Microsoft Word - G10 Workbook - Docx 7

CHAPTER 2
MATTER AND SOLUTIONS

Solubility အေျခခံသေဘာတရားမ်ား

ေကာ္ဖီမစ္ + သၾကား + ေရေႏြး à ေကာ္ဖီ

1 ထုုပ္ + 2 ဇြန္း + 400ml à 1 ခြက ္

+ + à 2 ခြက ္
+ + à 3 ခြက ္
+ + à 4 ခြက ္
+ + à 5 ခြက ္
+ + à 10ခြက ္
+ + à 0.5ခြက ္

သၾကား + ေရ à သၾကားေပ်ာ္ရည္၂၀ါ
20g + 100g à 120g

40g + à
60g + à
80g + à
100g + à
200g + à
10g + à

္
ဆား + ေရ à ဆားးေပ်ာ္ရည္၂၀ ၂၀ါ
50g + 100g à 150g
+ à 300g
+ à 450g
+ à 600g
+ à 750g
+ à 1500g
+ à 75g

1

ေဆးမFႈုန္႔ + ေရ à ေဆးေပ်ာ္ရည္
10g + 100g à 110g
+ 200g à
+ 300g à
+ 400g à
+ 500g à
+ 1000g à
+ 50g à

Example 1
Solid A + water à Saturated solution
40g + 100g à 140g
20g ?
40g of solid A à 140g of saturated solution
20g of solid A à ?
!"# %& '%()* +
= x 140g of saturated solution
,"# %& '%()* +
= 70 g of saturated solution
Example 2
40g + 100g à 140g
20g ?

Example 3
40g + 100g à 140g
? 50g

2

Example 4
40g + 100g à 140g
50g ?

Example 5
40g + 100g à 140g
? 70g

Example 6
40g + 100g à 140g
? 70g

3

Example 7
Salt + water à Saturated solution
60g + 100g à 160g
120g ?

Example 8
60g + 100g à 160g
120g ?

Example 9
60g + 100g à 160g
? 200g

4

Example 10
60g + 100g à 160g
200g ?

Example 11
60g + 100g à 160g
? 320g

Example 12
60g + 100g à 160g
? 320g

5

Exercise 2.1

1. The solubility of sodium nitrate at 40°C is 140g/100g water.
(a) How much sodium nitrate will be obtained if 25.5g of saturated solution at
40°C is evaporated to dryness?
(b) What is the maximum amount of solid that can be dissolved in 250g of
water at 40°C?

6

2. The solubility of solid A at 60°C is 24g/100g water.
(a) What is the amount of solid required to saturated 30g of water at 60°C?
(b) What will be the amount of saturated solution obtained at 60°C when
12g of the solid A is used to prepare a saturated solution?

7

3. 20g of a soluble substance is dissolved in water to from 100g of the solution.
25g of solution is taken and evaporated to dryness. How many grams of
the solid will be obtained?

8

Temperature တိုးေလ်ွာ့လုပ္ေသာ Solubility အေျခခံေမးခြန္းမ်ား

Example 13

Temperature(°C) 0°C 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C
Solubilities 15 30 40 55 75 65
(g/100g of water)

From 10°C to 30°C
30g – 55g = -22g
the amount of solid dissolved = 22g

From 20°C to 50°C

From 30°C to 0°C
55g-15g = 40g
The amount of solid come out = 40g

From 40°C to 50°C

From 50°C to 40°C

From 0°C to 30°C

9

Example 14

Temperature(°C) 0°C 20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C
Solubilities 5 15 25 50 40 30
(g/100g of water)

From 0°C to 40°C

From 60°C to 100°C

From 80°C to 40°C

From 60°C to 0°C

From 20°C to 80°C

From 40°C to 60°C

10

Exercise 2.2
1. The solubility (g/100g water) of three substances at different temperature
are given below.

Temperature(°C) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Potassium chlorate 3.3 5.0 7.3 10.0 14.0 18.5 24.0 30.2 37.5
Calcium hydroxide 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.00 0.08 0.06 -
Sodium sulphate 5.0 9.0 20.5 41.0 48.0 47.0 45.0 44.0 43.0

(a) Plot the solubility curve of each substance.
(b) Describe the change in solubility with the temperature for each substance.
(c) What is the solubility of each substance at 25°C?
(d) What happens when each solution at 70°C is cooled down to 30°C?

11

2. The solubility of copper (II) sulphate at 60°C is 40g/100g and 90°C is 67.5g/100g.
A saturated solution of copper (II) sulphate in 100g of water at 90°C is cooled
to 60°C. Calculate the amount of copper (II) sulphate which would come out of
the solution.

12

CHAPTER 3
THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF ATOMS
AND PERIODIC TABLE

ဒီဇယားကြက္ေလး အရင္ျဖည့္ၾကည့္။
Particle Symbol Relative mass Relative charge

Proton
Neutron
Electron

Example 1
What are the symbols, charges and masses of neutron and electron?

Particles Symbols Relative masses Relative charges
neutron
electron

ဒီဇယားကြက္ေလး အရင္ျဖည့္ၾကည့္။

𝟐𝟑 𝟑𝟓 𝟒𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟒 𝟑𝟗 𝟐𝟒 𝟒 𝟐𝟕 𝟑𝟏
𝟏𝟏 𝐍𝐚 𝟏𝟕𝐂𝐥 𝟐𝟎 𝐂𝐚 𝟏𝐇 𝟕𝐍 𝟏𝟗 𝐊 𝟏𝟐 𝐌𝐠 𝟐𝐇𝐞 𝟏𝟑𝐀𝐥 𝟏𝟓𝐏
Element Na
Mass number 23
Atomic number 11
Protons 11
Electrons 11
Neutrons 23-11 = 12
!,
Possible isotopes BBNa

13

Example 2
Determine the number of electrons, protons and neutrons for3517Cl.Write
down its possible isotopes.
number of electrons =
number of protons =
number of neutrons =
35
possible isotopesof 17Cl =

Example 3
Select the isotopes from the following and give reasons for your answer.
35 39 16 37 39
17Cl , 19K, 8O, 17Cl, 17Cl
………………..and ………………..are isotopes.
Because……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……
………………………………………………………………………………………

Example 4
Select the isobars from the following and give reasons for your answer.
35 23 40 37 39
17Cl , 11Na , 20Ca , 17Cl, 19K
………………..and ………………..are isobars.
Because……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……
………………………………………………………………………………………

Example 5
Write down the notation of isotopes for an element ‘X’. Express the
corresponding terms.
……………………………..
……………………………..
……………………………..

