1.3 - Atenuasi Radiasi

Atenuasi Eksponensial
Chapter 1: Basic Radiation Physics

Review of Radiation Oncology Physics:
A Handbook for Teachers and Students
Attix - Introduction to Radiological

Physics and Radiation Dosimetry
.
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
CHAPTER 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.4. Photon interactions

Atenuasi berkas sempit dan berkas lebar
Teori resiporsitas
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.
1.4 PHOTON INTERACTIONS
1.4.1 Types of indirectly ionizing photon irradiations
Ionizing photon radiation is classified into four categories:
❑ Characteristic x ray
Results from electronic transitions between atomic shells
❑ Bremsstrahlung
Results mainly from electron-nucleus Coulomb interactions
❑ Gamma ray
Results from nuclear transitions
❑ Annihilation quantum (annihilation radiation)
Results from positron-electron annihilation
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.4.1 Slide 1
❑ In penetrating an absorbing medium, photons may

experience various interactions with the atoms of the
medium, involving:
• Absorbing atom as a whole
• Nuclei of the absorbing medium
• Orbital electrons of the absorbing medium.
❑ Interactions of photons with nuclei may be:

• Direct photon-nucleus interactions (photodisintegration)
or
• Interactions between the photon and the electrostatic field of the
nucleus (pair production).
❑ Photon-orbital electron interactions are characterized as

interactions between the photon and either
• A loosely bound electron (Compton effect, triplet production)
or
• A tightly bound electron (photoelectric effect).
❑ A loosely bound electron is an electron whose binding

energy E B to the nucleus is small compared to the photon
energy h .
EB  h
❑ An interaction between a photon and a loosely bound

electron is considered to be an interaction between a
photon and a free (unbound) electron.
❑ A tightly bound electron is an electron whose binding

energy E B is comparable to, larger than, or slightly smaller
than the photon energy h.
❑ For a photon interaction to occur with a tightly bound
electron, the binding energy E B of the electron must be of
the order of, but slightly smaller, than the photon energy.
EB  h
❑ An interaction between a photon and a tightly bound

electron is considered an interaction between a photon
and the atom as a whole.
❑ As far as the photon fate after the interaction with an atom

is concerned there are two possible outcomes:
• Photon disappears (i.e., is absorbed completely) and a portion of
its energy is transferred to light charged particles (electrons and
positrons in the absorbing medium).
• Photon is scattered and two outcomes are possible:

• The resulting photon has the same energy as the incident photon and no light
charged particles are released in the interaction.
• The resulting scattered photon has a lower energy than the incident photon
and the energy excess is transferred to a light charged particle (electron).
❑ The light charged particles produced in the absorbing

medium through photon interactions will:
• Either deposit their energy to the medium through Coulomb
interactions with orbital electrons of the absorbing medium
(collision loss also referred to as ionization loss).
• Or radiate their kinetic energy away through Coulomb interactions

with the nuclei of the absorbing medium (radiation loss).
1.4.2 Photon beam attenuation
❑ The most important parameter used for characterization

of x-ray or gamma ray penetration into absorbing media is
the linear attenuation coefficient .
❑ The linear attenuation coefficient  depends on:

• Energy h of the photon beam
• Atomic number Z of the absorber
❑ The linear attenuation coefficient may be described as the

probability per unit path length that a photon will have an
interaction with the absorber.
❑ The attenuation coefficient 

is determined experimentally
using the so-called narrow
beam geometry technique
that implies a narrowly
collimated source of mono-
energetic photons and a
narrowly collimated detector.
• x represents total thickness of
the absorber
• x’ represents the thickness
variable.
❑ A slab of absorber material

of thickness x decreases the
detector signal intensity
from I(0) to I(x).
❑ A layer of thickness dx’

reduces the beam intensity
by dI and the fractional
reduction in intensity, -dI/I is
proportional to
• Attenuation coefficient 
• Layer thickness dx’
❑ The fractional reduction in

intensity is given as:
dI
− = x
I
❑ After integration from 0 to x
we obtain
x
I (x)
dI
x

−  dx 
I (0) I = − 0 dx or I(x) = I(0)e 0
❑ For a homogeneous medium  = const and one gets the

standard exponential relationship valid for monoenergetic
photon beams:
Linear graph paper Semi-log graph paper
− x
I (x) = I (0)e  = 0.099 mm−1  = 0.099 mm−1
or
I (x) / I (0) = e−  x
For x = HVL
I(x)
= 0.5
I(0)
❑ Several thicknesses of special interest are defined as

parameters for mono-energetic photon beam
characterization in narrow beam geometry:
• Half-value layer (HVL1 or x1/2)
Absorber thickness that attenuates the original intensity to 50%.
• Mean free path (MFP or x )

