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MODEL ANSWER
WINTER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: Applied Electronics Subject Code: 22329
3 Hours / 70 Marks
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for anyequivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.

Q. Sub Marking
Answer
No. Q.N. Scheme
10-Total
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following :
Marks
a) Define the term related to power amplifier.
(i) Efficiency
2M
(ii) Voltage gain

Ans: (i) Efficiency: Efficiency of the power amplifier is defined as the ratio of maximum
a.c. output power to the d.c. input power.
Mathematically,

1 Mark
for each
definati
(ii) Voltage gain: Voltage gain of the power amplifier is defined as the ratio of output on
voltage to the input voltage.
Mathematically,

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b) List any four applications of RC coupled amplifier. 2M

Applications of RC coupled amplifier:

(i) Widely used as Voltage amplifiers. 1 Marks
(ii) They are used in Public Address System. each
Ans: (iii) In Tape recorders. (Any
(iv) In stereo amplifiers four)
(v) In T.V. V.C.R. and C.D. Players.

c) State the role of tuned LC circuit in tuned amplifier. 2M

In order to pick up and amplify the desired radio frequency signal, the resistive load in the
audio amplifier is replaced by a tuned circuit (also called a parallel resonant circuit)as shown
in the figure. The tuned circuit is capable of selecting as particular frequency and rejecting
the others.

State 1
½
Marks
Ans: Thus the use of tuned circuit in the transistor amplifier circuit, makes possible the selection and
and amplification of a particular desired radio frequency. Such an amplifier is called tuned Diagra
voltage amplifier. m 1/2
Thus an amplifier, which amplifies a specific frequency (or a narrow band frequencies), is mark
called a tuned voltage amplifier or simply tuned amplifier. It serves following two purposes:
(i) Selection of desired radio frequency signal.

(ii)Amplification of the selected signal to a suitable voltage level.

d) List different types of feedback amplifiers. 2M

Types of feedback amplifiers:
1. Positive feedback amplifiers

2. Negative feedback amplifiers

Each
Ans: type 1
(i)voltage series feedback amplifiers
(ii)voltage shunt feedback amplifiers mark
(iii)current series feedback amplifiers
(iv)current shunt feedback amplifiers

e) List the advantages of negative feedback over positive feedback. 2M

Advantages of negative feedback over positive feedback:

1. Higher fidelity i.e. more linear operation.
Ans: Any
2. Highly stabilized gain. four
Each 1
3. Increased bandwidth i.e. improved frequency response.
mark

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4. Less amplitude distortion.

5. Reduced noise.

6. Less harmonics distortion.

7. Less phase distortion.

8. Input and output impedance can be modified as desired.

9. Less frequency distortion.

f) Compare amplifier and oscillator. 2M

Diagra
Figure shows a block diagram of an amplifier and an oscillator. m 1
mark
Ans: An amplifier is a device, which produces an output signal with similar waveform as that of and
the input. But its power level is generally high. This additional power is supplied by an explaina
external D.C. source. Thus an amplifier is essentially an energy convection device I.e. a tion 1
device, which gets energy from the D.C. source and converts it into an a.c. energy at the mark
same frequency as that of the input signal. The D.C. to A.C.. conversion is controlled by the
input signal. It means that if there is no input signal then no energy conversion take place.
Thus there is no output signal.
An oscillator is a device, which produces an output signal, without any input signal of any
desired frequency. It keeps producing an output signal, so long as the D.C. power is
supplied. An oscillator does not require any external signal to start or maintain energy
conversion process.
g) State use of heat sink. 2M
Heat sink is a heat exchanger used to transfer heat generated by a mechanical or an
electronic device to the surroundings.
Heat sinks are either made up of aluminium or copper or any other material which is good
conductor of heat. Because conductor helps in conduction of heat from heated surface to the
outside air.
Ans: State 2
Heat sinks are commonly used in laptops, computers etc. mark

A heat sink is usually made out of copper and/or aluminum.