Example 6
In a neutral atom of an element, the number of a certain particle or particles
is equal to the atomic number. Name the particle or particles.
atomic number = ………………………………………….
atomic number = ………………………………………….
14

Exercise 3.1
1. What are the symbols, charges and relative masses of neutron and
protons.
particles symbols relative masses Relative charges
neutron
proton
2. What are the symbols, charges and relative masses of neutron and
electrons.
particles symbols relative masses Relative charges
neutron
electrons

3. Determine the number of electrons , protons and neutrons for 𝟑𝟕
𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍.
number of protons =

4. What are the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom
of 𝟐𝟕
𝟏𝟑𝑨𝒍?.Write down its possible isotopes.
number of protons =
𝟐𝟕
possible isotopes of 𝟏𝟑𝑨𝒍 =

5. Find the number of protons ,electrons and neutrons in 𝟒𝟎
𝟐𝟎𝑪𝒂 and give
possible isotopes.
number of protons =
𝟒𝟎
possible isotopes of 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝒂 =

15

6. Determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the atom of
element 'E' which has the atomic number of 18 and, mass of 40. Give
possible isotopes.
number of protons =
𝟒𝟎
possible isotopes of 𝟏𝟖𝑬 =

7. Determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the atom of
the element 'E' which has the atomic number 14 and mass number 28.
Give the possible isotopes.
number of protons =
𝟐𝟖
possible isotopes of 𝟏𝟒𝑬 =

8. Fine the number of protons ,electrons and neutrons in 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝑪.
number of protons =

16

ဒီဇယားကြက္ေလး အရင္ေလ့က်င့္ၾကည့္။

Shell no. Name Maximum number of electron (2n2)
1
2
3
4

Example 7
Give the maximum number of electrons in shell number 2 and 4.
Shell number Name Maximum number of electrons(2n2)
2
17

Atomic Symbol Name IES CES EES G P V
number
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
18

Diagram ဆြဲက်င့္ၾကည့္ၾကစို႔။
1H 2He 3Li 4Be
5B 6C 7N 8O
9F 10Ne 11Na 12Mg
19

13Al 14Si 15P 16S
17Cl 18Ar 19K 20Ca
20

Example 8
Write down the complete and essential electronic structure of 11Na and 12Mg.
Complete electronic structure of 11Na =

Complete electronic structure of 12Mg =
Essential electronic structure of 11Na =
Essential electronic structure of 12Mg =

Example 9
Write down the group number , period number and chief valence of the following. 13Al ,
19K , 2He
Element Group number Period number Chief valence

13Al
19K
2He

Example 10
Write down
a) the complete electronic structure.

b) the essential electronic structure.
c) the group number.
d) the period number of the following element 12Mg and 17Cl.
(a) Complete electronic structure of Mg =
Complete electronic structure of Cl =
(b) essential electronic structure of Mg =
essential electronic structure of Cl =
(c) group number of Mg =
group number of Cl =
(d) period number of Mg =
period number of Cl =

21


Group number Types of elements Name
I A Alkali metal Li , Na , K
II A
VII B
0
Example 11
Classify the following elements as alkali metal, alkaline earth metal , halogen and noble gas.
11Na, 17Cl , 10Ne, 12Mg

Alkali metal =
Alkaline earth metal =
Halogen =
Noble gas =

Example 12
Classify the following elements in their appropriate group number.
3Li, 17Cl, 20Ca, 8O, 11Na, 16S, 9F, 12Mg

Group IA =
Group IIA =
Group VIB =
Group VIIB =

22

Exercise3.2
1. Give the maximum number of electrons in shell number 1 and 3.

1
3
2. Give the maximum number of electrons in L shell and M shell.
L
M
3. Write down the complete and essential electronic structure of 7N and 20Ca.
Complete electronic structure of 7N =
Complete electronic structure of 20Ca =
Essential electronic structure of 7N =
Essential electronic structure of 20Ca =

4. Write down the complete and essential electronic structure of 1H and 18Ar.
Complete electronic structure of 1H =
Complete electronic structure of 18Ar =
Essential electronic structure of 1H =
Essential electronic structure of 18Ar =

5. Write down the complete and essential electronic structure of 14Si and 15P.
Complete electronic structure of 14Si =
Complete electronic structure of 15P =
Essential electronic structure of 14Si =
Essential electronic structure of 15P =

6. Write down the complete and essential electronic structure of 3Li and 2He.
Complete electronic structure of 3Li =
Complete electronic structure of 2He =
Essential electronic structure of 3Li =
Essential electronic structure of 2He =

23

7. Complete the following table;
Element Integer Complete Electronic Structure Essential Valence
Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
Li 1s2 2s1 2s1
2 2 1
B 1s 2s 2p 3
1
Na 2.8.1 3s
2 2 6 2 1
Al 2.8.3 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
1
2.8.8.1 4s
2.8.7 3s2 3p5

8. You are given the following elements; A to G represent unknown elements.
10A, 17B , 3C , 9D , 11E , 18F , 19G
(a) Write down the electronic structures of these elements.
(b) Which elements are alkali metals?
(c) Which elements are noble gases?
(d) Which elements are halogen?
(e) Which elements are s-block elements?

