OUADRILATERALS

QUADRILATERAL

Aclosed figure bounded by four line

segments is calleda
17
quadrilateral. D

A quadrilateral ABCD has

i) four vertices, namely A, B, C and D.
ii) four sides, namely AB, BC, CD and DA.
iii) four angles, namely ZA, ZB, 2C and B
D
(iv) two diagonals, namely AC and BD.
Adjacent Sides: Two sides ofa quadrilateral having a
or consecutive sides.
common end point are called its adjacent
In the given quadrilateral, (AB, BC), (BC, CD), (CD, DA) and (BA, AD) are four
sides. pairs of its adjacent
Opposite Sides: 7wo sides ofa quadrilateral having no common end
sides. point are called its opposite
In the
given quadrilateral, (AB, DC) and (BC, AD) are two pairs of its opposite sides.
Adjacent Angles: Two angles of a quadrilateral having a common arm are called its adjacent
or consecutive angles.

In the
given quadrilateral, (LA, ZB), (ZB, 2C), (2C, ZD) and (ZD, ZA) are four pairs of adjacent
angles.
Opposite Angles: Two angles ofa quadrilateral not having a common arm are called its opposite
angles.
In the given quadrilateral, (2A, C) and (ZB, 4D) are two pairs of its opposite angles.

An Important Result
Theorem: The sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral is 360.

Given: A quadrilateral ABCD.

To prove:LA +B + 2C+ D = 360° D
Construction : Join B and D. 2 C
is 180.
Proof: We know that the sum angles of a triangle
of the
1
Sum of the Zs of AABD 180°
=

LA + 41+ 22 =180° B
and 2C+ 23 + 24 = 180° ISum of the Ls of ACBD = 180°|

Adding, we get:
A+21+ L2 + 20C + L3 + 24 = 360°
O A + ( 2 1 + 23) + 2C + (L2 + 24) = 360°
L4 ZD
and 22 +
=
ZB
Since, 1 + 23
=
or ZA+ ZB + 2C+ ZD = 360°

199
 sOLVED EXAMPLES

=70°, B 50" and 2C =82°. n

Find ZD
quadrilateral ABCD a r e 2A
=

Example 1. Three angles ofa

of the angles of a quadrilateral
is 360°.
Solution: We know that the sum

LA + B + 2C + 2D = 360°

70° + 50° + 82° + 2D = 360°

202°+D= 360°
ZD = (360° 202°) = 158°.

Hence, D = l58°.

in the ratio 2 : 3 : 7 : 6 .
Find the measure of ench
Example2. Theangles of a quadrilateral are
angle of the quadrilateral.
be (2x)°, (3x)°, (7x)° and (f6rp
Solution: Let the measures
of the angles of the given quadrilateral
respectively.
The sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360
Then, 2r + 3x + 7x + 6x = 360
18r = 360 * = 20.

First angle = (2x)° = (2 x 20)° = 40°;

Second angle = (3x)° = (3 x 20)° = 60°;

Third angle = (7x)° = (7 x 20)° = 140°;

Fourth angle =(6x)° = (6 x 20)° = 120°.

5(x 2)°, (6x 20) and 6lr + 3)° respectively.

angles of a quadrilateral are 5x)°, + -

Example 3. The
Find (i) the value ofx and (i) each angle of the quadrilateral.

We know that the of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.

Solution: sum

ö x + 5 r + 2) + (6x - 20) + 6(x + 3) = 360

5 x + 5x + 10 +6x - 20 + 6x + 18 360

2 2 r = 352>x= 352 - 16.

22
First angle = (5x)° = (5 x 16)° = 80°;

Second angle = 5(r + 2)° = [5(16 + 2)1° = 90°;

Third angle = (6x - 20)° = (6 x 16-20)° = 76°;

Fourth angle = 6(x + 3)° = [6(16 +3)1° = 114°.

EXERCISE 17 A
1. Three angles of a quadrilateral measure 68°, 74° and 108° respectively. Find the measure ofthe
fourth angle.
2. The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 4:3:2:6. Find the measure of each angle.
3. Three angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 2:5:6. If the fourth angle measures 100°, find
the other three angles of the quadrilateral.
4. Two angles of a quadrilateral are 72° and 56° respectively and the remaining two angles are in
the ratio 3:5. Find the measure ofeach angle of the quadrilateral.
5. Two angles of a quadrilateral are 116° and 84° and the remaining two angles are equal. What is
the measure of each of the equal angles?