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12-Total
Q2 Attempt any THREE of the following :
Marks
a) Explain with the help of waveforms, the working principle of single stage CE amplifier. 4M

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
Circuit
 The input a.c. signal is applied across the base emitter terminals of the transistor&
2 M and
output is taken across collector emitter terminals of the transistor. VBB supply forward
explanat
biases the emitter base junction & VCC supply reverse biases the output junction.
Ans: ion 1 M
 The Q point is determined by the VCC supply along with the resistance RC. The and
resistances R1,R2, RE form the biasing & stabilization circuit & thus establishes proper wavefor
operating point. m1M
 Input capacitor (Cin≈ 10µ𝐹) : It blocks DC voltage to the base,if it is not provided
the source resistance comes across R2,so that transistor gets unbiased. It allows A.C.
to pass & isolates source resistance from R2.
 Emitter capacitance (CE≈ 100µ𝐹): it is used in parallel with RE to provide a low
reactance path to the amplified a.c. signal. If it is not used then amplified a.c. signal
flowing through RE will cause a voltage drop across it, thus reducing the output
voltage.
 Coupling capacitor (CC≈ 10µ𝐹): it couples one stage of amplification to the next
stage. If it is not used, RCcomes across with the R1 of next stage & biasing of 2nd
stage gets disturbed. In short it isolates the d.c. of one stage from the next stage but
allows the A.C. signal.
PHASE REVERSAL / WORKING:
 Consider above common emitter amplifier circuit. The input a.c. signal is applied
across the base emitter terminals of the transistor & output is taken across collector
emitter terminals of the transistor. VBB supply forward biases the emitter base
junction & VCC supply reverse biases the output junction.
 Now apply KVL to collector to emitter loop’
VCC – IC RC – VCE = 0.
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∴ VCC – IC RC = VCE --------------------- (1)

 When the input a.c. signal voltage increases, the base current increases as a result
collector current increases (as IC = 𝛽 𝐼𝐵 ). Hence voltage drop IC RC increases. As VCC
is constant, from equation 1 output voltage VCE decreases.
 From above in common emitter amplifier when the input increases in the positive, the
output voltage decreases. i.e. output is 180° out of phase with input.

Waveform:

b) Compare positive and negative feedback. 4M

Sr. Parameter Positive Negative
No. feedback feedback
1 BW Increases Decreases
1 Feedback signal In phase with the 180 º out of phase
input signal. with the input
signal.

2 Net input signal Increases Decreases

Any
four
3 Gain Increases Decreases
points
Ans:
Each
4 Noise Increases Decreases
point 1
M
5 Stability Poor Improved

6 Input impedance decreases increases

7 Output impedance increases decreases

8 Uses Oscillators, Amplifiers,

Schmitt trigger bootstrapping

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Define oscillator and state the Barkhausen criterion for the generation of sustained
c) 4M
oscillations.
Oscillator: An oscillator is a device, which produces an output signal, without any input
signal of any desired frequency.
Barkhausen criterion:
The overall voltage gain of a positive feedback amplifier is given by,
Definiti
on 1 M
and
………………..(1)
Ans: Barkhau
Where, A = gain of an amplifier without feedback also called open loop gain
sen
β A = product of feedback fraction and open loop gain. It is called loop gain.
criterion
The Barkhausen criterion for the generation of sustained oscillations.
3M
for positive feedback are:
1. β A = 1

2. β A = 360° or 0° ie the total phase shift should be 360° or 0°.

d) Explain the working of SMPS with neat block diagram. 4M

A block diagram of Switch Mode Power Supply is shown in figure. The first block is Block
rectifier and filter that converts the A.C. supply voltage to pulsating D.C. which is then diagram
filtered out to reduce the amount of ripple content. This section uses the power diodes in 2M
Ans:
bridge configuration to obtain the pulsating d.c. and the capacitor is used as a filter element. And
The second block is the high frequency switching section and it uses either MOSFETs or explanat
BJTs to convert the D.C. voltage to a high frequency ac\.c. square wave. This high frequency ion 2 M
a.c. square waves ranges from 20 KHz to 100 KHz. Since the power transistors are not
operated in their active region, their operation results in low power dissipation. Thus it is a
two stage conversion i.e. the input a.c. supply voltage is first rectified to d.c. and then the
high frequency switching section changes it back to A.C.
The next block of SMPS is high frequency power transformer that isolate the
circuit and step up or step down the voltage to the desired voltage level. The output of the
transformer is the input of the second rectifier section, called the output rectifier section.
This rectifier section is different fron the first block of the rectifier in that the frequency of
the voltage is very high. Therefore, the bridge configuration of this rectifier uses a high
frequency diodes such as schottky diode and the output ripple is naturally filtered becouse of
the number of the overlaps between each individual output pulse. Since the ripple is very
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small in output voltage of the rectifier, a small capacitance is required in the filter section.
The last section of the SMPS is the control and feedback block, which
contains circuitry that provides Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) output signal. The PWM
controller provides duty cycle that varies pulse by pulse to provide an accurate d.c. output
voltage.