(a) Electronic structure of 10A=
Electronic structure of17B =
Electronic structure of3C =
Electronic structure of9D=
Electronic structure of11E=
Electronic structure of18F=
Electronic structure of19G=
(b) Elements ……………………………………… are alkali metals.
(c) Elements ……………………………………… are noble gases.
(d) Elements ……………………………………… are halogen.
(e) Elements ……………………………………… are s-block elements.
24

9. (a) How many electrons, neutrons and protons are there in the following elements?
Write down their complete electronic structures.
12 56 35 40 48 55 45
6C, 26Fe , 17Cl , 20Ca , 22Ti, 25Mn, 21Sc

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s ………..

Elements Number of Number of Number of Complete Electronic Structure
Electrons Neutrons Protons
12
6C
56
26Fe
35
17Cl
40
20Ca
48
22Ti
55
25Mn
45
21Sc
(b)Write the complete symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) and
atomic mass (A).
(i) Z=17 , A = 35 (ii) Z=12 , A = 24 (iii) Z=4 , A = 9 (iv) Z=19 , A = 39
(b)(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
25

10. (a) Draw diagrammatic representation of the following atoms by using shell or energy
level:
(a) 49 Be (ii) 919 F (iii) 1428 Si (iv) 1939 K
(i) 49 Be (ii) 919 F (iii) 1428 Si (iv) 1939 K
(b) For the elements in above question, give the valence electrons and the number of
neutrons for each.
Elements Valence electrons Number of neutrons
(i) 49 Be
(ii) 919 F
(iii) 1428 Si
(iv) 1939 K
11. (a) Rewrite the correct complete electronic structures given below.
(i)1s2 2s2 2p4 3s2 (ii) 1s2 2s1 2p6 (iii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3P3 3s2 (iv) 1s2 2s2 2p63s2 3P5 4s2
Given Complete Electronic Structure Correct Complete Electronic Structure
(i)1s2 2s2 2p4 3s2
(ii) 1s2 2s1 2p6
(iii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3P3 3s2
(iv) 1s2 2s2 2p63s2 3P5 4s2
26

(b)What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons are represented
by (i) 3s1 (ii) 2s22p3 (iii) 3s23p5 ?
(i) 3s1 =
(ii) 2s22p3 =
(iii) 3s23p5 =
12. Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations?

(a) [ He ] 2s1 (b) [ Ne ] 3s2 3p3 (c) [ Ar ] 4s2
Configurations Atoms
(a) [ He ] 2s1
(b) [ Ne ] 3s2 3p3

(c) [ Ar ] 4s2
13. (a) Write the complete and essential electronic structures using noble gases as a core
for Li, O, Mg, Al, Cl, Ca.
Elements Complete Electronic Structure with a noble gas core Essential Electronic
Structure
Li
Mg
Al
Cl
Ca
27

(b) Give the group ,period and valence of the above elements.
Elements Group Period Valence
Li
Mg
Al
Cl
Ca
(c) Which of the above element is in period 3 and group II?

……………………. is in period 3 and group II.

14. An element X in period 3 of the Periodic Table has six outer shell electrons.
(a) In which group of the Periodic Table is X?
(b) What is the name and symbol of X?
(c) How many electron shells are there in an atom of X?
(d) Is the element X a metal or non-metal?
(e) What is the atomic number of the element X?
(a) Element X is in group…………………….
(b) The name and symbol of X is ……………………
(c)There are ……………………………………….in an atom of X.
(d) The element X is a ……………………………
(e) The atomic number of the element X is………………………
28

15. Complete the following table and answer the following questions:
Element X Element Y Element Z
Atomic number 11 6 …………….
Number of protons ……………. ……………. 16
Number of neutrons 12 6 16
Mass number ……………. 12 32
Electronic structure 2.8.1 ……………. …………….
Valence ……………. 4 …………….
Position in Periodic Table ……………. ……………. group VI, period 3
(a) Which of the above elements X,Y and Z is a metal?

Element ………………….. is a metal.
(b) What type of bonding exists between X and Z?
Write down the most likely formula of this compound using the symbols X and Z.
………………………………. bonding exists between X and Z.
Formula =…………………………..
16. Classify the following elements as alkali metal,alkaline earth metal, halogen and noble
gas.
3Li, 12Mg, 9F, 4Be, 10Ne, 11Na, 17Cl, 2He.
Alkali metal =
Alkaline earth metal =
Halogen =
Noble gas =
17. Classify the following elements in their appropriate group number.
3Li, 17Cl, 20Ca, 8O, 11Na, 16S, 12Mg, 19K, 1H, 4Be, 9F, 2He, 10Ne, 7N, 14Si
Group IA =
Group IIA =
Group IIIB =
Group IVB =
Group VB =
Group VIB =
Group VIIB =
Group 0 =
29

Ionic size
Positive ion < Parent atom
Negative ion > Parent atom

Example 13
From the following groups, select the one which has the largest radius. Give reason.
(a) Fe 2+ , Fe 3+
(b) Cl , Cl-
(a) Fe 2+ , Fe 3+
Fe 2+ is formed by removal of two electrons from Fe atom.
Fe 3+ is formed by removal of three electrons from Fe atom.
They both have the same nuclear charges.
Number of electrons Fe2+ > Fe3+
Repulsion between electrons Fe2+ > Fe3+
Size Fe2+ > Fe3+
(b) Cl , Cl-
Cl – is formed by addition of one electron to Cl atom.
Number of electrons Cl< Cl-
Repulsion between electrons Cl< Cl-
Size Cl< Cl-

Example 14
From the following elements, select the one which has the largest radius. Give
reasons.4Be , 12Mg, 20Ca and 6C, 7N, 9F.
4Be, 12Mg, 20Ca
They are in the same group.
)JKLMN'M &L%O P%Q P% R%PP%O O%S)J# *%TJ N #L%UQ.
Atomic radius ( )( )
*MKLMN'M &L%O (M&P P% L)#WP NKL%'' N QML)%*.
Atomic radius è 4Be<12Mg< 20Ca
20Ca has the largest radius.

