Springer Nature 2021 LATEX template

Article Title
First Author1,2*, Second Author2,3† and Third Author1,2†
1* Department, Organization, Street, City, 100190, State, Country.
2 Department, Organization, Street, City, 10587, State, Country.
3 Department, Organization, Street, City, 610101, State, Country.

*Corresponding author(s). E-mail(s): iauthor@gmail.com;

Contributing authors: iiauthor@gmail.com; iiiauthor@gmail.com;
† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Abstract
The abstract serves both as a general introduction to the topic and
as a brief, non-technical summary of the main results and their
implications. Authors are advised to check the author instructions
for the journal they are submitting to for word limits and if struc-
tural elements like subheadings, citations, or equations are permitted.

Keywords: keyword1, Keyword2, Keyword3, Keyword4

1 Introduction
The Introduction section, of referenced text [1] expands on the background
of the work (some overlap with the Abstract is acceptable). The introduction
should not include subheadings.
Springer Nature does not impose a strict layout as standard however
authors are advised to check the individual requirements for the journal they
are planning to submit to as there may be journal-level preferences. When
preparing your text please also be aware that some stylistic choices are not sup-
ported in full text XML (publication version), including coloured font. These
will not be replicated in the typeset article if it is accepted.

1
 Springer Nature 2021 LATEX template

2 Article Title

2 Results
Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.
Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.

3 This is an example for first level

head—section head
3.1 This is an example for second level head—subsection
head
3.1.1 This is an example for third level head—subsubsection
head
Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.
Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.

4 Equations
Equations in LATEX can either be inline or on-a-line by itself (“display
equations”). For inline equations use the $...$ commands. E.g.: The equation
Hψ = Eψ is written via the command $H \psi = E \psi$.
For display equations (with auto generated equation numbers) one can use
the equation or align environments:
p
P 2 Pq 2
Ỹi (k) + Z̃j (k)

i=1 j=1
kX̃(k)k2 ≤ . (1)
p+q

where,

λa a
Dµ = ∂µ − ig A
2 µ
a
Fµν = ∂µ Aaν − ∂ν Aaµ + gf abc Abµ Aaν (2)

Notice the use of \nonumber in the align environment at the end of each line,
except the last, so as not to produce equation numbers on lines where no
equation numbers are required. The \label{} command should only be used
at the last line of an align environment where \nonumber is not used.
 m −3  3 ln(m/GeV) ln(c2 /5)

Y∞ = 1+ + (3)
GeV 15 15

The class file also supports the use of \mathbb{}, \mathscr{} and \mathcal{}
commands. As such \mathbb{R}, \mathscr{R} and \mathcal{R} produces R,
R and R respectively (refer Subsubsection 3.1.1).
 Springer Nature 2021 LATEX template

Article Title 3

5 Tables
Tables can be inserted via the normal table and tabular environment. To
put footnotes inside tables you should use \footnotetext[]{...} tag. The
footnote appears just below the table itself (refer Tables 1 and 2). For the
corresponding footnotemark use \footnotemark[...]

Table 1 Caption text

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4

row 1 data 1 data 2 data 3

row 2 data 4 data 51 data 6
row 3 data 7 data 8 data 92

Source: This is an example of table footnote.

This is an example of table footnote.
1 Example for a first table footnote. This is an
example of table footnote.
2 Examplefor a second table footnote. This is
an example of table footnote.

The input format for the above table is as follows:

\begin{table}[<placement-specifier>]
\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{<preferred-table-width>}
\caption{<table-caption>}\label{<table-label>}%
\begin{tabular}{@{}llll@{}}
\toprule
Column 1 & Column 2 & Column 3 & Column 4\\
\midrule
row 1 & data 1 & data 2 & data 3 \\
row 2 & data 4 & data 5\footnotemark[1] & data 6 \\
row 3 & data 7 & data 8 & data 9\footnotemark[2]\\
\botrule
\end{tabular}
\footnotetext{Source: This is an example of table footnote.
This is an example of table footnote.}
\footnotetext[1]{Example for a first table footnote.
This is an example of table footnote.}
\footnotetext[2]{Example for a second table footnote.
This is an example of table footnote.}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
\end{table}
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4 Article Title

Table 2 Example of a lengthy table which is set to full textwidth

Element 11 Element 22

Project Energy σcalc σexpt Energy σcalc σexpt

Element 3 990 A 1168 1547 ± 12 780 A 1166 1239 ± 100

Element 4 500 A 961 922 ± 10 900 A 1268 1092 ± 40

Note: This is an example of table footnote. This is an example of table footnote this is an
example of table footnote this is an example of table footnote this is an example of table
footnote.
1 Example for a first table footnote.
2 Example for a second table footnote.