Absorber thickness which attenuates the beam intensity to 1/e = 36.8%.
• Tenth-value layer (TVL or x1/10)

Absorber thickness which attenuates the beam intensity to 10%.
❑ The relationship for x1/2, x , and x1/10 is:
ln 2 1 ln10
= = =
x1/2 x x1/10
or
ln 2
x1/2 = (ln 2)x = x1/10  0.3x1/10
ln10
❑ In addition to the linear attenuation coefficient  other

related attenuation coefficients and cross sections are in
use for describing photon beam attenuation:
• Mass attenuation coefficient m
• Atomic cross section a 
• Electronic cross section e 
❑ Basic relationships:
 = m = n a  = n Z e 
Na N N
n = = a = A
V m A
where n is the number of atoms per volume of absorber

with density  and atomic mass A.
E tr
❑ Energy transfer coefficient tr = 
h
with Etr the average energy transferred from the primary photon
with energy h to kinetic energy of charged particles (e- and e+).
Eab
❑ Energy absorption coefficient ab = 
h
with Eab the average energy absorbed in the volume of interest in the
absorbing medium.
In the literature en is usually used instead of ab, however, the the
use of subscript “ab” for energy absorbed compared to the subscript
“tr” for energy transferred seems more logical.
❑ The average energy absorbed in the volume of interest

E ab = E tr − E rad
with E rad the average energy component of E tr which the

charged particles lose in the form of radiative collisions
(bremsstrahlung) and is not absorbed in the volume of
interest.
❑ The linear energy absorption coefficient is

Eab Etr − Erad Erad
ab =  = = tr − tr = tr (1− g)
h h Etr
where g is the so-called radiation fraction (the average

fraction of the energy lost in radiation interactions by the
secondary charged particles as they travel through the
absorber).
❑ The mass attenuation coefficient of a compound or a

mixture is approximated by a summation of a weighted
average of its constituents:
 i
=  wi
 i 
• wi is the proportion by weight of the i-th constituent
•  i / is the mass attenuation coefficient of the i-th constituent
❑ The attenuation coefficient  has a specific value for a

given photon energy h and absorber atomic number Z.
❑ The value for the attenuation coefficient (h ,Z) for a

given photon energy h and absorber atomic number Z
represents a sum of values for all individual interactions
that a photon may have with an atom:
 =  i
i
1.4.3 Types of photon interactions with absorber
❑ According to the type of target there are two possibilities

for photon interaction with an atom:
• Photon - orbital electron interaction
• Photon - nucleus interaction
❑ According to the type of event there are two possibilities

for photon interaction with an atom:
• Complete absorption of the photon
• Scattering of the photon
❑ In medical physics photon interactions fall into four groups:

• Interactions of major importance
• Photoelectric effect
• Compton scattering by free electron
• Pair production (including triplet production)
• Interactions of moderate importance
• Rayleigh scattering
• Thomson scattering by free electron
• Interactions of minor importance
• Photonuclear reactions
• Negligible interactions
• Thomson and Compton scattering by the nucleus
• Meson production,
• Delbrück scattering
Interaction Symbol for Symbol for Symbol for

electronic atomic linear
cross section cross section attenuation coefficient
Thomson scattering e  Th a  Th  Th
Rayleigh scattering -
a R R
Compton scattering e c a c C
Photoelectric effect - a  
Pair production -
a  pp p
Triplet production
e  tp a  tp t
Photodisintegration -
a  pn  pn
❑ TYPES OF TARGETS IN PHOTON INTERACTIONS

Photon-orbital electron interaction Photon-nucleus interaction
• with bound electron • with nucleus directly
Photoelectric effect Photodisintegration
Rayleigh scattering
• with “free” electrons • with Coulomb field of nucleus

Thomson scattering Pair production
Compton scattering
• with Coulomb field of electron

Triplet production
❑ Types of photon-atom interactions

Complete absorption of photon Photon scattering
Photoelectric effect Thomson scattering

Pair production Rayleigh scattering
Triplet production Compton scattering
Photodisintegration
1.4.9 Contribution to attenuation coefficients
❑ For a given h and Z:

