A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

CARRIED OUT AT

SHAGARI PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, YOLA

BY

MAHMUD UMAR
ST/SLT/ND/19/649

SUBMITTED TO:

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL

POLYTECHNIC MUBI, ADAMAWA STATE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN SCIENCE LABORATORY
TECHNOLOGY

AUGUST, 2021

i
 DEDICATION
This technical report is dedicated to Almighty God who in his infinite mercy

saw me through the course of my training. I also dedicate this work to my entire

family member.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My profound gratitude goes to the almighty God for his mercies upon my

life, for given me this opportunity to acquire wisdom, knowledge and

understanding skills restoration experience and spiritual care during this SIWES

mission.

My special gratitude also goes to my beloved parents for their support

academically, financially and spiritually. My prayer is May almighty God triple

your blessings.

My sincere gratitude goes to the Shagari Primary Health Care, Yola for

accepting me and giving me maximum support toward this SIWES mission, and

the entire staff of the laboratory. I want to thank my industrial based supervisor

Mrs. Faiza M. Attah for her support. I Pray that almighty God bless you more

abundantly.

Finally my regard goes to all my beloved brothers and sisters for their

support and all my friends whose names have not appeared here.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION - - - - - - - - - -i

ACKNOWLEGEMENT - - - - - - - - -ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS- - - - - - - - - iii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - 1

1.1 DEFINITION OF SIWES - - - - - - - 1

1.2 AIM OBJECTIVES OF SIWES -- - - - - - - 2

1.3 BRIEF HISTORY OF VOICE OF BIL-MEDICAL CLINIC- - - - 3

1.4 LABORATORY ORIENTATIONS - - - - - - 3

1.5 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION - - - - - - 3

1.6 ACTIVITIES IN THE LABORATORY - - - - - - 4

1.7 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF BIL-MEDICAL CLINIC - - - 5

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 BLOOD SAMPLE COLLECTION - - - - - - 6

2.2 PACKED CELL VOLUME - - - - - - - 8

2.3 WIDAL REACTION - - - - - - - - 9

2.4 BLOOD GROUPING ON TILE RESULT - - - - - 10

2.5 MALARIA PARASITE - - - - - - - - 11

2.6 URINE EXAMINATION- - - - - - - - 11

iv
2.7 PREGNANCY TEST - - - - - - - - 11

2.8 URINE ANALYSIS - - - - - - - - 12

2.9 RETROVIRAL TEST - - - - - - - - 13

2.10 CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY UNIT - - - - - - 16

2.11 HEPATITIS B - - - - - - - - - 16

CHAPTER THREE

2.0 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE SIWES - - - 18

3.1 EXPERIENCE ACHIEVED - - - - - - - 19

3.2 RECOMMENDATION SUGGESTION - - - - - - 20

3.3 SUMMARY - - - - - - - - - 21

3.4 CONCLUSION - - - - - - - - - 22

REFERENES - - - - - - - - - 24

v
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0INTRODUCTION

SIWES is a co-operate education program initiated by industrial training fund

(I.T.F) to supplement the theoretical learning to higher institution with practical
occupational experience in industries, in other to enhance the quality, effectiveness
and efficiency of polytechnic graduate in various occupational fields. The scheme
still maintains and meets the same objectives despite its problems and management
challenges. These however are in line with the philosophy of Nigerian educational
Government experience meaningful and prepared student toward self-realization
through the acquisition of appropriate skills abilities and competencies.

This scheme involved the student training by lectures from the institution, the
co-operate industrial or employer and the training or employer Fund (ITF) the
scheme is initiated by ITF where controlling and finding without the assistance of
the Government from 1979 and finally withdraw from paying students allowance
when the retired General Mohammed Buhari took over, he revert the operation of
the scheme from (NBTE) in 1976 to the (ITF) these new arrangement lead to the
birth of SIWES in July 1985.

1.1 DEFINITION OF SIWES

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is the skills training
program, which from part of the approved minimum academic standard in the
various degree program for all tertiary institution in Nigeria.

It is the gap between practical aspect and theory aspect of either engineering
and science technology and other professional educational programs in Nigeria
tertiary institution.