200
 ofa
quadrilate ateral are equal and the
Ourth
fourth angle nmeasures 75". What is the measur
" h r e ea n g l e s
les
angles? angle measur
the equal
ofeachof fa quadrilateral are (ix", (3r + 101", (6
20and (x + 25)°. Find (i) the
value of x

easure of each angle of the quadrilateral.

7 . T h e a n g l e s

m e a s u r e

the
nd( )

quadrilateralirilateral A
ABCD,
BCD it 1s being given that AB DC
a
In ZB: C 4 :5.
D =2:3and
=

8.

Find
the measure of each angle otf quadrilateral ABCD
180 and 4y + 5y =180.1
2x +3r
=

int : B

adjoining figure, the sides BA and DC of a quadrilateral ABCD have been produeced
ad
the
In
9. E and F respectively.
to

a +b =* +y.
Provethat:
IHint:b°+ LA
= 180", a° + 2C =180°.
ZA + 2C =
360°.
.a° +b° + bA
Rut. °+ y° + LA + 2C = 360°. [Angles of a quadrilateral A

quadrilateral ABCD, that:

IfOis a point within prove
a
10
AC BD.
OA+OB+ OC + OD
> +

Hint: We know
that the sum
ofany two sides of a

triangle is greater than the third side. So,

OA +OC> AC and OB + OD > BD.] B

QUADRILATERALS
VARIOUS TYPES OF D
L Parallelogram
both pairs of opposite sides
are parallel,
A quadrilateral in which
is called a parallelogram.
is quadrilateral in which
adjoining figure, ABCD
a
In the
B
AB| DC and AD || BC.
ABCD is a parallelogram.

Properties of a Parallelogram:
In a parallelogram ABCD,
)opposite sides are parallel,
i.e., AB||DC and ADBC.
()opposite sides are equal,
i.e., AB = DC and AD = BC.
U) opposite angles are equal, A B

2C and ZB = ZD. interior angles),

Le., LA =
they are
consecutive
(because
supplementary
180°
acent angles are

180°, ZC+
2D = 180°, ZD +ZA =

e, A + ZB = 180°, ZB+
ZC =
201
 other,
(U)thediagonals bisect each
i.e., OA = OC and OB = OD.
(vi) each diagonal bisects the parallelogram, i.e., divides it into two congruent.

ACDB.
triangles
ie., AABC = ACDA and AABD e
D
Theorem 1. In a parallelogram,
) opposite sides are equal;
(i) opposite angles are equal;
(ii) each diagonal bisects the parallelogram.
Given: A parallelogram ABCD in which AB || DC and AD || BC.

To prove:
) AB = DC and AD = BC
(ii) ZA =
2C and B = D
(u) area (AABC) =
area (ACDA) and area (AABD) =area (ACDB)
Construction: Join Aand C.
Proof: In As ABC and CDA, we have
41 = 22
[Alternate angles, as AB
| DC and CA is a transversal
L3 = 24
LAlternate angles, as AD | BC and AC is a
AC =CA transversall
AABC = ACDA
Common
LA.S.A. axiom]
(i) Since AABC =
ACDA, have
we

AB CD and BC =
(ii) Since
AD c.p.c.t.l
AABC = ACDA, we have
B = D
Also, 21 + 24
lc.p.c.t.]
L2 =
+ L3
LA = 2C
21 2 and 24 = L31
Hence, ZA =
2C and B D.
(ii) Since AABC =
ACDA, we have
area (AABC) =
area (ACDA) : Congruent triangles are equal in area
Similarly, by joining B and D, we can
area (AABD) =
area (ACDB). prove that AADB = ACDB and therelur
Theorem 2. The
diagonals of parallelogram bisect each a

Given A other.
parallelogram ABCD whose diagonals AC and BD
To prove: OA =
OC and OB intersect at a
=
OD. point O.
Proof: In As OAB and OCD, we have:
20AB = 20CD
Alternate angles]
4OBA = 20DC
Alternate angles
AB CD
Opposite sides of a
AOAB = AOCD. parallelogram
Hence, OA lc.p.c.t.
=
OC and OB =
OD.
le.p.c.t.] A

