WORD FORMATION

1. Ví dụ: she is a beautiful girl (beauty)

↓ ↓ ↓
article adjective noun

noun

2. - Cung cấp từ
+ Danh từ là từ có hậu tố: - tion, - sion, -er, -or ...
+ Tính từ là từ có hậu tố : - able, - ful, - less, - al ...
+ Trạng từ thông thường có hậu tố: - ly
3.1. NOUNS.
3.1.1. Definition:Noun is a word used as the name of a peron, thing, animal, place ...
Ex: Student ( person ) Blackboard (thing)
Cat ( animal ) Countryside (place)

3.1.2- The ways to form a noun.

FORM EXAMPLES
AR - sailor, actor ...
a- Verb + ER - teacher, driver, viewer, singer...
OR - beggar, liar ...
ION - action, invention, liberation, conclusion ...
b- Verb + ING - writing, making, liking, cooking, learning...
MENT - movement, development, investment, punishment,
amusement ...
c- Noun /Adjective + DOM - kingdom, freedom, wisdom

d- Noun/Adjective + HOOD - boyhood, neigbourhood, childhood, brotherhood, falsehood.

e- Noun/ Adjective + ISM - capitalism, patriotism, terrorism, heroism, communism.
- socialism, racialism, colonialism
NESS - happiness, laziness, illness, sickness ...
f- Adjective + TY - cruelty, loyalty, difficulty ...
ITY - possibility, ability, capability, ability, curiosity ...
g- Verb + ANT - assistant, accountant, applicant, contestant...
h- Adjective Noun - angry → anger - long → length
- brave → bravery - proud → pride
- deep → depth - terrible → terror
- famous → fame - young → youth
- high → height - hot → heat
- true → truth
- just → justice
i- Verb Noun - choose → choice - live → life
- prove → proof - strike → stroke
- sing → song - advise → advice
- enter → entry - fail → failure
- feed → food - laugh → laughter
- renew → renewal - sit → seat
 - speak → speech - see → sight
- sell → sale - die → death
- bury → burial - lose → loss
3.1.3. The functions of a noun
3.1.3.1- Subject: - This girl is intelligent.
3.1.3.2- Object: - She eats a banana.
3.1.3.3- Complement: - He is a footballer.
3.1.3.4- Appositive:- Mr. David, a famous doctor, is my father’s friend.
3.1.3.5- Object of a preposition:- Everybody is interested in sports.
3.1.3.6- Adjective:- The Vietnam War is different from any other one.
3.2. ADJECTIVES:
3.2.1-Definition: Adjective is a word that modifies a noun. It usually stands before a noun
Ex: a horse a charming room
an apple a furnished house
this old house
3.2.2- The way to form an adjective:
FORM EXAMPLES
Noun - Adjective - choir → choral - neglect → neglected
- circle → circular - picture → picturesque
- union → united - charity → charitable
- fashion → fashionable - gold → golden
- honour → honourable - wool → woolen
- notice → noticeable - wood → wooden
- reason → reasonable - earth → earthen
- value → valuable - North → Northern
- terror → terrible - West → Western
- sense → sensible - fury → furious
- horror → horrible - glory → glorious
- access → accessible - melody → melodious
- luxury → luxurious - mystery → mysterious
- victory → victorious - prosper → prosperous
- vapour → vapourous - bounty → bounteous
- variety → various - clamour → clamorous
- danger → dangerous - murder → murderous
- dangour → dangourous - disaster → disastrous
- advangtage → advangtageous - courage → courageous
- mountain → mountainous - strain → strainous
- venom → venomous - volume → voluminous
- peril → perilous - mischief → mischievous
- caution → cautious - advent → adventitious
- citrus → citreous - affection → affectionate
- fortune → fortunate - authority → authoritative
- apprehension→ apprehensive - intuition → intuitive
Verb → adjective - abhor → abhorrent - vary → various
- obey → obedient - accept → acceptable
- absorb → absorbent - admire → admirable
- notice → noticeable - choose → choosy
- compel → compelling - volunteer→ voluntary
- please → pleasing - unite → united
- learn → learned - comply → compliant
- vacate → vacant - grieve → grievous
- marvel → marvelous - prosper → prosperous
 FORM EXAMPLES
- strain → strenduous - study → studious
- quarrel → quarrelsome - meddle → meddlesome
- benefit → benificial - criticize → critical
- abuse → abusive - attend → attentive
- collect → collective - compete → competitive
- create → creative - destroy → destructive
- decide → decisive - express → expressive
- describe → descriptive - extend → extensive
- affirm → affirmative - decorate → decorative
- image → imaginative - inform → informative
- deceive→deceptive/ deceitful
noun - FUL - harmful - pocketful - peaceful - basketful
- handful - useful - successful - helpful