1
PURPOSE OF SIWES

 Provide students with an opportunity to apply they knowledge in real work

situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice,
 It provides student to more working method and techniques.
 It also prepare the student labor market after graduation.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

SIWES simply means student industrial work experience scheme the

program was introduced in the year 1970 by federal Government as a part of man
power development program that is the program was designed to supplement the
theoretical practical activities in there various employer of labor. Industrial
Training Fund and co-operation of industries.

1.3 HISTOTRICAL BACKGROUND OF SHAGARI PRIMARY HEALTH

CARE, YOLA

The health care center comprises of four units which includes the following:

Laboratory unit: This is where tests are usually done on clinical specimens in order
to obtain information about health of a patient as pertaining to the diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of disease.

1.4 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION

Medical laboratory is a back born of pharmaceutical therapy and clinical

verification.

Laboratory is the most component unit of medical procession it is a unit

medical test and investigation are carried out before pharmaceutical therapy is
giving. A therapy is administered based on microbiological diagnostic for effective
drug therapy against any bacterial infections.
2
The laboratory responds to it role and responsibility in tripartite function; research,
education and service. The unit performs the following functions:

Identify the causes of infection.

Provide real-time decision report.

Ensures patient safety and impacting patient outcome.

It provides the information required by a physician to start, adjust and also stop a
course of treatment.

1.5 LABORATORY ORIENTATIONS

The laboratory industrial orientation is necessary for the proper handling of

the lab equipment, blood sampled handled, needle and syringe dispersal and given
proper result to the patient. Another laboratory orientations was an advice given by
the director or an attaché on how the student or attaché should be obedient, decent
in dressing i.e. laboratory dress code and asking question analysis.

1.6 ACTIVITIES IN THE LABORATORY

 Diagnosis of disease.
 Introducing the ITF student to each unit.
 Medical supplies.

1.7 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN THE LABORATORY

 Lab coats must be worn during laboratory session.

 Hand gloves must be used to avoid being contaminated with some infections
 Eating, drinking, chewing gum, application of cosmetics or smoking is
prohibited in the laboratory.
 There should be no storage of food and items in laboratory refrigerator.

3
 1.8ORGANIZATION CHART OF SHAGARI PRIMARY HEALTH CARE,
YOLA

CEO/Managing Director

Account Chief Technology Medical Record Pharmacy

Office

Receptionist

Laboratory Attendant Physiotherapist

Laboratory Cleaner

4
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 HEMATOLOGY UNIT

Hematology this is the study of normality and abnormality of blood. The

following are the investigation carried out in the unit.

INVESTIGATIONS

 Blood collection
 Packed cell volume (PCV)
 Widal test
 Blood grouping etc.
 Malaria Parasite Test
 Pregnancy Test
 Retroviral Screening
 Hepatitis B

2.1 BLOOD SAMPLE COLLECTION

VEINOUS COLLECTION BLOOD SAMPLE AND CAPILLARY TUBE

MATERIALS.

i. Tourniquet
ii. Cotton wool
iii. 70% alcohol
iv. Syringe and needle

PROCEDURE

i. The patient was seating comfortable on chair.

ii. Tourniquet was used to tie the upper arm of the patient to make the
prominent.
5
 iii. The prominent vein was observed.
iv. 70% alcohol swab to sterilize the prominent vein.
v. Syringe and needle were assembled and inserted into the prominent vein
and blood sample was drawn into syringe.
vi. The tourniquet was gently released before removing the needle.
vii. Cotton wool was placed at the puncture to stop bleeding.
viii. The collected blood sample was transferred into EDTA container and
labeled for analysis.

2.2 PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV)

AIM: To know the percentage volume of blood

METHOD: Microchematocrate.

MATERIAL: Micro hematocrit centrifuge, capillary tube, hematocrit reader, clay

tube (sealant) or gas flame.