202
 arem 3. fa pair of optpostte sides ofa quadrilateral are equal and parallei, it is a parallelogram

Given
Aguadrilateral ABCD in which AB =
DC and AB DC.
is
Toprove:
ABCD a
parallelogram
Construction: Join Aand
Proof: In As ABC and CDA, we have
AB DC Gven
AC = CA
Common
BAC =DCA Alternate angles, as AB DC and CA is a transversal|
AABC ACDA
IS.AS.axiom
So. BCA = DAC
lep.e.t.
But. these are alternate interior
angles
AD BC

Now, AB DC and AD BC
Hence. ABCD is a parallelogram.

L Rectangle
A
parallelogram each of uhose angles measures 90° is called
In the adjoining figure, ABCD is
a
rectangle. D_
a
rectangle
Properties of a Rectangle:
ln a
rectangle ABCD
uopposite sides are equal, i.e., AB DC
=
and AD =
BC
each angle
measures 90°, i.e., LA =
(B =
2C =D =
90°
4
diagonals are equal, ie, AC =BD
diagunals bisect each other, ie, A0 =OC and BO
Theorem 4. The =OD
diagonals of a rectangle are equal and bisect
Given: ABCD each other
is a
rectangle and AC, BD are its diagonals
To prove :u AC = BD (u OA OC and OB =OD
Proof:u In As ABC and we BAD, have
BC AD
Opposute sudes of rectangle a
AB BAD Each equal to 90")
and AB BA
AB sBAD
ICommon
Here AC BD
lepet
A
rHetangle is a
type of parallelogram and in a
t her the diagunals of a
reetangle
parallelogram, the
also bisect each other diagonals bisect each
Hence
0AK and OB- OD
203
 1. Square
is called a uguare
A rectangle having all sides equal
ABCD is a square
In the adjoining figure, als0 Hay that
may
rectangle are equal, we

Since
sides
opp0site of a called a uquare
equal then it is
rectangle are

f two adjacent sides ofa

Properties of A Square:
In a square ABCD, Dr
DA.
i)all sides are equal, i.e., AB =BC =CD =

90°.
=2C =2D
=

90, i.e., ZA = ZB
(0) each angle measures

AC BD.
(iüi) diagonals are equal, i.e., =

BO OD.
=OC and
=
A0
(iv) diagonals bisect each other, i.e.,
I BD.
(U) diagonals intersect at right angles, i.e., AC A

and bisect each other

at right angles.
Theorem 5. The diagonals of a square are equal
intersect at O.
Given: A square ABCD whose diagonals AC and BD
(i) AC = BD
Toprovee:
(ii) OA = OC and OB = OD
iii) ACIBD D
Proof: () In As ABC and BAD, we have:
AB = BA I Common
BC = AD Sides of a square]
LABC = ZBAD | Each equal to 90°1
AABC = ABAD S.A.S. axiom A

Hence, AC = BD. Tc.p.c.t.

(it) A square is a type of parallelogram and in a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other.
Hence, diagonals of a square bisect each other, i.e., OA =OC and OB =OD
iii) Now, in As AOB and AOD, we have:
OB OD : Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each otherl
AB AD Sides of a square]
AO = AO
Common
AAOB = AAOD. S.S.S. axiom|
Hence, 2AOB = ZAOD. Ic.p.c.t.
But, ZAOB+ ZAOD 180°. =
Linear pair|
LAOB = ZAOD =90°.
Thus, AO L BD, i.e., AC L BD.

IV. Rhombus
A parallelogram having all sides equal is called a rhombus.
In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a
parallelogram in which
AB BC =CD = DA.
ABCD is a rhombus.

