwe SME Survey (2012) defined SMEs by the number of employees (according to the Small Enterprises Development Corporation Amendment of
2011) including individual entrepreneurs (0 employees), micro (1-5), small and medium size businesses (6-75). A review of the non-tax compliance behaviour
indicated that previous researchers found broad factors such as deterrence to tax evasion, possibilities of tax evasion, norms, economic factors and fairness of
the tax system and trust to the revenue body and Government to be the sole causes of non-tax compliance in many countries (Braithwaite, 2009). Adam smith
stated that the principles used to assess the tax system. Other authors and books refer them as criteria, goals or objectives. Arguably, and perhaps simplistically,
within any tax system there is the equivalent of a vision, mission and values. The vision constitutes the purpose of taxation. The mission identifies the forms of
taxation and the methods of administration, collection and enforcement. The principles equate to the values that underlie the tax system (Baurer, 2005). Adam
Smith in The Wealth of Nations published in 1776 outlined four principles of an ideal tax system. These principles are equity, certainty, convenience and
economy. These principles are important to the creation of tax policy, because it is only when these principles are upheld that effective taxes are implemented
in a manner which satisfies the stated purposes of a tax system (Murphy, 2004). Principles or Canons of Taxation by Adam Smith
1. CANON OF ABILITY OR EQUALITY
A good tax system should possess the quality of equality. All citizens should borne government expenditure according to ability. This does not mean that the rich
and poor alike should pay tax, nor does it mean that all should pay same rate of tax. It simply means equality of sacrifice. It implies that all should pay tax
according to ability. This indicates that there should be progressiveness in tax.
2. CANON OF CERTAINTY
According to Adam Smith the amount, time and method of tax should be clear and certain. This helps tax payers to make adjustment in income and expenditure.
This also ensures the government about the source and amount of tax revenue. In an atmosphere of uncertainty, the tax payers become confused and the tax
authorities have tendency to be corrupt.
3. CANON OF CONVENIENCE
According to Adam Smith while imposing tax, the time and method of tax payment should be convenient to the tax payers. A convenient tax system encourages
tax payers to pay tax in time.
4. CANON OF ECONOMY
According to Adam Smith a good tax should possess canon of economy. This means that the amount of Tax should be minimum and its cost of collection should
be lower than the revenue raised from it.
TAX ADMINISTRATION
It is one thing to make policies, rules and regulation in an attempt to attain a desired goal or objective and it is another thing to implement these policies, rules
and regulation. Efficiency and effectiveness should be the watch word in designing a tax administration structure that will give the desired result (Braithwaite,
2009)
Put differently, tax administration in Nigeria is the responsibility of the various tax authorities as established by the relevant tax laws (Kiabel and Nwokah 2009).
The fiscal autonomy granted the three tier of government had led to multiplicity of tax. Tax payers and corporate bodies had been subjected to multiple levies or
charges of tax of same name in different form. This had increased evasion and avoidance as such payment either eat deep into the profit of business or affect
negatively, the distributable income of the individual.
Modern taxation systems have the capacity to impose a heavy burden on taxpayers, and particularly on taxpayers in the small business sector. As has been
noted before, that burden typically consists of three elements. In the first place there are the taxes themselves, whether they are taxes on the profits, the
products or the employees. Secondly, there are the efficiency costs (variously referred to as deadweight losses or excess burden), involving tax-induced market
distortions. And finally there are the operating costs of the tax system: the costs to the government (ultimately borne by taxpayers) of administering and
collecting the taxes (usually referred to as administrative costs), and the costs expended by taxpayers in complying (or sometimes not complying) with their tax
obligations (usually referred to as compliance costs) (Cialdini, 2001).
In the scree plot the eigenvalues are plotted from largest to smallest. The factor with the highest eigenvalue has the greatest cause to non-tax compliance of
SMEs in Bulawayo CBD and in the scree plot it is factor 1 (Complexity of the tax system). This explains the lack of Adam smith’s canons of taxation in the tax
system which is canon of equality, certainty, convenient and economy. The second factor with effect close to the complexity of the tax system is factor 2
(Norms), then factor 3 (Economic factors), followed by factor 4 (Deterrence to tax evasion) and the one with least effect is factor 5 (possibilities to tax evasion).
This factor is located at the bend and that is where the retention of factors stops. The rest of the factors are ignored.
REFERENCES
1. Albanesi, Stefania and Christopher. (2006). Dynamic Optimal Taxation with private information. Oxford University press.
2. Baurer, T. (2005). Tax Administrations and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Developing countries. Washington, DC: World Bank.
3. Bhorat, H. (2003). South African Journal of Economics. "Thee october Household Survey, Unemployment and the informal sector : a note", 320-326.
4. Brafmand, O., & Brafman, R. (2009). Sway: The irresistible pull of irrational behavior. New York: Random House.
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7. Cialdini, R. (2001). Influence: Science and Practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
8. Deloitte. (2013). Tax Highlights. Deloitte.
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10. Goriwondo, M. (2012). Public Revenue in Zimbabwe and its utilization. Public Revenue, 20-25.
11. Kahneman, T., & Tversky, A. (2004). Prospect Theory: Behavioural Economics, 77-79.
12. Kasipillai, J. (2001). Overview of the Ukrain Tax System. An examination of Deliberate Non-Compliance, 2-7.
13. Kirchler, E. (2007). The Economic Psychology of Tax Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
14. Lavoie, R. (2008). Cultivating a compliance culture. An alternative approach to addressing the tax gap, 30-36.
15. Murphy, K. (2004). The role of trust in Nurturing compliance: A study of accused tax avoiders. Chicago: Yaman call.
16. OECD. (2004). Managing and imroving Tax Compliance.
17. OECD. (2008). Taxation in Developing Countries. OECD.
18. Oosterhout, J. (2009). Corporate Governance and Tax compliance. Oxford: Oxford University.
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20. Scholz, J. (2000). American journal of political science. Trusting and Paying: testing the heuristic approach to collective action, 44-45.
21. Smith, K. (2001). Framing Justice: Taxpayer evaluations of personal tax burdens. Law and Society Review.
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24. Tedds, L. (2007). Keeping it off the Books: An Empirical Investigation of Firms that engage in tax evasion. Victoria: University of Victoria.
25. Torgler, B. (2005). Tax Morale and Democracy. European journal of Poltical economy, 66-72.
26. Tylor, T. (2004). Why people obey the Law: Precedural Justice, ligitimacy and compliance. New Haven: Yale University press.
27. Webley, P. (2002). Econmic Psychology. The prediction of self-reported and hypothetical tax evasion, 15-18.
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30. ZIMSTAT. (2012, November 20). Economic Growth. Growth of SMEs.
WEBSITES
31. www.smeaz.org. (n.d.). Ministry of SMEs, Zimbabwe.
32. www.zimra.co.zw. (n.d.). ZIMRA.
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