noun -LESS - childless - helpless

- harmless - homeless
- odourless - noiseless
- hopeless - thoughtless
- useless
noun -LY manly hourly
yearly daily
brotherly
fatherly
noun -LIKE lifelike childlike
warlike godlike
statemanlike
noun - Y silvery starry
snowy healthy
crafty silky
rainy shadowy
faulty - winter
dirty y
sandy
noun - ISH - foolish
- childish
- selfish
- amateurish
noun -AL - central - optional
- accidental - natural
- traditional - magical
- occasional - industrial
- personal - agricultural
Noun→ - difference different - strain strainous
Adjective - patience patient - venom venomous
- independence independent - volume voluminous
- vigilance vigilant - peril perilous
- distance distant - mischief mischievous
- circumstance circumstantial - caution cautious
- volcano volcanic - advent adventitious
- sympathy sympathic - citrus citreous
- hero heroic - affection affectionate
 FORM EXAMPLES
- giant giantic - fortune fortunate
- energy energic - authority authoritative
- metal metallic - mystery mysterious
- poet poetic - victory victorious
- academy academic - prosper prosperous
- anemia anemic - vapour vapourous
- athlete athletic - variety various
- quarrel quarrelsome - bounty bounteous
- trouble troublesome - clamour clamourous
- choir choral - danger dangerous
- circle circular - murder murderous
- picture picturesque - dangour dangourous
- charity charitable - disaster disastrious
- fashion fashionable - advantage advantageous
- honour honourable - courage courageous
- notice noticeable - mountain mountainous
- reason reasonable - wood wooden
- sense sensible - earth earthen
- horror horrible - North Northern
- gold golden - West Western
- wool woolen - fury furious
- glory glorious - benefit beneficial
- apprehension apprehensive - criticize critical
- intuition intuitive - abuse abusive
- abhor abhorrent - attend attentive
- obey obedient - collect collective
- absorb absorbent - compete competitive
- acquiesce acquiescent - create creative
Verb → Adjective - admire admirable - decide decisive
- notice noticeable - express expressive
- choose choosy - extend extensive
- volunteer voluntary - select selective
- compel compelling - affirm affirmative
- learn learned - decorate decorative
- comply compliant - image imaginative
- vacate vacant - inform informative
- grieve grievous - deceive deceptive / deceitful
- marvel marvelous - meddle meddlesome
- study studious
- quarrel quarrelsome
3.2.3- The uses of adjective
3.2.3.1- Attribute adjective (tính ngữ) bổ nghiã cho danh từ phía sau
Ex: intelligent student
large room
big house
3.2.3.2- Predicative adjectives (vị ngữ) chỉ tính cách của chủ ngữ nhờ những động từ BE /
LINKING VERBS (become / get / look / seem ..)
Ex: - My brother is young
- You look tired
3.2.3.3- Object compliment (bổ nghĩa cho tân ngữ) chỉ tích cách của tân ngữ nhờ các động
từ: find, make, set, keep, leave...
 Ex: I found this lesson difficult
The sun keeps us warm
3.2.3.4-The adjective must be placed after the noun of time, of measurement or words
(something, anything, nothing)
Ex: Twenty years old
Five yards long
Nothing strange
I didn’t notice anything wrong with him.
3.3- Adverbs:
3.3.1- Definition: Adverbs express how, when, or where an action is done
3.3.1.1- Adverbs of manner: express how an action is done
actively calmly fast late together so
alone somehow carefully anyhow also how
Ex: We went to school together
The birds sang sweetly
3.3.1.2- Adverbs of time: express when an action is done
today once before since now soon always seldom
rarely already early ago then often sometimes
Ex: It often rains in the tropics.
I have never seen a seahorse.
3.3.1.3- Adverbs of place: express where an action is done
here in out above below past under far everywhere
down up around along way upstairs near there
Ex: I followed him everywhere
Come in
3.3.2- The positions of adverbs
3.3.2.1- Adverbs which modify the meaning of adjectives or other adverbs are placed “
before” the word modified
Ex: She is very beautiful
(adj)
He sings very well
(adv)
3.3.2.2- Adverbs which modify the meaning of a whole sentence are placed at the
beginning of the sentence.
Ex: Usually we go to school by motor cycle.
3.3.2.3- Adverbs which modify the meaning of verbs.
Ex: He is running fast
I live here
I am speaking now
3.3.3- The way to form adverbs:
ADJECTIVE + LY → ADVERB OF MANER