6C , 7N, 9F
They are in the same period.
Atomic radius ( )( )
Atomic radius è 6C>7N >9F
6C has the largest radius.
30

Exercise 3.3
1. Select the one which has the larger radius between Br and Br-. Give reason for your
answer.
………….. is formed by……………………. of ……….. electron to ………atom.
Number of electrons ………..
Repulsion between electrons …………
Size …………
2. From the following , select the one which has the largest radius. Give reason for your
answer. Fe , Fe2+ , Fe3+.
Size …………
3. From the following pair, select the one which has the largest radius. Give reason for
your choice. F and F-.
Size …………

4. From the following element select the one which has the largest radius.
(i) 4Be, 12Mg, 20Ca (ii) 5B , 6C, 9F
(i) 4Be, 12Mg, 20Ca
They are in the same …………………….
……………………………( )( )
……………………… ………………………………….
è
………………………..has the largest radius.
(ii) 5B , 6C, 9F
……………………………( )( )
……………………… ………………………………….
è

31

5. In each of the following groups, select the one which has the largest radius.
(i) Fe, Fe2+, Fe3+ (ii) S, S2- (iii) Li, Na, K (iv) C, N,O
(i) Fe, Fe2+, Fe3+
Size …………
(ii) S, S2-
Size …………
(iii) Li, Na, K
……………………………( )( )
……………………… è ………………………………….
(iv) C, N,O
……………………………( )( )
……………………… è ………………………………….
6. From the following elements, select the one which has the lowest ionisation energy.
Give reason. 3Li, 9F, 10Ne.
……………………………( )( )
……………………… è ………………………………….
………………………..has the lowest ionisation energy.
7. Explain which one has the largest ionisation energy : 2.8.1 , 2.8.5 , 2.8.7.
……………………………( )( )
……………………… ………………………………….
è
………………………..has the largest ionisation energy.
32

8. Arrange which of the following elements in order to their increasing
electronegativity and give reason ; Oxygen, Carbon, Fluorine , Nitrogen
……………………………( )( )

XYZ[\]^XY_ \`\Za[bY\_]aXcXad

33

Ionic bond
Ø Metals + Non-metals
(I,II) + (VI,VII)
Ø Complete transfer of electron(s)
Ø Formation of cation and anion
Ø Strong electrostatic attraction
Li F
Na Cl
K O
Mg S
Ca
LiF

Lithium Fluorine
(2.1) (2.7)
NaCl
KCl
34

NaF
KF
CaCl2
MgCl2
CaF2
MgF2
35

Covalent bond
Ø Non-metal + Non-metal
Ø Sharing of electron(s)
Ø Weak intermolecular forces
Ø 2 types
(Atoms of the same element) , (Atoms of different elements)
(e.g. H2,O2,N2,Cl2) (e.g. CO2, H2O, NH3,CH4)
Atoms of the same element
Cl2

H2
O2

N2

36

Atoms of different elements
CO2
H2O
NH3
CH4
37

Exercise 3.3
1. Lithium has the electronic structure 2.1. Fluorine has the electronic structure 2.7.
Lithium and fluorine react together to form an ionic lithium fluoride. Draw the
arrangement of electrons in fluorine and lithium. Explain how ionic bond is formed
in lithium fluoride.

2. Carbon has the electronic structure 2.4. Chlorine has the electronic structure 2.8.7.
Draw the structure of the compound formed between carbon and chlorine.

38

CHAPTER 4
THE QUANTITIES OF SUBSTANCES:
CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

Group (I)
§ Molecular mass(amu) 
§ Formula mass(amu) 
§ Relative molecular mass(unitless)
§ Relative formula mass(unitless)
Example 1 
What is the molecular mass of carbon dioxide , CO2 ? The relative atomic

mass of carbon and oxygen are 12 and 16 , respectively.
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇

= +
𝒐𝒇𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒙𝒚𝒈𝒆𝒏
= (1 x 12) + (2 x 16)
= 12 + 32
= 44 amu
Example 2
What is the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide,CO2? The relative

atomic mass of carbon and oxygen are 12 and 16 , respectively.
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝑶𝟐 = 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 + 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒙𝒚𝒈𝒆𝒏
= (1 x 12) + (2 x 16)
= 12 + 32 = 44
39

Example 3 
Calculate the formula mass of copper (II) sulphate, CuSO ?

4
(Given; Cu = 63.5amu, S=32amu, O=16amu)
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇
= + +
𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝟏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒖 𝟏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑺 𝟒𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑶
= ( 1 x 63.5) + ( 1x 32 ) + (4 x 16)
= 63.5 + 32 + 64
= 159.5 amu
Example 4 
Calculate the relative formula mass of copper (II) sulphate, CuSO ?

4
(Given; Cu = 63.5amu, S=32amu, O=16amu)
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 + 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 + 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇
𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝟏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒖 𝟏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑺 𝟒𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑶
= ( 1 x 63.5) + ( 1x 32 ) + (4 x 16)
= 63.5 + 32 + 64
= 159.5 amu
40

Exercises (Group I)
1. Calculate the relative formula mass of sodium chloride,NaCl.(Na=23,

Cl=35.5)
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 + 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇
𝒐𝒇 … … … … … . . … … … … 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 … … … . … … … … 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 … … … .
= ( ) + ( )
2. Calculate the relative formula mass of glucose, C6H12O6.(C=12,O=16,H=1) 

𝒐𝒇 … … … … … . . … … … … 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 … … … . … … … … 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 … … … . … … … … 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 … … … .
= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
=

3. Calculate the molecular mass of the following. (C=12,O=16,S=32,N=14,H=1)
(a) CO 
= +
𝒐𝒇 … … … … … … . 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 … … . . … . 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 … … …
= ( ) + ( )
(b) CO2 

= +
= ( ) + ( )
41

(c) SO2 

= +
= ( ) + ( )
(d) SO3 

= +
= ( ) + ( )
(e) NO 
= +
= ( ) + ( )
(f) NO2
= +
= ( ) + ( )
42

(g) NO
= +
= ( ) + ( )
(h) N2O
= +
= ( ) + ( )
(i)H2O
= +
= ( ) + ( )
(j)NH3
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇
= +
= ( ) + ( )
43

4. Calculate the relative molecular mass of the following.
(C=12,O=16,S=32,N=14,H=1)
(a) CO 
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 + 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇
= ( ) + ( )
(b) CO2 

= ( ) + ( )
(c) SO2 

= ( ) + ( )
(d) SO3 

= ( ) + ( )
44

(e) NO 
= ( ) + ( )
(f) NO2
= ( ) + ( )
(g) NO
= ( ) + ( )
(h) N2O
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂 𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
= ( ) + ( )
45

(i) H2O
= ( ) + ( )
(j)NH3
= ( ) + ( )
5. Calculate the formula mass of the following.