PROCEDURE:

i. The capillary tube was filled with the sample by capillary action to at
least 2/3 level of the tube
ii. The tube was wiped using a piece of a cotton wool.
iii. One end of the tube was sealed with sealant.
iv. It was placed in the radial gloves of the hematocrit centrifuge lead, with
the opened and toward the center.
v. The lip was replaced.
vi. It was centrifuge at 1000rpm for 5 minutes.
vii. The device was allowed to stop on its own.
viii. It was removed and used the reader to read the percentage of packed red
cell.
6
 RESULT: 42%

NORMAL RANGES:

 Adult men ………………..(42-52%)

 Adult women …………….(34-48%)
 New born baby……………(47-60%)

PRECAUTION:

I sealed the tube properly without exposing the blood sample to necked
flame

I used capillary tube

I ensured that the centrifuge has done at 1000rmp for 5 minute

2.3 WIDAL REACTION TEST

AIM: To test for presence of salmonella antibodies in a patient serum

METHOD: Tile method

MATERIAL: Tile, pusher pipette, cotton wool, steroid.

SPECIMENT: Serum

PROCEDURE:

 Two horizontal lines of four drops of salmonella antigen (O&H) were placed
on a clear dry tile at different portion.
 Equal drop of serum were added to each droop antigen
 They were mixed separately
 It was rock for 5 minutes and observed for the presence of agglutination.

RESULT:

7
 The title can be written as follows:

Salmonella O antigen----------------------------------- salmonella H antigen

Salmonella O paratypti A 1/180------- salmonella H paratypti A 1/40

Salmonella O paratypti B 1/20---------salmonella H paratypti B 1/60

Salmonella O paratypti C 1/40---------salmonella H paratypti C 1/160

Salmonella O paratypti D 1/320--------salmonella H paratypti D 1/20

Tile significant for typhoid.

COMMENTS:

 Significant >1/160 and 1/320

 Border line =1/180
 Negative =<1/40

2.4 BLOOD GROUPING

METHOD: Cell grouping

AIM: Cell grouping it is the testing of unknown red cell for the presence or
absence of A and B antigen with unknown anti-A, B and D sera.

MATERIAL:

 Clean tile
 Anti-sera (A,B and D)
 Cotton wool
 Applicator stick

8
PROCEDURE:

 A drop of each anti sera (A,B,&D) where placed at different portion of a tile.
 Equal drop of blood sample were added to each antigen
 Then mixed and rocked for 3 minutes
 Agglutination and non-agglutination occur indicate the blood grouping.

A B O RESULT
A-

B-

O-

O+

A+

B+

AB-

AB+

NON AGGULTINATI9ON.

AGGULTINATION.

9
PARASTOLOGY UNIT

INTRODUCTION

Parasitology is the study of parasite and the relationship with the host that
harbors them, parasite are organisms that depend on their host for food and shelter
which contribute other things to the host.

2.5 MALARIA PARASITE

AIM: To determine the presence of malaria parasite.

MATERIALS: Tap water, Microscope, Slide, Field strain A and B

PROCEDURE:

 On a free grease slide a drop of blood sample was placed at the center to
obtain a smear.

I allowed to air dry

I stained with field stain for 30 seconds

I washed in clean water

I washed in clean water

I allowed to air dry

 Immersion oil was added to the sample

I observed it microscopically using x 100 objective lens

RESULT

 0-3 Parasite = scanty

10
  3-7 Parasite =+
 7-9 Parasite =++
 9 and above =+++

2.7 PREGNANCY TEST

AIM: To determine human

METHOD: Strip Method

MATERIALS: Pregnancy test strip, urine sample.

PROCEDURE:

 The urine sample was placed in a test tube

 Pregnancy strip was immersed gently up to the mark point

I allowed it for 2 seconds

I removed it and observed for the colour line appears

RESULT:

 Double line indicate positive

 Single line indicate negative
 If no line indicate the result is invalid

2.8 URINALYSIS

AIM: To determine the abnormality of the kidney and urinary infection in the
urine.

MATERIALS: Urine sample, combi-7 test strip, universal container

PROCEDURES:

 The test strip dipped into the urine sample for some seconds.
11
  After 2-3 seconds, the strip was compare with the colour scale on the strip
container.

OBSERVATION:

It was observed that when the strip was changed, to blood, it was positive;
urobolonogen-dark milk was normal, light pink double was positive for bilirubin,
etc.