204
 P r o p e r t i e s
of a Rhombus:
rhombus
ABCD,
In a
( opposite site sides are parallel, i.e., AB | DC and AD | BC.

all sides
a r e equal, i.e.,
AB =
BC =CD = DA

bisect each other at right angles,

diagonals
(i BD.
ie.. AO
= OC, BO =OD and AC
diagonals bisect the angles of the rhonmbus,
it)

ie., AC bisects LA and 2C; BD bisects 2B and D.

rem 6. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
whose diagonals AC and BD intersect at O.
on : A rhombus ABCD

Toprove:
OAA= OC, OB = OD and 2AOB =2COB =90°.
OAB and OCD, we have:
Proof: In As
0AB = 20CD |Alternate angles|
20BA = 40DC Alternate angles)
AB CD Sides of a rhombus
AOAB AOCD [A.S.A. axiom]
0A =OC and OB =OD Tc.p.c.t.
have:
Again, in As OAB and OCB, we

OA = OC IProved abovel
AB CB ISides of a rhombusl
OB = OB I Common]
[S.S.S. axiom|
OAB= AOCB
.
LAOB = 2COB. Ie.p.c.t.)
2COB 180° ZAOC is a straight angle)
But, ZAOB + =

LAOB = 2COB = 90°.

D
V. Trapezium
A quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a

trapezium.
a quadrilateral in
which AB|| DC. A
Inthe adjoining figure, ABCD is
ABCD is a trapezium.
are called oblique sides. In the
ne non-parallel sides of a trapezium
sides.
apezium ABCD, the sides AD and BC are oblique

Properties of a Trapezium:
in a
trapezium ABCID
AB || DC.
one pair of opposite sides is parallel, i.e.,
two pairs of adjacent angles (which form pairs of consecutive interior D,
angles) are supplementary,
Le., A + D 180° and B + 2C 1800°. =
=

trapezium are

celes Trapezium: If the two non-parallel sides of a

a1, it is known as an isosceles trapezium.

205
 Properties of an Isosceles Trapezium :

In an isosceles trapezium ABCD,

AB || DC.
()one pair of opposite sides is parallel, i.e.,
(11) two pairs of adjacent angles (which form pairs of consecutive

interior angles) are supplementary,

i.e. A + D = 180° and B + 2C =180°.
(ti) angles on the same base are equal,
ie., LA = B and 2C= D.
(iv) diagonals are equal in length, i.e., AC = BD.

VI. Kite
A quadrilateral in which tuwo pairs ofadjacent sides are equal, is known as a kite.
In the B
adjoining figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB = AD and BC =DC.
ABCD is a kite.
Properties of a Kite:
In a kite ABCD,
() two pairs of adjacent sides are equal,
ie., AB AD and BC
=

=DC.
()one pair of opposite angles is equal,
ie., ZB = 2D.
(iii) diagonals intersect each other at right angles,
i.e., AC L BD.
iv) one
of the diagonals bisected by the other,
i.e., OB = OD.
(U) one
of the diagonals bisects two opposite angles of the kite,
i.e., AC bisects A and 2C.
(vi) one of the diagonals bisects the kite, i.e., divides it into
two congruent
i.e., diagonal AC bisects the kite and so AABC = AADC. triangles,

SOLVED EXAMPLESS
Example 1. In a
parallelogram ABCD, if 2A =
115°, find ZB, 2C and 2D.
Solution: Since AD || BC and AB cuts
them, so
LA + ZB = 180° D
ICo. int. angles|
115°+ ZB =180°
ZB
(180° 115°) 65°.
=
= 115
Since the opposite angles of a A
we have: 2C
parallelogram are
equal,
=LA =115° and D =
2B =
65°
Hence, B =
65°, ZC
=115° and 2D =
65°.
xample 2. In the
adjoining figure, ABCD is
diagonals AC and BD intersect at O.
a
rectangle whose D,
(i) LACB (ii) 2OBC.
If 20AB =
32°, find
lution: (i) LABC =90°
Each angle of a rectangle
90°1 =
32
A

206
 In AABC, we have
CAB+ABC + ZACB =
180° ISum of angles of a A
32° + 90° + ZACB = 180
LACB =
180° -

(32° + 90°)
=
180 -

122° 58°.
i We know that the diagonals of a rectangle are equal and bisect each other.

OA = OB 2OBA =
20AB =
32
LABC = 90°
Now, 2OBA + ZOBC =90°
32° + 20BC 90 =

2OBC = (90° -32°) = 58°.

ln the adjoining figure, ABCD is a rhombus. If ZA =70°, find 2CDB.

Erample3 ,

We have:
Solation
C= LA = 70° Opposite angles of a parallelogram
Let 2CDB
= x°.