(Ca=40,C=12,O=16,Mg=24,S=32,K=39,Cl=35.5,Pb=207,N=14,Na=23)
(a) CaCO3
= + +
𝒐𝒇 … … … … … … . 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 … … . . … . 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 … … … … . 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 … … …
= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
(b)MgO
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇

= +
= ( ) + ( )
46

(c)CaSO4
= + +
= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
(d)CaO

= +
= ( ) + ( )
(e)KCl

= +
= ( ) + ( )
(f) CaCl2

= +
= ( ) + ( )
47

(g)PbO

= +
= ( ) + ( )
(h)MgSO4
= + +
= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
(i)KNO3
= + +
= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
(j)NaNO3
= + +
= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
48

6. Calculate the relative formula mass of the following.
(Ca=40,C=12,O=16,Mg=24,S=32,K=39,Cl=35.5,Pb=207,N=14,Na=23)
(a) CaCO3
= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
(b)MgO
= ( ) + ( )
(c)CaSO4
= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
(d)CaO
= ( ) + ( )
49

(e)KCl
𝒐𝒇 … … … … … … . 𝒂𝒕𝒐 𝒐𝒇 … … . . … . 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 … … …
= ( ) + ( )
(f) CaCl2

= ( ) + ( )
(g)PbO
= ( ) + ( )
(h)MgSO4
= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
50

(i)KNO3
= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
(j)NaNO3
= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
51

Group (II)
§ Average R.A.M(Relative Atomic Mass)

§ R.A.M(Relative Atomic Mass) 
§ Composition by mass (%)
Average R.A.M. ေမးေသာေမးခြန္း
Example 5 
Magnesium consists of three isotopes. One isotopes has the relative atomic mass 24 and
its relative abundance is 78.6%. The second isotope has relative mass 25 and its relative
abundance is 10.1%.The third isotopes has relative mass 26 and its relative abundance is
11.3%. Calculate the average relative atomic mass of magnesium.
Average R.A.M. of Mg = ( 24 x 78.6% ) + ( 25 x 10.1 ) + ( 26 x 11.3)

𝟕𝟖.𝟔 𝟏𝟎.𝟏 𝟏𝟏.𝟑
= (24 x ) + ( 25 x ) + ( 26 x )
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 18.86 + 2.53 + 2.94 = 24.33
R.A.M(Relative Atomic Mass)  ေမးေသာေမးခြန္း
𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

Relative atomic mass of an element = 𝟏
𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏}𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟐
Example 6 
A magnesium atom has twice the mass of a 12C atom. What is the relative
atomic mass of magnesium? (C=12)
𝟏𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏}𝟏𝟐

Relative atomic mass of an magnesium = 𝟏
𝟏𝟐
! ~ B!
= • = 24
~ B!
•€
52

Composition by mass (%) ရွာေသာ ေမးခြန္းမ်ား
လို
% = စုု x 100%
Example 7 
Calculate the percentage by mass of iron in iron(III) oxide(Fe2O3)

.(Fe=56,O=16)
Step 1 ;
Formula of iron (III) oxide = Fe2O3
Relative formula mass of Fe2O3 = (2 x Fe) + (3 x O)
= (2x 56) + (3x16) = 112 + 48 = 160
Step 2 ;
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒆 𝒙 𝟐
% mass of iron = x 100%
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒆𝟐𝑶𝟑
𝟓𝟔 𝒙 𝟐
= x 100% = 70%
𝟏𝟔𝟎
53

Example 8
Calculate the percent composition of magnesium nitrate,

Mg(NO3)2.(Mg=24,N=14,O=16)
Step 1 ;
Formula of magnesium nitrate = Mg(NO3)2
Relative formula mass of Mg(NO3)2 = (Mg) + (2 x N) + ( 6 x O)
= (24)+ (2x14)+ (6x 16) = 24 + 28 + 96 = 148
Step 2 ;
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒈 𝒙 𝟏
% mass of Mg = x 100%
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝐌𝐠(𝐍𝐎𝟑)𝟐
𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟏
= x 100% = 16.21 %
𝟏𝟒𝟖
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 𝒙 𝟐
% mass of N = x 100%
𝟏𝟒𝒙 𝟐
= x 100% = 18.91 %
𝟏𝟒𝟖
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇 𝑶 𝒙 𝟔
% mass of O = x 100%
𝟏𝟔 𝒙 𝟔
= x 100% = 64.86 %
𝟏𝟒𝟖
54

Exercises (Group II)
1. The isotopic masses of naturally occuring oxygen and their relative

abundance are as follows;
Isotopic mass Per cent relative abundance 
16 99.76% 
17 0.04%
18 0.2% 
What is the average relative atomic mass of oxygen. 
Average R.A.M. of Oxygen = ( x ) + ( x ) + ( x )
2. Chlorine has 2 isotopes. One isotope has the relative mass 35 and its
relative abundance is 75%. The other isotope has the relative mass 37 and
its relative abundance is 25%. Calculate the average relative atomic mass
of chlorine. 
Average R.A.M. of Chlorine = ( x ) + ( x )
3. A titanium atom has 4 times the mass of 12C atom. What is the relative
atomic mass of titanium.(C=12) 
𝟏𝟐
Relative atomic mass of ………………… =

=

55

4. A nickel atom has 5 times the mass of 12C atom. What is the relative
atomic mass of nickel.(C=12) 
𝟏𝟐
Relative atomic mass of …………………=

5. An argon atom has 3 times the mass of 12C atom. What is the relative
atomic mass of argon.(C=12)
𝟏𝟐
Relative atomic mass of …………………=

=

6. Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium
nitrate(NH4NO3) fertiliser which is used by farmers to increase the yield of
crops. (N=14, H=1, O=16)
Step 1 ;
Formula of ……………………… =
Relative formula mass of ………… =
=
Step 2 ;
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇………….𝒙…………
% mass of ………….. = x 100%
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇…….