12-Total
Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following :
Marks
a) Explain with sketch the working of class B push pull amplifier. 4M
Circuit Diagram:-

Operation: Circuit
Diagram
 In class B amplifier transistor conduct only for half cycle of input 2M
Ans: signal.One conduct in positive half cycle and other conducts in &
negative half cycle. Operati
 Transformer T1 is called as input transformer called phase splitter and produces on 2M
two signals which are 180 degree out of phase with each other.

 Transformer T2 is called as output transformer and is required to couple

the a.c signal from the collector to the load.
 When there is no input signals both the transistor Q1 and Q2 are cut off
hence no current is drawn from Vcc supply. Thus there is no power
wasted in stand by the power dissipation in both transistor is practically
zero.
 During positive half cycle ON Q2 OFF and at the output half cycle is
obtained Q1 during negative half OFF and Q2 on hence another half
cycle is obtained cycle Q1 at the output.
 Then output transformer joins these two halves and produces a full sine
wave in the load resistor.

Compare different types of power amplifier on basis of-

b) 4M
(i) Efficiency.

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(ii) Power dissipation in transistor.

(iii) Conduction angle of collector current
(iv) Position of Q.

Parameter Class A Class B Class AB Class C

Position of
Q point is at the
operating pt. (Q Just above X Below X axis.
center of load On X axis
Point) on load axis.
line.
line

Each
lowest efficiency Between 50 to differen
Ans: Efficiency Above 78.5% Above 95%
25% to 50% 78.5% ce carry
1M
Conducts for
(1800) half
Conduction (3600) Greater than 1800
cycle Less than 1800 of
Angle of collector full cycle of and less than
of input input signal.
current input 3600
signal.
signal
Power dissipation
Very High Low Low Very Low
in transistor
c) Draw miller sweep generation and give its applications. 4M
Diagram:

Diagra
m:2M
&
Applicat
Ans: ions
Applications of Miller Sweep Generator: (any two) (any
1. Applications where linear output is expected. two)
2. Television (TV) 2M
3. CRO
4. To convert step waveform into ramp waveform.

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Sketch the circuit diagram for dual voltage regulator using IC 78XX and 79XX to obtain
d) 4M
±12V output.

OR
Ans:

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12-Total
Q.4 A) Attempt any THREE of the following :
Marks
a) State the necessity of regulated power supply. Define load and line regulation. 4M

Necessity of regulated power supply: 2M

The major disadvantage of a power supply is that the output voltage changes with the
variations in the input voltage or The D.C output voltage of the rectifier also increase
similarly, In many electronic applications, it is desired that the output voltage should remain
constant regardless of the variations in the input voltage or load. In order to get ensure this; a
voltage stabilizing device called voltage regulator is used.

Load Regulation:1M
The load regulation indicates the change in output voltage that will occur per unit change Necessit
in load current. y 2M ,
Mathematically,
Load
Ans: Regulati
on 1M
Where, & Line
regulati
VNL is no load voltage on 1M

Line Regulation:1M
The change in output voltage with respect to per unit change in input voltage is defined as
line regulation. It is mathematically expressed as,
Line regulation=ΔVL/ΔVS
Where,
ΔVL = The change in output voltage
ΔVS= The change in input voltage

b) Explain the working principle of crystal oscillator with diagram. 4M

Circuit Diagram:

Ans:

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Working Principle of Piezoelectric Crystal:

 A Quartz Crystal has a very peculiar property known as Piezoelectric Effect.

 According to this effect, when an AC voltage is applied across a quartz crystal, it

vibrates at a frequency of applied voltage.

 Conversely, if a mechanical force is applied to vibrate a quartz crystal it generates an

AC voltage.

 Above fig shows the circuit of crystal oscillator using transistor. In this circuit, the
crystal is connected as a series element in the feedback path from collector to the base.
 The resistors R1, R2 and RE provide voltage divider stabilized d.c. bias circuit. The
capacitor CE provides a.c bypass of emitter resistor and RFC coil provides for d.c bias.
The coupling capacitor C has negligible impedance at the circuit operating frequency.

 The circuit frequency of oscillation is set by the series resonant frequency of the crystal
and its value is given by the relation

Or

Working Principle:
When the D.C. power is switched on, the noise voltage of small amplitude appearing at
the base gets amplified and appears at the output. This amplified noise now drives the
feedback network consisting of a quartz crystal and capacitor C. Thus the crystal is excited
by a fraction of energy feedback from the output to the input. The crystal is made to operate
as an inductor L so that the feedback network consists of series resonant LC circuit. This is
possible only, if the frequency of oscillations f0 is in between the series resonant frequency
fs and the parallel resonant frequency fp of an electrical equivalent circuit of a crystal . Thus,
the frequency of oscillations is set by the series resonant frequency fs of the crystal. This
produces undamped oscillations of stable frequency f0.