In ACDB, we have: 70
CD = CB 2CBD = ZCDB = «°
.2CDB+ 4CBD + 2DCB = 180° ISum of angles of a triangle)
r + r ° + 70° = 180° 2x° =(180° 70°) = 110° x ° =55.
Hence, 2CDB =55°.
D

Example 4. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a parallelogram and X, Y

are the points on diagonal BD such that
DX BY. =

Prove that CXAY is a parallelogram.

Join A and C, meeting BD at O. B

Solution:
Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other,
OA = OC and OD = OB
we have
OD = OB and DX =BY
Now,
OD - DX = OB - BY OX =OY ..(u)

In As OAY and OCX, we have

OA = OC From (i)
OX = OOY From (i)
LAOY = 2COX Vertically opposite angles)
AOAY = AOCX S.A.S. axiom]
AY = CX and 2OAY =2OCX c.p.c.t
So, formed when AY and CX are cut by
alternate angles
But 20AY and 2OCX are

transversal CA.
So, AY CX
Thus, AY = CX and AY CX.
Hence, CXAY is a parallelogram.
Example 5. parallelogram and line 2
In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a

segments AX and CY bisect A and 2C respectively.

Prove that AX| CY.

Solution: We have: LA =2C Opposite angles of a
parallelogram|
B

A C A -22 ...t
207
 transversal.
CY is a
Now, DC || AB and ...(i)
Alternate angles]
L2 = L3
23.
From (i) and (ii'),
we get: 21
=

AX and CY
are cut by transv
Sversal
fornmed when
corresponding angles
But, these are

AB
AX| |CY. rectangle.
enclose a
parallelogram
of the angles of
a
bisectors
Example 6. Show that the
D
Let ABCD be a parallelogram.
Solution: 2C
CQ and DQ be the bisectors of ZA, ZB,
Let AS, BS, R
and D respectively.
Q
have
AB and DA cuts them,
we
Since DC || A B
= 180° Co-interior angles]
A+ 4D

D 90°

P A D + ZADP = 90°
LAngles of AAPDI
ZADP ZAPD = 180°
But, PAD + +

90°+ LAPD = 180°

ZAPD =90°.
ZAPD 90° Vertically opposite angles
Now, ZSPQ = =

90°, 4QRS 90° and PSR = 90°.

Similarly, ZPQR = =

Thus, PQRS is a quadrilateral each of whose angles is 90°.

Hence, PQRS is a rectangle.

Example 7. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 24 cm and D.

18 cm respectively. Find the length ofeach side of the rhombus.
Solution: Let ABCD be a rhombus whose diagonals AC and BD
intersect at 0.
Then, AC = 24 cm and BD = 18 cm.

Since the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other, A B

we have: OA = OC = 12 cm and OB = OD = 9 cm.
Again, the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles. So, ZAOB = 90"

Let the length of each side of the rhombus be x em. Then, in right angled AAOB, by
Pythagoras, theorem, we have
AB= OA2 + OB » x = (12)2 + 92

r = (144 + 81) = 225

x = N 225 = 15.

Hence, the length of each side of the rhombus is 15 cm.

208
 -EXERCISE 17 B
D
he adioining figure, ABCD is a parallelogram in which A=50°. Find
In th
1
themeasure
of each of the remaining angles of the
parallelogram.
B

D C
a In a parallelogram ABCD, if ZA =(2r + 35)° and C =(3x 5)°. -

(3x 5)
Find: (i) the value of r (iu) measure of each angle of ABCD.
Hint: A =
2C, ZB = D and 2A + B
(2x+35)
+ 2C+ 2D =
360".] A

D
9. In the adjoining figure, side AB of
parallelogram ABCD has been
produced to E. If 2CBE =
75°, find the measure of each
parallelogram.
angle of the
75
B

4. In the given figure, ABCD is a

parallelogram in which AB = 8.5 cm and
its perimeter is 24 cm. Find the length of each of its remaining sides.

8.5 cm

D
5. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a rhombus in which ZBAC =
40°.
Find the measures of:
(i) ZACB (ii) ZABC (iii) ZADC (iv) ZACDD (u) 2CAD
40°
A

6. In the
adjoining figure, ABCD is a rectangle whose diagonals AC and
BD intersect at O. If ZAOB
=110°, find the measure of:
i) 20DA and (ii) 20CD.
[Hint: 2AOD = (180° -110°) = 70°. 110

Since OA = OD, we have 20AD = 2ODA. A B

2COD 110° (Why?) and OC OD, 2OCD
=
= so
=20DC.]

