Assignment 2
Uploaded by
Praveen ChaudharyAssignment 2
Uploaded by
Praveen ChaudharySubmitted to:
Ms. Narinderjeet Kaur
Submitted By:
Puneet Singh
CSE-1
Sec-A
R.No.-R713A19
Q.1 Why sinusoidal wave shape is insisted for voltages and
currents while generating, transmitting and utilizing ac current?
Sinusoidal waves are the most important special case of periodic waves. because
only sine waves are pure examples of a certain frequency and wavelengths, since
the French mathematician Fourier showed that any periodic wave with frequency f
can be constructed as a superposition of sine waves with frequencies f, 2f, 3f, ... In
this sense, sine waves are the basic, pure building blocks of all waves.
Moreover in a.c. power generation:
The elementary AC generator ( consists of a conductor, or loop of wire in a
magneticfield that is produced by an electromagnet. The two ends of the
loop are connected to slip rings,and they are in contact with two brushes.
When the loop rotates it cuts magnetic lines of force,first in one direction
and then the other.
At the instant the loop is in the vertical position (Figure 2, 0 ), the coil sides
o
are moving parallelto the field and do not cut magnetic lines of force. In this
instant, there is no voltage inducedin the loop. As the coil rotates in a
counter-clockwise direction, the coil sides will cut themagnetic lines of
force in opposite directions. The direction of the induced voltages depends
onthe direction of movement of the coil.
E0=NAB ω sin ωt
Keeping NAB constant, E0 is proportional to sin ωt.
Q.2 Do wave shapes other than sine wave have effective value?
Explain?
Yes all the wave shapes other than sine wave have effective value, since in each
each half cycle of wave work is being done.
Q.3 What do you mean by ω?
Angular frequency ω (also referred to by the terms angular speed, radial
frequency, circular frequency, and radian frequency) is a scalar measure of rotation
rate. Angular frequency (or angular speed) is the magnitude of the vector quantity angular
velocity. The termangular frequency vector is sometimes used as a synonym for the
vector quantityangular velocity .
In SI units, angular frequency is measured in radians per second, with dimensions s−1since
radians are dimensionless.
One revolution is equal to 2π radians, hence
Q. 4 What do you mean by phasor representation of alternating
quantity?
What is an alternating quantity?
When an alternating quantity is said to be leading or lagging w.r.t.
another quantity?
When using plots of waveforms to represent alternating currents and voltages it can
be difficult to see the relationship between the quantities. For example it is hard to
see if a current is leading or lagging a voltage. An alternative representation, known
as phasor diagrams is often used to aid with this. This method also leads to easier
calculations of the current and potential difference values at various locations in the
circuit as the expressions above can be cumbersome to deal with.
Alternating quantity:
In general an alternating quantity goes from positive to negative values repetitively.
The average value of the quantity over a long time interval is zero.
Lagging or leading Alternating quantities:
An alternating quantity is said to leading or lagging when it has a constant phase
difference between the two quantities. For example in a pure inductor:
Current lags voltage by 90o
Voltage leads current by
90o
Q.5 An alternating quantity is represented by I=400 sin
(157+π/6) amperes. Determine (a) peak factor (b) RMS value (c)
frequency (d) time period (e) form factor (f) phase angle of
current represented.
(a) Peak value=400 amperes
(b) RMS value=400/3.14=127.27 amperes
(c) Frequency=157/2π=25 Hz
(d) Time period=1/frequency=0.04 seconds
(e) Form factor= r.m.s/average current=1.11
(f) phase angle= π/6
Q.6 Explain the component method for addition and subtraction
of an alternating quantity.
Consider two waves with equal wavelength and amplitude, but with some arbitrary phase
difference, and write the two waves as
where and are the common wavelength and amplitude of the two waves and is their
phase difference. Calculate the sum wave and find an expression for
the amplitude of the sum wave in terms of and .
Q. 7 What is the significance of form factor?
In electronics, the form factor of an alternating current waveform (signal) is the
ratio of the RMS (Root Mean Square) value to the average value (mathematical
mean of absolute values of all points on the waveform). In case of a sinusoidal
wave, the form factor is approximately 1.11.
Q.8 Derive an expression for rms and average value of the half
wave rectified ac current in terms of amplitude.
For rms:
dH=I2Rdt
H=0T∫I2Rdt
H=0T∫(Io 2
sin2 ωt) R dt
H=( Io 2RT)/2
Iv2RT==( Io 2RT)/2
Iv=Io/1.414
For average value:
Iavg=(0π∫I sin ωt.d ωt)/π
=-(Imax/2)[cos ωt]π0
=2 Imax/π