=

56

7. Calculate the percent of magnesium in magnesium oxide(MgO).
(Mg=24,O=16)
Step 1 ;
=
Step 2 ;
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇………….𝒙…………
% mass of ………….. = x 100%

=
8. Calculate the percent of calcium in calcium carbonate, CaCO3. (Ca=
40,C=12,O=16)
Step 1 ;
=
Step 2 ;
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇………….𝒙…………
% mass of ………….. = x 100%
57

9. Calculate the percentage of mass of elements in each of the followings.
(a) Sodium thiosulphate, Na S O  (b) Iron II Sulphate, FeSO  
2 2 3 4
(c) Trilead tetroxide Pb3O4(Mg=24,O=16,N=14,Ca=40,C=12,Na=23,
S=32,Fe=56, Pb=207)

(a) Sodium thiosulphate, Na S O  
2 2 3
Step 1 ;
=
Step 2 ;
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇………….𝒙…………
% mass of ………….. = x 100%

=
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇………….𝒙…………
% mass of ………….. = x 100%

=
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇………….𝒙…………
% mass of ………….. = x 100%

=

58

(b) Iron II Sulphate, FeSO  
4
Step 1 ;
=
Step 2 ;
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇………….𝒙…………
% mass of ………….. = x 100%

=
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇………….𝒙…………
% mass of ………….. = x 100%

=
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇………….𝒙…………
% mass of ………….. = x 100%

=
(c) Trilead tetroxide Pb3O4
Step 1 ;
=
Step 2 ;
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇………….𝒙…………
% mass of ………….. = x 100%

=
𝑹.𝑨.𝑴 𝒐𝒇………….𝒙…………
% mass of ………….. = x 100%

=

59

Group (III)
§ Empirical formula
§ Molecular formula
Empirical formula
Step 1 the mass of each element
Step 2 divide by relative atomic masses
Step 3 divide by the lowest number
Step 4 empirical formula (must be in integers)
Molecular formula
Step 1 empirical formula mass of
Step 2 divided the R.M.M by empirical formula mass
Step 3 multiply the number of atom in the empirical
60

Example 9
Calculate the formula of a compound in which 3g of carbon combines with 4g of oxygen.

(C=12, O=16)
C O
Step 1 the mass of each element 3 4

𝟑 𝟒
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟔
0.25 0.25
𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝟎.𝟐𝟓
𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝟎.𝟐𝟓
1 1
Step 4 empirical formula (must be in integers) CO
Example 10
When 1.55g of phosphorus is completely combusted, 3.55g of an oxide of phosphorus is

produced. Deduced the empirical formula of this oxide of phosphorus. (P=31,O=16)
P O
Step 1 the mass of each element 1.55 3.55-1.55=2

𝟏.𝟓𝟓 𝟐
𝟑𝟏 𝟏𝟔
0.05 0.125
𝟎.𝟎𝟓 𝟎.𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟎.𝟎𝟓 𝟎.𝟎𝟓
1 2.5
1 x 2=2 2.5 x 2=5
Step 4 empirical formula (must be integers) P2 O5
61

Example 11
A compound of carbon and hydrogen contains 85.7% of carbon and 14.3% of

hydrogen by mass. Deduce the empirical formula of this hydrocarbon.
(H=1,C=12)
C H
Step 1 the % by mass 85.7 14.3

𝟖𝟓.𝟕 𝟏𝟒.𝟑
𝟏𝟐 𝟏
7.142 14.3
𝟕.𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟒.𝟑
𝟕.𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝟕.𝟏𝟒𝟐
1 2
Step 4 empirical formula CH2
Example 12
A compound has the empirical formula CH2Br. Its relative molecular mass is
188. Deduce the molecular formula of this compound. (Br= 80 , C=12 , H=1)
Step 1 empirical formula mass of CH2Br = (12) + (2 x 1) + (80) = 94

𝟏𝟖𝟖
Step 2 divided the R.M.M by empirical formula mass =
𝟗𝟒
Step 3 multiply the number of atom in the empirical = 2 x CH2Br
formula by the number in step 2
So molecular formula is C2H4Br2.
62

Example 13
Write the empirical formulae of the following compounds.
Compound Empirical formula Molecular formula
Water H2O
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
Sulphur dioxide SO2
Methane CH4
Cyclopropane C3H6
Butane C4H10
Exercises (Group III)
(1) The composition by mass of a hydrocarbon is 10% hydrogen and 90%

carbon. Deduce the empirical formula of this hydrocarbon.(C=12,H=1)
Step 1 the % by mass
63

(2) Calculate the formula of the following compounds.
(a)Sodium oxide in which 2.3g of sodium combines with 0.8g of oxygen.

(b) Oxide of phosphorus in which 1.24g of phosphorus combines with
0.96g of oxygen.

(c) Oxide of lead in which 2.07g of lead combines with 0.32g of oxygen.
(Na=23,O=16,P=31,Pb=207)
64

(3)Calculate the empirical formula of nitrogen oxide. It is found that 4.2g
of nitrogen is contained in 16.2g of nitrogen oxide.(N=14,O=16)
(4) Calculate the formula of the following compounds.