7. n the
adjoining figure, the diagonals AC and BD of parallelogram D
ABCD intersect at O. If ZOBC
36°, 2ODC 28° and 2AOD
= = =
64; 28°
tind the measure of
(i) 20AD (ii) 2OCD.
8. 64
a
square ABCD, if AB = (3x -8) and BC (x + 6) cm, find the
cm = 36
value of x. Also, find the
length of each side of the square.

209
 9. Ifthe diagonals of a parallelogram are equal in length, show that the parallelogram is a rectan
le,
D

ABCD is square and CDE is an equilateral triangle.

10. In the adjoining figure, a

Find
(iii) reflex ZAEC
(i) LAED (ii) EAB

11. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a parallelogram and AX||CY. Prove

that
(i) AX = CY

(ii) AXCY is a parallelogram.

In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a parallelogram and A = 120°. If the

12.
bisectors of ZA and 2B meet at a point P, show that ZAPB is a right

angle.
Hint: Since 2A = 120°, so B = 60° (Why?)
LPAB = 60° and LABP = 30° (Why?)

13. In the adjoiningfigure, ABCD is a parallelogram and EF isa line segment

D 26
such that EF | AC.
If ZADE = 32° and LCDF = 26°, find the measure of ZABC. 32

[Hint: DCA =4CDF (Why?) and 4CAD =ZADE (Why?)

B

14. In the adjoining figure, AB = AC, CP|| BA and AP is the bisector of 2CAD. D
Prove that:
A
(i) PAC = <BCA

ii) ABCP is a parallelogram.

Hint: 2CAD = LABC + 2ACB =2 ACB (Why)?

And so, PAC = LCAD = ZACB.

AP|| BC]

15. The diagonals AC and BD of a rhombus intersect each other at O. Prove that:

AB +BC? + CD? + DA2 = 4(0A2 +OB ) B

D
Hint: The diagonals ofa rhombus bisect each other at right angles.]

16. In an isosceles trapezium, prove that the oppOSite angles are supplementary.

210
17. In
ho adioining figure, ABCD 18 a parallelogram, E is the mid-point of
ABand CE bisects ZBCD, Prove that:
AD (ii) DE bisects 2ADC
(i) AE
=

iu DEC =90°.
Hint: BEC = ZECD = ZECB> EB = BC > AE = AD

LADE = LAED =LEDC.

ADC+ZBCD =180° (ZADC)+(BCD) =90 EDC+ DCE 90°1

14 Pand Qare points of trisection of the diagonal BD ofa

ABCD. Prove that CQ | AP. parallelogram

1
Hint:Join CP, AQ and AC. Now, BP =DQ (BD). =

3
19, In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a
parallelogram whose diagonals intersect
at 0. A line segment EOF is drawn to meet
AB at E and DC at F. Prove
that OE =OF
Hint: Prove that AOAE = AOCF.]

20. Each side of a rhombus is 10 cm

long and one of its
16 em. Find the length of the other diagonals measures
diagonal.
21. Which of the following statements are true?
i) Every square is a rectangle. (ii) Every square is a rhombus.
ii) Every rectangle is a parallelogram. (iv) Every parallelogram is a rhombus.
(v) Every rhombus is a square. (ui) The diagonals of a
(vii) The
diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other at parallelogram are
equal.
right angles.

EXERCISE 17 C
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Choose the correct option in each of the following
.The diagonals
of each of the following intersect at right angles except
(a) kite
(b) rectangle (c) rhombus
2. (d) square
Diagonals of each of the following bisect each other
(a) rectangle except
(b) square (c) rhombus
.
Diagonals are equal in each of the (d) kite
(a) isosceles trapezium following except
(c) square (b) rectangle
f4. (d) rhombus
the adjacent
angles of aparallelogram are equal, then the
(a) rectangle
(b) square (c) rhombus
parallelogram is a
t h e adjacent sides (d) trapezium
of a parallelogram are equal, then the
.
(a) rectangle
(b) square (c) rhombus
parallelogram is a
Consider the follouwing statenments (d) kite
) The
diagonals of a parallelogram are equal.
, he
diagonals ofa square are perpendicular to each other.
f the
diagonals of a
Bvery quadrilateral isquadrilateral intersect at right angles, it is not
either a trapezium or a necessarily a rhombus,
Wrich of the
above statements is/are correct?
parallelogram or kite. a