c) Compare the performance of current series and current shunt feedback amplifier. 4M
Sr.No. Characteristics Current series feedback Current shunt feedback
(Any
amplifier amplifier
Four)
1. Voltage gain Decreases Decreases
Ans: each
2. Bandwidth Increases Increases
carry
3. Harmonic Decreases Decreases
1M
distortion

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4. Noise Decreases Decreases

5. Input resistance Increases Decreases
6. Output Increases Increases
resistance
d) Describe with help of circuit diagram working of class A power amplifier. 4M

Circuit
Working: Diagra
Ans: m 2M &
The input a.c. signal is applied across the base emitter terminals of the transistor & output is Workin
g 2M
taken across collector emitter terminals of the transistor. VBB supply forward biases the
emitter base junction & VCC supply reverse biases the output junction.
The Q point is determined by the VCC supply along with the resistance RC. The
resistances R1,R2,RE form the biasing & stabilization circuit & thus establishes proper
operating point.
Input capacitor (Cin ) : It blocks DC voltage to the base, if it is not provided the
source resistance comes across R2,so that transistor gets unbiased. It allows ac to pass &
isolates source resistance from R2.
Class A amplifier is basically, a common emitter amplifier. This circuit is called direct
coupled class A power amplifier. The only difference between this circuit and small signal
version, considered earlier, is that the signals handled by the power amplifier circuit are in
the range of volt.

Or
Circuit Diagram:

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Compare single tuned and double tuned amplifier with respect to operating principle,
e)
frequency response, efficiency and applications.
Sr.No. Characteristics Single tuned amplifier Double tuned amplifier
1. Operating Parallel Resonance Parallel Resonance
Principle
2. Frequency
response

3. Efficiency High Low

4. Application TRF receiver, TV receiver IF amplifier in Radio
Ans: receiver, TV receiver

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12-
Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following : Total
Marks
Explain with diagram the working of phase shift oscillator. Also a phase shift oscillator has R
a) 6M
= 220 kΩ and C = 500 pf. Calculate the frequency of sine wave generated by the oscillator.

Circuit Diagram of RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR:

Circuit
Diagra
m: 2M
Workin
Ans:
g: 2M
Calculat
ion for
𝑓𝑜 = 2M

OR

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WORKING:
 Common emitter amplifier introduces a 1800 phase shift between input & output. &
remaining 1800 phase shift is produced by three identical basic RC phase shifting
networks.
 Each RC network is designed to introduce a phase shift of 600.

 The phase shift around the loop is 3600 only at one precise frequency.

 This frequency of oscillation is given by

1
𝑓𝑜 = 2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶 √6

1
 The feedback factor 𝛽 = 29
 Therefore 𝐴𝑉 = 29

Calculation For 𝑓𝑜 :
Given:
R= 220 𝐾Ω
C= 500𝑝𝐹
To Find:
Frequency of oscillation 𝑓𝑜 .
1
Formula Used: 𝑓𝑜 = 2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶
√6
1
Solution: 𝑓𝑜 = 2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶 √6
1
𝑓𝑜 =
2 𝜋 ∗ 220𝐾Ω ∗ 500𝑝𝐹 ∗ √6

𝑓𝑜 = 590.67 Hz

The frequency of sine wave generated by the oscillator = 590.67 Hz.

b) Explain operation of FET common source amplifier with applications. 6M

Circuit
Diagra
COMMON SOURCE FET AMPLIFIER: m: 2M
Ans: Operati
Circuit Diagram:
on: 2M
Applica
tions
(any 2):
2M

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 Above circuit shows CS N-channel FET amplifier.

 Voltage divider biasing circuit is used.
 C1 & C2 are coupling capacitors used to couple input AC signal & output
respectively.
 CS is a bypass capacitor which keeps the source of FET effectively.
OPERATION:

DURING POSITIVE HALF CYCLE:

 As the gate to source voltage increases, the drain current also increases.
 As a result of this, the voltage drop across resistor RD also increases.
 This causes the drain voltage to decrease. As VDS = VDD – IDRD.
 It means that the positive half cycle of the input produces negative half cycle of the
output voltage.
 In other words output voltage is 180 out of phase with the input voltage.
DURING NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE:
 As the gate to source voltage decreases, the drain current also decreases.
 As a result of this, the voltage drop across resistor RD also decreases.
 This causes the drain voltage to increase. As VDS = VDD – IDRD.
 It means that the negative half cycle of the input produces positive half cycle of the
output voltage.
 In other words output voltage is 180 out of phase with the input voltage.
APPLICATIONS OF CS-FET AMPLIFIER:
 As a pre-amplifier in audio circuits.
 As a voltage amplifier.
 In the public address system.
 In radio & TV amplifier circuit.