(a) 1.91g of oxide of sodium is formed from 1.42g of sodium
(b) 2.23g of oxide of lead is formed from 2.07g of lead
65

(c)16.04g of oxide of iron is formed from 11.22g of iron.
(d) 5g of oxide of copper is formed from 4g of copper.

(Na=23,O=16,P=31,Pb=207,Fe=56,Cu=64)
66

(5) In a compound of sulphur and chlorine, 6.4g of sulphur combines with
7.1g of chlorine. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound. Then
calculate the molecular formula of the following compound if the molecular
mass of the compound is 135amu. (S=32, Cl=35.5)
(6)Calculate the empirical formula of the following compounds.

(a) A compound in which 3g of carbon combines with 4g of oxygen.
67

(b) Iron oxide in which the weight of iron is 77.7% and that of oxygen is
22.3%.
Step 1 the % by mass

(c) Water in which hydrogen and oxygen combine in the proportion of 1:8 by
weight.(Fe=56,C=12,O=16,H=1)
68

(7) The empirical formulae and relative molecular masses of three
compounds, A,B,C are shown as follows.(C=12,Cl=35.5,H=1)
Compound Empirical formula Relative molecular mass
A C3H5 82
B CCl3 237
C CH2 112
For compound A
For compound B
For compound C
69

(8) Vinegar which is used in our homes, is a dilute form of acetic acid. A
sample of acetic acid has the following percentage composition; 39.9%
carbon,6.7%hydrogen and 53.4% of oxygen.
(a) Determine the empirical formula of acetic acid.
(b)Determine the molecular formula of acetic acid if the molecular mass of
acetic acid is 60amu.(C=12,H=1,O=16)
(a) Step 1 the % by mass
(b)
(9) Write the empirical formulae for (a) hydrazine,N2H4 (b) octane, C8H18 (c)
benzene, C6H6 (d) ammonia , NH3
Compound Empirical formula Molecular formula
Hydrazine N2 H4
Octane C8H18
Benzene C6 H6
Ammonia NH3
70

Group (IV) The mole concept
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
Number of mole =
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Number of mole =
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Number of molecules = number of mole x 6.02 x 1023 molecules mol-1
Example 14
Calculate the volume of 0.5 mol of carbon dioxide at room temperature and
pressure (r.t.p.)
Volume = ?
Mole = 0.5 mol

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Number of mole =
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Volume of CO2 = mole x molume volume(r.t.p.)
= 0.5 x 24 = 12 dm3
Example 15
How many moles of sodium chloride are present in 117.0 g of sodium

chloride,NaCl? (Na=23, Cl=35.5)
Mole = ?
Mass = 117 g
Molar mass of NaCl = Na + Cl
= 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 gmol-1

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟏𝟏𝟕
Number of mole = = = 2 mol
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟓𝟖.𝟓
71

Example 16
What mass of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is present in 0.25 mol of sodium

hydroxide? (H=1, Na=23 , O=16)
Mass = ?
Mole = 0.25 mol
Molar mass of NaOH = Na + O + H = 23 + 16+1= 40

gmol-1
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
Number of mole =
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
Mass = number of mole x molar mass
= 0.25 x 40 = 10 g
Example 17
Calculate the number of molecules in 7.10g of chlorine molecule(Cl2).
(Avogadro’s constant = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 , Cl =35.5)
molar mass of CL2 = 2 x 35.5 = 71 g mol-1

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝟕.𝟏 𝒈
number of mole of chlorine= = = 0.1 mol
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝟕𝟏 𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒍}𝟏
number of molecule of Cl2 = number of moles of chlorine x 6.02 x 1023 molecules mol-1
= 0.1 mol x 6.02 x 1023 molecules mol-1
= 6.02 x 1022 molecules
72

Exercises (Group IV)
1. Calculate the amount of moles in 10.7 g of sulphur atoms. (S = 32)
2. What is the mass of 0.20 mol of carbon dioxide,CO2 ?(C =12,O=16)
73

3. You have a 56 g sample of iron (II) sulphide ,FeS.
(a) How many moles of FeS are there in the sample?
(b) How may molecules of FeS are there in the sample?
(Fe = 56,S=32,Avogadro’s constant = 6.02 x 10 23 mol -1 ).

74

4. How many moles are present in the following volumes of gases at r.t.p?
(a) 1.2 dm3 of sulphur dioxide (SO2)
(b) 0.24 dm3 of methane (CH4)
(c) 120 cm3 of carbon dioxide (CO2)
75

5. A conical flask contains 68.4 g of octane C8H18 ).How many molecules of
octane are there in the flask ? (Avogadro’s constant = 6.02 x 10 23 mol -1
C =12, H=1).
6. Calculate the number of atoms in 4 g of bromine molecule (Br 2).

(Avogadro’s constant = 6.02 x 10 23 mol -1 Br=80).

76

7. Calculate the amount of substance in moles in each of the following.
(a) 64.2 of sulphur molecules (S8)
(b) 60.45 g of anhydrous iron (III) nitrate ,Fe (NO3)3 .
(Fe =56,N =14,O=16,S=32)
77

8. Calculate the mass in grams of the following.
(a) 0.050 moles of sodium carbonate,Na2 CO3
(b) 5.00 moles of iron (II) hydroxide ,Fe (OH2)
(C= 12,Fe = 56,H=1,O=16,Na =23)

78

Group (V)
Calculations from equations
Example 18
C + O2 à CO2 (C=12,O=16)
6g ? g
Step 1 (သိတဲ့ေကာင္ရဲ႕ mole ရွာ)
Molar mass of C = (C) = 12gmol-1

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪
Mole of C =
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪
𝟔 𝒈
= = 0.5 mol
𝟏𝟐 𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍}𝟏
Step 2 (လို/သိ အခ်ိဳးခ်)
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝟏
=
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪 𝟏
mole of CO2 = 1 x mole of C
= 1 x 0.5 mol = 0.5 mol
Step 3 (လိုခ်င္တာဆက္တြက္အေျဖထြက္)
Molar mass of CO2 = C + 2(O) = (12)+(2x16)= 44gmol-1