a) only (ii)
(b)only (iii) (c) both (ii) and (ii) (d) ii), iii) and (iv)
211
 4:9. The smallest angle ts
the ratio 2:3:
7. The angles of a quadrilateral are in (c) 36° d 40°
(a) 20° (b) 30°
in the ratio 1: 3:7:9. Then.
en ABCD
8. The angles A, B, C and D ofa quadrilateral ABCD are
(b) kite
(a) parallelogram
(d) trapezium with BC | AD
(c) trapezium with AB | CD
(5x 10° and (x + 10)°, then the ratio of
these
-

parallelogram are
9. 1ftwo adjacent angles of
LS
angls
(a) 3:2 (b) 5:1
(c) 5:4 (d 7:2

10. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram.

Then the values ofx, y and z respectively are
100
(a) 100, 80°, 100° (b) 100, 100°, 80° A
(c) 80, 100°, 100° (d) 80°, 80°, 100°

11. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is quadrilateral.

a
X+16)
The smallest angle of quadrilateral ABCD measures
V2x-
(a) 49 (b) 50
(c) 62 (d) 63 (3x 15)
B
(4x 5

12. In a
parallelogram ABCD, the bisectors of
A and 2B meet at E. Then, LAEB ? =

(a) 45 (b) 60
(c) 90 d) 105 B

13. In the figure, ABCD is a

rectangle whose diagonals intersect at O.
IfOD =5x 1 and OA
=4x+ 19, then x equals
(a) 12 (b) 15
c) 16 d 18
14. What value ofa would make
the guen
quadrilaterul a parallelogramn? SD+

a) 4
(b)5 2a
(c 6 (d 8
15. Which expression below
represents the
measure of B in rhombus
ABCD?

a b) 180- x
d180) 2
212
 16. In the adjoining rgure, DEFG is a rhombus.
Then, (q -P) 1s equal to

(a) 20° (b) 30°

(c) 40° d) 50°

D
50
17, In a lgm PQRS, P+ ZQ =a" and ZP- ZR =
b°. Then, and b
(a) 90°, 90° (b) 120, 60
a are
respectively.
(c) 180, 0° (d) 180°, 90°
MENTAL MATHS
1. Fillin the blanks:
(i) A rectangle whose adjacent sides are equal becomes a
i) The adjacent angles of a parallelogram are
(iii) In a square ABCD, AB =
(2x + 3) and BC
em
(3x
= -

5) cm. Then the value of x is

(iv) If a parallelogram is both, a
rectangle and a
(v) In a rhombus -
rhombus, it is a
angles are equal.
(vi) A quadrilateral that is not
measures is a
a
parallelogram but has exactly two opposite angles of
equ
2. Write true (T) or false (F) :
(i) Every square is a rhombus.
(i) Diagonals of a rectangle are perpendicular to each other.
(iii) Diagonals of a rhombus are equal and perpendicular to each other.
(iv) Every rhombus is a square.
(U) If the
diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, it must be a parallelogram.
(vi) Ifone pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal, it must be a
parallelogram.
(vii) Ifthe diagonals of a quadrilateral are perpendicular to each other, it is
definitely a rhombu=

THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. A closed figure bounded by four line segments is called a quadrilateral.
2. The sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
3. A quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel is called a
parallelogram.
4. In a
parallelogram,
(opposite sides are equal; (ii) opposite angles are equal;
ii) the diagonals bisect each other; (iv) each diagonal bisects the parallelogram.
5. Ifa pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal and parallel, it is a parallelogram.
called a rectangle.
Aparallelogram each of whose angles is a right angle is
7. A
rectangle having all sides equal is called a square.
o9. Aparallelogram having all sides equal is called a rhombus.
The diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
he diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other right angles.
at

T h e diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angies

trapezium. If the non-
A quadrilateral which has exactly one pair of parallel sides is called a

parallel sides of a trapezium are equal, it is called an isosceles trapezium.

sides is called
guadrilateral which has two pairs of equal adjacent sides but unequal opposite
a kite.