BLOOD

UROBILINOGEN

PROTEIN

KETONES

ASCORBIC ACID

GLUCOSE

PH

12
2.9 RETROVIRAL SCREENING (RVS)

This is a HIV (Human immune virus) test, which is disease caused by AIDS
(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) and is done to determine in either
positive or negative.

AIM: To test for HIV (human immune virus) in blood of patient

 Blood sample
 RVS Strip
 Tourniquet
 Syringe and needle
 Cotton wool
 70% alcohol
 Sample bottle
 Dropping pipette

PROCEDURE:

A blood sample was collected from a patient and transferred into a sample
bottle. The sample was spine for about 5 minutes in a centrifuge machine to
separate the plasma and the packed cell.

Using dropping pipette, two drop of plasma was doped into RVS strip and
allowed to some minutes for result interpretation.

RESULT:

 Two band line on the test strip indicates positive

 One band line on the test strips indicates negative
 No band line on the test strip indicates invalid
13
PRECAUTION:

 I ensured that, the sample was carefully collected abiding all precautions
necessary.
 I ensured that, the strip used in the test has not expired, to avid invalid result.

PROCEDURE:
A blood sample collected was smeared on a clean glass slide and allowed to

air dry at room temperature. The smeared slide was dipped into field stain A (blue

stain) for 3-5 seconds and it was removed and dipped into water for 3-5 seconds

for rinsing, the smeared slide was also dipped into Held stain B (red stain) for 2-4

seconds and it was remove and dip into water for rinsing, then it was allowed to air

dry and lite oil immersion was applied onto the slide and it was observed under the

KIOO objective lens.

INTERPRETATION OF MALARIA PARASITE RESULT, AS VIEW

UNDER THE MICROSCOPE:

One to eight ( 1-8) plasmodium specie" seen in the microscope, the result is

reported as (+ l) positive.

Eight to sixteen (8-16) plasmodium species seen in the microscope, the result

report as (+2) positive.

Sixteen (16) upward the result is reportedas (+3) positive.

14
2.2.6 Chemical Pathology Unit

2.2.7 Introduction

Chemical pathology deals with the chemical composition of blood fluid like it

plasma and also the study of blood chemistry and urine examination to observe the

presence of acid, protein, and sugar etc. that arc likely to cause abnormalities in

human body.

2.2. Method of Collecting Sample

Fresh early morning sample of blood and urine was collected sterile container

and it was labeled and numbered.

15
2.3.0 Some of the Test Carry out in the Unit
Pregnancy test (PT strip)

Widal agglutination test

2.3.i Pregnancy Test (PT TEST)

Pregnancy test are designed to tell, if a patient developed a hormone called

human chronic gonadotrophin (HCG). This hormone is produce right after a

fertilized egg is attached to the wall of a woman's uterus.

AIM: to test for the presence of human chronic gonadotropin hormone in urine
MATERIALS:
Urine sample
PT strip
Hand glove
Urine container

PROCEDURE:
A PT strip was immersed into a container that contain the early morning urine

sample, the strip was then removed and the reading was taken after some minutes

based on the line that appear on the strip.

RESULT:
Two band lines on the strip indicates positive result, one band line on the strip

indicate negative result and no band line at all indicate an invalid PT strip.

16
 Test
Results

Diagram demonstrate pregnancy test result.

VIROLOGY UNIT

2.3.4 Introduction

This is the unit that mostly deals with the internal infection (viruses) which

causes the absolute illness to the patient, Viruses contribute significantly to the

global burden of disease infection,

It experiences countless infection throughout the lives with a partlcular or

high frequency in early childhood.

2.3.5 Some of The Test Carry out in the Unit

Retroviral screening (RVS)

17
2.3.6 Retroviral Screening (RVS)

This is a HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) test which is a disease cause

by AJDs (acquire immune deficiency syndrome) and is done to determine whether

a patient is infected with the disease or not, which is determined in either positive

or negative.

AIM: To lest for HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) in the blood of a patient.
MATERIALS:
Blood sample

Rvs-sttip
Tourniquet

•3 Syringe and needle

Cotton wool alcohol pad

PROCEDURE:
The blood was drop on the RVS strip on the pad as indicated by the arrow

sight after collection. Then two drop of buffer was added on the drop of the blood

on the strip and allowed to flow and diffuse on the strip, RESULT:

Two band line on the strip indicate positive

One band line on the strip indicate negative
NO band line on the strip indicate invalid
One band line on the strip, appear at test line is also indicate invalid.