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝑶𝟐
Mole of CO2 =
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝑶𝟐
Mass of CO2 = mole of CO2 x molar mass of CO2
= 0.5 mol x 44 gmol-1
= 22 g
79

Example 19
C + O2 à CO2 (C=12,O=16)
6g ? dm3
Step 1 (သိတဲ့ေကာင္ရဲ႕ mole ရွာ)
Molar mass of C = (C) = 12gmol-1

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪 𝟔 𝒈
Mole of C = = = 0.5 mol
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪 𝟏𝟐 𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍}𝟏
Step 2 (လို/သိ အခ်ိဳးခ်)
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝟏
=
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪 𝟏
mole of CO2 = 1 x mole of C
= 1 x 0.5 mol = 0.5 mol

Step 3 (လိုခ်င္တာဆက္တြက္အေျဖထြက္)
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝑶𝟐
Mole of CO2 =
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝑶𝟐
Volume of CO2 = mole of CO2 x molar volume of CO2
= 0.5 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 at r.t.p
= 12 dm3 at r.t.p
80

Example 20
Calculate the mass of water produced from the complete combustion of

0.25 mol of methane.
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) àCO2 (g) + 2 H2 O(I)
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) àCO2 (g) + 2 H2 O(I)

𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝟐
=
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝑯𝟒 𝟏
moles of H2 O = 2 x number of moles of CH4
= 2 x 0.25 mol = 0.5 mol
Molar mass of H2O = (2x1) + 16 = 18 g mol-1
Mass of H2O = moles of H2O x molar mass of H2 O
= 0.5 mol x 18g mol-1 = 9 g
81

Example 21
Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation:
Mg(s) + 2HCI(aq) à MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas, measured at room conditions,

produced from the reaction of 14.6 g of hydrochloric acid.
Mg (s) + 2 HCI (aq) àMgCI2 (aq) + H2(g)
molar mass of HCI = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 g mol-1

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝑪𝑰 (𝒈) 𝟏𝟒.𝟔
moles of HCI = = = 0.4 mol
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝑪𝑰 (𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒍}𝟏) 𝟑𝟔.𝟓
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐 𝟏
=
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝑪𝑰 𝟐
𝟏
moles of H2 = x number of mole of HCI
𝟐
𝟐
= x 0.4 mol =0.2 mol
𝟏
Volume of H2 = moles of H2 x molar volume of H2
= 0.2 x 24 dm3 = 4.8 dm3
82

Exercise (Group V)
1. Calculate the following.(C=12,S=32,O=16)

(b) C + O2 à CO2
3g ? g

(c) C + O2 à CO2
3g ? dm3

83

(d) C + O2 à CO2
3g ? g

(e) C + O2 à CO2
3g ? dm3

84

(f) S + O2 à SO2
16g ?g

(g) S + O2 à SO2
16g ?dm3

85

(h) S + O2 à SO2
16g ?g

(i) S + O2 à SO2
16g ?dm3

86

2. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the equation:
H2 O2 (I) à 2 H2 O(I) + O2 (g)
Calculate the volume of oxygen gas produced at r.t.p .when 1.7 g of

H2O2 is decomposed. (H=1,O=16)
87

3. Tin (IV) oxide is reduced to tin by heating with carbon. Carbon
monoxide is also formed.
Sn O2(s) + 2C (s) à Sn (s) + 2CO(g)
Calculate the mass of carbon that exactly reacts with 14 g of tin (IV) oxide.
(C= 12,O=16,Sn =119)
88

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CHAPTER 2

MATTER AND SOLUTIONS

Particle Symbol Relative mass Relative charge

1H 2He 3Li 4Be

9F 10Ne 11Na 12Mg

17Cl 18Ar 19K 20Ca

Complete electronic structure of 11Na =

Element Group number Period number Chief valence

a) the complete electronic structure.

(i) Z=17 , A = 35 (ii) Z=12 , A = 24 (iii) Z=4 , A = 9 (iv) Z=19 , A = 39

(i) 49 Be (ii) 919 F (iii) 1428 Si (iv) 1939 K

neutrons for each.

Elements Valence electrons Number of neutrons

Given Complete Electronic Structure Correct Complete Electronic Structure

(i)1s2 2s2 2p4 3s2

(ii) 1s2 2s1 2p6

(iii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3P3 3s2

(iv) 1s2 2s2 2p63s2 3P5 4s2

12. Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations?

(b) [ Ne ] 3s2 3p3

Elements Group Period Valence

(c) Which of the above element is in period 3 and group II?

(a) In which group of the Periodic Table is X?

(b) What is the name and symbol of X?

(c) How many electron shells are there in an atom of X?

(d) Is the element X a metal or non-metal?

(e) What is the atomic number of the element X?

(a) Element X is in group…………………….

(b) The name and symbol of X is ……………………

(c)There are ……………………………………….in an atom of X.

(d) The element X is a ……………………………

(e) The atomic number of the element X is………………………

Element X Element Y Element Z

Atomic number 11 6 …………….

Number of protons ……………. ……………. 16

Mass number ……………. 12 32

Electronic structure 2.8.1 ……………. …………….

Valence ……………. 4 …………….

Position in Periodic Table ……………. ……………. group VI, period 3

(a) Which of the above elements X,Y and Z is a metal?

Atoms of the same element

𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇

What is the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide,CO2? The relative

𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆

Calculate the formula mass of copper (II) sulphate, CuSO ?

Calculate the relative formula mass of copper (II) sulphate, CuSO ?

1. Calculate the relative formula mass of sodium chloride,NaCl.(Na=23,

2. Calculate the relative formula mass of glucose, C6H12O6.(C=12,O=16,H=1)

𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆

𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇

𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇

𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇

𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆

𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆

𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆

5. Calculate the formula mass of the following.

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇

2. Calculate the relative formula mass of glucose, C6H12O6.(C=12,O=16,H=1) 

R.A.M(Relative Atomic Mass)  ေမးေသာေမးခြန္း