♣ NOTES:
 There is a change of the final vowel when necessary
Ex: lucky → luckily
happy → happily
slow → slowly
 Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
Ex: - I went to New York by a fast train.
(adj)
- He ran fast.
 (adv)
- We were late for school.
(adj)
- We went t school late.
(adv)
3.4- VERBS:
3.4.1- Definition : a verb is a word or a group which expresses an action or state of being
3.4.1.1- Transitive verb: is one which is used with an object
Ex: The waiter brings coffee (object)
The student learns English (object)
3.4.1.2- Intransitive verb: is one which is used without an object. It can not be used in the
passive voice.
Ex: The sun rises.
The baby is sleeping .
♣ Notes:
 Most of English verbs are used both transitively and intransitively
Ex: - The boy rings the bell.
- The bell rings.
- The girl is singing a song
- The girl is singing
 Few verbs are used transitively or intransitively
Ex: - The boy lays the book.(object)
- The boy is lying on the table.
- He sets the bird free.
- He sits on the chair.
3.4.1.3- Auxiliary verb: Auxiliary verb is one which helps other verbs to form tenses, moods
or voices.
- The auxiliary verbs : be, will, shall. Do do, did.
Ex: - He is studying English
- She will come to the party.
- An apple is eaten by Mary.
- They have gone away.
- Tom doesn’t understand the lesson.
3.4.1.4- Modal verb: Modal verb is one which can’t conjugate in all tenses, and moods.
The modal verbs are: will, shall, can, may, might, need, dare, used to, ought to
Ex: - He can swim.
- Can’t he swim ?
3.4.2- The ways to form verbs
FORM EXAMPLES
NOUN → VERB camp encamp horror horrorify
circle encircle justice justify
courage encourage liquid liquefy
danger endanger terror terrify
roll enroll belief believe
slavery enslaver blood bleed
tomb entomb brass braze
power empower glass glaze
calm becalm deceit deceive
friend befriend deed do
company accompany endurance endure
custom accustom food feed
actor act gold gild
 FORM EXAMPLES
creator create grief grieve
addition add growth grow
circulation circulate knee kneel
competition compete knowledge know
composition compose life live
description describe pleasure please
dictation dictate product produce
division divide proof prove
education educate relief relieve
illustration illustrate sale sell
imitation imitate shelf shelve
obligation obligate song sing
provision provide speech speak
solution solve success succeed
suspicious suspect thought think
liberty liberate price prize
wreath wreathe tale tell
bath bathe colony colonize
breath breathe drama dramatize
cloth clothe moisture moisturize
bright brighten nation nationalize
broad broaden sympathy sympathize
sweet sweeten vandal vandalize
trial try vapour vapourize
dirt dirty vitality vitalize
beauty beautify vacancy vacate
class classify vaccine vaccinate
glory glorify
ADJECTIVE →VERB deep deepen large enlarge
dark darken modern modernize
fat fatten simple simplify
short shorten cool cool
sharp sharpen full fill
straight straighten hale heal
tight tighten weak weaken
wide widen