18
2.10 HEPATITIES VIRUS (HBsAg)

This disease is the inflammation of the liver and is cause by a virus which has the

ability to stay alive for a long period of time outside the host, this shows dangerous

the disease is and it is done to know whether a patient is infected or not.

AIM: to determined hepatitis virus in patient blood

MATERIALS:

 Blood sample

 Hepatitis strip

 Dropping pipette

 Cotton wool

 70% alcohol pad

 Syringe and needle

 Sample bottle

 Assay-buffer

PROCEDURE:

A sample was collected from a patient and transferred into a sample bottle and

shake well, the sample was spin for about 5 minute in a centrifuge machine to

separate plasma and the packed cell using dropping pipette, few drops of the

plasma where dropped onto the hepatitis strip and allowed for few minute to

observed the result.

19
RESULT:

 Two band line on the strip indicate positive result

 One band line on the strip indicate negative result

 No band line on the strip indicate an invalid strip

PRECAUTIONS:

 It was ensured that the hand gloves were used to avoid contamination of

disease in the laboratory

 It was ensured that the strip used has not expired

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that hepatitis virus was determined in the blood as liver disease

caused by virus.

20
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE SIWES

In my own case I had no problem relating with the staff, during my I.T.F.

training I found it difficult with some patient, the first time when I start my I.T.F.

training, when collecting a blood samples, but to God be the Glory I was able to

tackle those problems before I left the organization.

3.1 EXPERIENCE ACHIEVED

The importance of industrial training cannot longer be over emphasized. It is

a good ground to exploit and discover much of our potentials in the world science.

At the end of my training I was able to investigate different type of disease in

human being.

And I was exposed to different section of the laboratory. I can now explain

the use and function of different apparatus and machineries used in the laboratory

for different kind of test.

21
3.2 RECOMMENDATION

This student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) was interesting;

some students find it difficult to carry out some of the test with modern equipment

in the laboratory. Likewise there was restriction on some of the equipment which is

only operated by the specialist in the establishment. In this respect I am pleading

with the government to provide modern equipment to school. The laboratory and

the student be given opportunity to operate the available equipment in school

laboratory (physics, chemistry, and microbiology).

Secondly the ITF official should try to visit establishment where students are

undergoing their SIWES program.

Finally to my incoming student who may undergo course of study

establishment should be equipped with modern equipment.

22
3.3 SUMMARY

The experience of our four 4 months students industrial work experience

scheme (SIWES) attachment, we are able to agree with the objectives of industrial

training fund (I.T.F) in combination with universities and the industrial section

bridging the gap between theory and the actual practices.

Fund the practical posting we acquired a lot of experience and skills in our

field of knowing how carry out many test with by ourselves.

Finally this industrial attachment has a man power development in the

country.

3.4 CONCLUSION

This student industrial work experience scheme attachment program has

really enlighten us a lot of things that we have not done it during our theoretical

study and it also exposed us to many principles, test and some machines that we

have not seen or handle before.

23
 REFERENCES

Baron N.D (1973) Textbook of clinical pathology. Third edition Biddles Ltd.

Guilford surrey. Great Britain. Pp. 178-183

Florissant fossil beds national monument explorer the world of Florissant

paleontology. Http//planning.ng.gov/flfo/ Grant G.H et al (1987),

Fundamental of clinical chemistry third edition, WB Saunders company phidephia,

USA, pp.329.333 Leonard’s J. (1962) simple test for Hematuria compared with
established tests.

JA.M.A. 179:807. Teitz N.W (1995), clinical guide to laboratory test third
edition, W.B Saunders company. Phidephia, USA. Pp329.333. Weltman O. (1992),
method for the simple detection of urinary tract infections. Wien. Med Wschr
72:618.

Willey J.M, Sherwood L, Wooverton C.J, Prescott L.M (2009). Prescott principal
of microbiology, McGraw hill higher edition.pp. ISBN 978-0-721341-1.

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