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Explain with circuit diagram and waveform the operation of class AB push pull power
c) 6M
amplifier
Class AB Push Pull Power Amplifier:
Circuit Diagram:

Circuit Decription:
The circuit consists of two centre-tapped transformers T1 and T2, two identical transistors Q1
and Q2 , Resistor R and diode D. The DC voltage developed across the diode D is connected
to the bases of both the transistors through the secondary winding of the input transformer.
This voltage acts as DC bias for the transistors because it is equal to cut-in voltage and they
Circuit
will conduct for complete half cycleperiod of the input to eliminate the cross-over distortion.
Diagra
m: 2M
WORKING:
Operati
Ans:  When there is no a.c. input signal is applied both the transistors Q1& Q2 are cut off.
on: 2M
Hence no current is drawn from VCC.
Wavefo
 DURING POSITIVE HALF CYCLE:
rm: 2M
 The base of the transistor Q1 is positive and that of Q2 is negative.
 As a result of this Q1 conducts, while the transistor Q2 is OFF.
 DURING NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE:
 The base of the transistor Q2 is positive and that of Q1 is negative.
 As a result of this Q2 conducts, while the transistor Q1 is OFF.
 Thus at any instant any one transistor in the circuit is conducting.
 Then the output transformer joins these two halves & produces a full sine wave in the
load resistor.

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Waveform:

12-
Q.6 Attempt any TWO of the following: Total
Marks
a) Explain stagger tuned amplifier with the help of waveforms. 6M
Circuit Diagram:

Circuit
C1 C2 Diagra
m: 2M
Wavefo
rm
(Freque
Ans: ncy
Respon
se): 2M
Explain
Above figure shows two-stage tuned voltage amplifier. The stagger tuning in this circuit, ation:2
may be achieved by resonating the tuned circuits L1C1 and L2C2 to slightly different M
frequencies.

Frequency Response:

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Above figure shows frequency response of a stagger-tuned amplifier. In this figure, curve ‘a’
shows the gain versus frequency of the L1C1 tuned circuit. Similarly the curve ‘b’ shows the
response of the L2C2 tuned circuit. The curve ‘c’ indicates the combined response of the
circuit. It is evident from this curve that the amplifier has a greater bandwidth and flatter
pass-band. It has been found that more the number of stages used, flatter will be the pass-
band and steeper will be the gain fall-off outside the pass-band. Because of the stagger tuning
there is a loss of voltage gain.

b) Draw the circuit of complementary, symmetry push pull amplifier and explain its working. 6M
COMPLEMENTRY SYMMETRY CLASS B PUSH PULL AMPLIFIER
Circuit Diagram:

Circuit
diagram
: 2m
Circuit
descript
Ans:
ion: 1m
Workin
g: 2m
Wavefo
rm: 1m
Circuit description:
 Two transistors one NPN & other PNP is used in the circuit so they are
complementary to each other.
 Biasing conditions used for both transistors are same so they are symmetrical.
 R1, R2, VCC are used for voltage divider bias of transistors.
 Both transistors conduct for 180°as it is class B amplifier.
 Whenever one transistor is ON other push to be OFF so the name push pull.

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Working:
 Input signal Vin is applied to both the transistor through input capacitor.
 During positive half cycle of input:
 The base of the transistors NPN & PNP is positive.
 As a result of this NPN conducts & PNP remains OFF.
 So we get half cycle in the output.
 During negative half cycle of input:
 The base of the transistors NPN & PNP is negative.
 As a result of this PNP conducts & NPN remains OFF.
 So we get remaining half cycle in the output.

In voltage amplifier output voltage without negative feedback is 10V. If 25% of output
c) voltage its feedback in series with input voltage. Find Feedback voltage, also give value of 6M
the feedback factor.
Given Data:
VOUT = 10V
25% of output voltage its feedback in series with input voltage.

To find:
1. Feedback voltage VF
2. Feedback factor β

Solution:
1. Feedback voltage VF:
Caculati
on of
25% of output voltage its feedback in series with input voltage.
feedbac
i.e. VF = 25% of VOUT
k
VF = 25% of 10V
voltage:
VF = 2.5V
3m
Ans:
Caculati
2. Feedback factor β:
on of
𝑉𝐹 feedbac
𝛽= k
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇
factor:3
2.5𝑉 m
∴ 𝛽=
10𝑉

∴ 𝛽 = 0.25

1. Feedback voltage VF = 2.5V

2. Feedback factor β = 0.25

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