WORD ENDINGS

A. COMMON NOUN (THING) ENDINGS

1. –ism : baptism, criticism, organism, heroism, patriotism, alcoholism,
barbarism, dwarfism, parallelism
2. –nce : importance, significance, dependence, arrogance, resistance,
subsistence
3. –nes s : bitterness, conceitedness, darkness, hardness, kindheartedness
4. –ion : excision, damnation, pollution, suggestion, a notion, an action,
 vexation, concoction, completion.
5. –ment : abridgement, accomplishment, ban ishment, commencement,
embodiment, enhance ment, excitement, fragment, garment,
ornament,
treatment
6. –(i)ty : purity, authority, dubiety, majority, superiority, humidity, cruelty,
faculty, honesty, plenty, safety, subtlety
7. –age : baggage , carriage, cartage, damage, dotage, hermitage, homage
languag e, luggage, marriage, passage , tillage, tonnage , vicarage,
village.
8. –ship : ambassadorship, citizenship, headship, professorship, chairmanship,
fellowship, scholarship, compan ionship, friendship,
hardship, relationship, craftsmanship, entrepreneurship,
horsemanship, membership, courtship
9. –th : bath, birth, death, oath, growth, stealth, filth, health, length, strength,
truth, depth, breadth,
wealth.
10. –dom : earldom, free dom, kingdom, officialdom, wisdom
11. –hoo d : childhood , falsehood , sisterhood , brotherhood ,
neighbo rhood, likelihood, livelihood
12. –ure : closure, picture, scripture, legislature, nature, failure, pleasure,
tre
as
ure
13. –cy : bankruptcy, captaincy, democracy, privacy, delicacy, advocacy,
confederacy, accuracy, obstinacy, piracy, , aristocracy,
expectancy , efficiency, presidency, sufficiency, deficiency
14. –(t)ry : rivalry, ancestry, carpentry, indu stry, greenery, machinery, scenery,
bakery, brewery, bravery, slavery,
archery
15. –logy : archaeology, geology, sociology, theology, zoology
16. –graphy : bibliography, biograph y

B. COMMON NOUN (PERSON) ENDINGS

1. – or : actor, creator, doctor, monitor, sculptor, successor, guarantor,
conqu eror, dono r, governor, solicitor, tailor, visitor. bachelor
2. – er : hatter, geograph er, astrologer, cottager, foreigner, London er,
New Yorker, northerner, villager, airliner, old-timer, sorcerer
3. – ee : employee , payee , devotee, escapee , conferee , absentee, refugee .
4. – ist : chemist, dramatist, economist, geologist; dentist, pianist, tobacconist;
Buddh ist, Darwinist, idealist, Marxist, racist, optimist, pessimist
5. – ician : magician, physician, musician, electrician, beautician,
politician, statistician, mathematician, mortician,
6. – ant (10%) : assistant, accountant, consultant, contestant, inhabitant
C. ADJECTIVE ENDINGS
1. – ent : independent, sufficient, abs ent, ambivalent, ancient, apparent,
ardent
2. – ant : arrogan t, expec tant, important, significant , abundant, ignorant,
brilliant,
3. – ful : beautiful, graceful, powerful, grateful, forgetful, mournful,
Exce ptions: hand ful, mou thful, spoo nful are noun s
4. – ic : civic, classic, historic, artistic, economic,
5. – less : doubtless, fearless, hatless, powerless, countless, tireless, faceless,
legless, careless, helpless
6. – ive : authoritative, demonstrative, figurative, imitative, qualitative,
talkative, active, passive, comparative, possessive
7. – ou s : dangerous, glorious, murderous, viscous, ferocious, hilarious,
8. – able : charitable, separable, bearable, reliable, comfortable, suitable.
9. – ible : audible, compressible, edible, horrible, terrible
10. – al : central, general, oral, colossal, tropical, tidal
Exce ptions : rival, arrival, proposal, withdrawal, survival are nouns
11. – ory : mandatory, compulsory, predatory, satisfactory
Exce ptions : dormitory, promontory, territory are noun s
12. – ary : arbitrary, budg etary, contrary, primary, temporary, necessary
13. – y : angry, happy, icy, messy , milky, tidy, chilly, haughty, slippery,
14. – ly : beastly, cowardly, queenly, rascally
15. – (r)ate (10%): tempera te, accura te, cons idera te, imme diate, literate
16. – ish: boorish, boyish, foolish, womanish, bookish, feverish, bluish, reddish
D. COMMON VERB ENDINGS
1. – en/ en – : listen, happen , strengthen, lengthen, shorten, soften,
ripen, deep en, widen, entrust, enslave, enlighten,
entang le, enlarge, encourage, enable, enrich
2. – ate : assassinate, associate, fascinate, felicitate, hydrate,
separate,
vaccinate, evacua te
3. – ize : characterize, idolize, agon ize, apologize,
sympathize, theorize, authorize, extemporize,
fertilize, fossilize, jeopardize, moralize,
Americanize, carbon ize, oxidize
4. – ify : pacify, satisfy, petrify, solidify, horrify

E. COMMON ADVERB ENDING

1. – ly : amusingly, deservedly, firstly, fully, greatly, happ ily, hourly,
truly,
firstly, secondly
2. – wise : crosswise, lengthwise, otherwise, clockwise
3. – ways : edgeways , end ways , lengthways, sideways
4. – ward : backward, homeward, inward, onward, skyward, eastward