• the linear attenuation coefficient 
• the linear energy transfer coefficient tr
• the linear energy absorption coefficient ab (often designated en)
are given as a sum of coefficients for individual photon
interactions.
 =  + R + C + 
tr =  tr + ( R )tr + ( c )tr +  tr = fPE + fC C + fPP
ab  en =  tr (1− g)
Mass attenuation coefficient against photon energy for carbon
❑ Mass attenuation coefficient against photon energy for lead
1.4.10 Relative predominance of individual effects
❑ The probability for a photon to undergo any one of the

various interaction phenomena with an atom of the
absorber depends:
• On the energy h of the photon
• On the atomic number Z of the absorber
❑ In general,
• Photoelectric effect predominates at low photon energies.
• Compton effect predominates at intermediate photon energies.
• Pair production predominates at high photon energies.
1.4.10 Relative predominance of individual effects
❑ Regions of relative predominance of the three main forms of

photon interaction with absorber.
Atenuasi berkas sempit
 Persamaa atenuasi eksponensial sederhana berlaku untuk

berkas sempit apabila hasil sekunder serta hamburan tidak diperhitungkan
Atenuasi berkas sempit
Atenuasi berkas lebar
 Atenuasi berkas lebar terjadi pada saat adanya hamburan atau produksi
sekunder yang terhitung (pada detektor)
 Konsep atenuasi berkas lebar yang “ideal” adalah pada saat hamburan dan
produksi sekunder (partikel tidak bermuatan) itu berasal langsung dari
berkas primer
Faktor build up
 Persamaa atenuasi eksponensial sederhana akan berlaku

untuk kondisi berkas lebar apabila diberikan faktor build-up (B)
𝑁𝐿
 Sehingga dapat ditulis menjadi = 𝐵𝑒 −𝜇𝐿
𝑁0
Faktor build-up
 Untuk kondisi berkas sempit factor build-up, B = 1, dan berkas lebar B>1
𝑁𝐿
 dari persamaan = 𝐵𝑒−𝜇𝐿 , apabila tidak terdapat attenuator 𝐿 = 0,
𝑁0
𝑁𝐿
untuk kasus sederhana nilai 𝐵 = =1
𝑁0
 Apabila terdapat kasus seperti pada gambar di bawah dan posisi detektor
di letakkan pada permukaan phantom 𝐿 = 0. Akan terjadi penambahan
partikel pada detector 𝑁𝐿 akibat adanya backscatter
 Karena 𝑁𝐿 > 𝑁0 , sehingga 𝐵 > 1 walau 𝐿 = 0
 Kondisi ini dikenal dengan backscatter factor (𝐵0 )
Teori resiprositas
 Kondisi dimana radiasi yang terdeteksi akan sama

apabila menukar tempatkan titik sumber radiasi
dan detektor
 Teori ini berperan dalam penentuan dosis pada

material inhomogen selama berkas sinar primer
mendominasi atau hamburan yang terjadi di
antara kedua medium tidak terlalu berbeda
dengan kondisi keseimbangan elektronik tercapai
𝐷 = 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑙
 Teori ini digunakan dalam perhitungan dosis

internal
Teori resiprositas
untuk dosis di 𝑑𝑣 karena sumber di S
Teori resiprositas
untuk dosis di V karena sumber di S dan
sebaliknya
 Perbedaan hanya terletak di koef atenuasi massa. Sehingga teori

resiprositas dapat terjadi apabila
 dan pada berkas primer dengan kondisi keseimbangan elektron tercapai

dikedua media
1.4.13 Example of photon attenuation
❑ For 2 MeV photons in lead (Z = 82; A = 207.2;  = 11.36 g/cm 3)

the linear attenuation coefficients are as follows:
• Photoelectric effect:  = 0.055 cm−1
• Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering:  R = 0.008 cm
−1
• Compton scattering:  C = 0.395 cm−1

• Pair production:  = 0.056 cm−1
❑ Average energy transferred
to charged particles:
(EK )tr = 1.13 MeV
❑ Average energy absorbed
in lead: (EK )ab = 1.04 MeV
 = 0.055 m−1  R = 0.008 cm−1  C = 0.395 cm−1  = 0.056 cm−1
❑ Linear attenuation coefficient:

 =  +  R +  C +  = (0.055 + 0.008 + 0.395 + 0.056) cm−1 = 0.514 cm−1
❑ Mass attenuation coefficient:

 0.514 cm−1
m = = = 0.0453 cm2 /g
 11.36 g/cm 3
❑ Atomic attenuation coefficient:

−1
  NA  207.2 (g/mol)  0.514 cm -1
a =    = 11.36 (g/cm3 )  6.022  10 23 (atom/mol)
 A 
= 1.56  10 −23 cm2 /atom
(EK )tr = 1.13 MeV


m = = 0.0453 cm2 /g

(EK )ab = 1.04 MeV
❑ Mass energy transfer coefficient:

tr (EK )tr  1.13 MeV  0.0453 cm2 /g
= = = 0.0256 cm2 /g
 h  2 MeV
❑ Mass energy absorption coefficient:

ab (EK )ab  1.04 MeV  0.0453 cm2 /g
= = = 0.0236 cm2 /g
 h  2 MeV
ab
(EK )tr = 1.13 MeV = 0.0236 cm2 /g

tr
(EK )ab = 1.04 MeV = 0.0256 cm2 /g

❑ Radiative fraction:
(EK )tr − (EK )ab (E ) 1.04 MeV

g= = 1− K ab = 1− = 0.08
(EK )tr (EK )tr 1.13 MeV
or
ab / 0.0236 cm2 /g
g = 1− = 1− = 0.08
tr / 2
0.0256 cm /g
❑ For a 2 MeV photon in lead on the

average:
• 1.13 MeV will be transferred to
charged particles (electrons and
positrons).
• 0.87 MeV will be scattered through
Rayleigh and Compton scattering.
• Of the 1.13 MeV transferred to
charged particles:
• 1.04 MeV will be absorbed in lead.
• 0.09 MeV will be re-emitted in the form
of bremsstrahlung photons.
• The radiation fraction g for 2 MeV

photons in lead is 0.08.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.

1.3 - Atenuasi Radiasi

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Atenuasi Eksponensial

Chapter 1: Basic Radiation Physics

Attix - Introduction to Radiological

1.4. Photon interactions

Ionizing photon radiation is classified into four categories:

❑ In penetrating an absorbing medium, photons may

• Orbital electrons of the absorbing medium.

❑ Interactions of photons with nuclei may be:

❑ Photon-orbital electron interactions are characterized as

❑ A loosely bound electron is an electron whose binding

❑ An interaction between a photon and a loosely bound

❑ A tightly bound electron is an electron whose binding

❑ An interaction between a photon and a tightly bound

❑ As far as the photon fate after the interaction with an atom

• Photon is scattered and two outcomes are possible:

❑ The light charged particles produced in the absorbing

• Or radiate their kinetic energy away through Coulomb interactions

❑ The most important parameter used for characterization

❑ The linear attenuation coefficient  depends on:

❑ The linear attenuation coefficient may be described as the

❑ The attenuation coefficient 

❑ A slab of absorber material

❑ A layer of thickness dx’

❑ The fractional reduction in

I (0) I = − 0 dx or I(x) = I(0)e 0

❑ For a homogeneous medium  = const and one gets the

❑ Several thicknesses of special interest are defined as

• Mean free path (MFP or x )

• Tenth-value layer (TVL or x1/10)

❑ The relationship for x1/2, x , and x1/10 is:

❑ In addition to the linear attenuation coefficient  other

where n is the number of atoms per volume of absorber

❑ The average energy absorbed in the volume of interest

with E rad the average energy component of E tr which the

❑ The linear energy absorption coefficient is

where g is the so-called radiation fraction (the average

❑ The mass attenuation coefficient of a compound or a

• wi is the proportion by weight of the i-th constituent

•  i / is the mass attenuation coefficient of the i-th constituent

❑ The attenuation coefficient  has a specific value for a

❑ The value for the attenuation coefficient (h ,Z) for a

❑ According to the type of target there are two possibilities

❑ According to the type of event there are two possibilities

❑ In medical physics photon interactions fall into four groups:

Interaction Symbol for Symbol for Symbol for

❑ TYPES OF TARGETS IN PHOTON INTERACTIONS

• with “free” electrons • with Coulomb field of nucleus

• with Coulomb field of electron

❑ Types of photon-atom interactions

Photoelectric effect Thomson scattering

❑ For a given h and Z:

ab  en =  tr (1− g)

Mass attenuation coefficient against photon energy for carbon

❑ Mass attenuation coefficient against photon energy for lead

❑ The probability for a photon to undergo any one of the

❑ Regions of relative predominance of the three main forms of

 Persamaa atenuasi eksponensial sederhana berlaku untuk

 Persamaa atenuasi eksponensial sederhana akan berlaku

 Kondisi dimana radiasi yang terdeteksi akan sama