In case of double column layout, tables which do not fit in single

column width should be set to full text width. For this, you need to
use \begin{table*} ... \end{table*} instead of \begin{table} ...
\end{table} environment. Lengthy tables which do not fit in textwidth should
be set as rotated table. For this, you need to use \begin{sidewaystable} ...
\end{sidewaystable} instead of \begin{table*} ... \end{table*} envi-
ronment. This environment puts tables rotated to single column width. For
tables rotated to double column width, use \begin{sidewaystable*} ...
\end{sidewaystable*}.

6 Figures
As per the LATEX standards you need to use eps images for LATEX compila-
tion and pdf/jpg/png images for PDFLaTeX compilation. This is one of the
major difference between LATEX and PDFLaTeX. Each image should be from a
single input .eps/vector image file. Avoid using subfigures. The command for
inserting images for LATEX and PDFLaTeX can be generalized. The package used
to insert images in LaTeX/PDFLaTeX is the graphicx package. Figures can be
inserted via the normal figure environment as shown in the below example:

\begin{figure}[<placement-specifier>]
\centering
\includegraphics{<eps-file>}
\caption{<figure-caption>}\label{<figure-label>}
\end{figure}

In case of double column layout, the above format puts figure caption-
s/images to single column width. To get spanned images, we need to provide
\begin{figure*} ... \end{figure*}.
For sample purpose, we have included the width of images in the optional
argument of \includegraphics tag. Please ignore this.
Table 3 Tables which are too long to fit, should be written using the “sidewaystable” environment as shown here

Element 11 Element2

Projectile Energy σcalc σexpt Energy σcalc σexpt

Element 3 990 A 1168 1547 ± 12 780 A 1166 1239 ± 100

Element 4 500 A 961 922 ± 10 900 A 1268 1092 ± 40
Element 5 990 A 1168 1547 ± 12 780 A 1166 1239 ± 100
Element 6 500 A 961 922 ± 10 900 A 1268 1092 ± 40

Note: This is an example of table footnote this is an example of table footnote this is an example of table footnote this is an
example of table footnote this is an example of table footnote.
1
This is an example of table footnote.
Springer Nature 2021 LATEX template

Article Title
5
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6 Article Title

Fig. 1 This is a widefig. This is an example of long caption this is an example of long
caption this is an example of long caption this is an example of long caption

7 Algorithms, Program codes and Listings

Packages algorithm, algorithmicx and algpseudocode are used for setting
algorithms in LATEX using the format:

\begin{algorithm}
\caption{<alg-caption>}\label{<alg-label>}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
. . .
\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

You may refer above listed package documentations for more details
before setting algorithm environment. For program codes, the “program”
package is required and the command to be used is \begin{program} ...
\end{program}. A fast exponentiation procedure:

begin
for i := 1 to 10 step 1 do
expt(2, i);
newline() od Comments will be set flush to the right margin
where
proc expt(x, n) ≡
z := 1;
do if n = 0 then exit fi;
do if odd(n) then exit fi;
comment: This is a comment statement;
n := n/2; x := x ∗ x od;
{n > 0};
n := n − 1; z := z ∗ x od;
print(z).
end

Similarly, for listings, use the listings package. \begin{lstlisting}

... \end{lstlisting} is used to set environments similar to verbatim
environment. Refer to the lstlisting package documentation for more
details.
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Article Title 7

Algorithm 1 Calculate y = xn
Require: n ≥ 0 ∨ x 6= 0
Ensure: y = xn
1: y ⇐ 1
2: if n < 0 then
3: X ⇐ 1/x
4: N ⇐ −n
5: else
6: X⇐x
7: N ⇐n
8: end if
9: while N 6= 0 do
10: if N is even then
11: X ⇐X ×X
12: N ⇐ N/2
13: else[N is odd]
14: y ⇐y×X
15: N ⇐N −1
16: end if
17: end while

f o r i :=maxint to 0 do
begin
{ do n o t h i n g }
end ;
Write ( ’ Case i n s e n s i t i v e ’ ) ;
Write ( ’ P a s c a l keywords . ’ ) ;

8 Cross referencing
Environments such as figure, table, equation and align can have a label declared
via the \label{#label} command. For figures and table environments use the
\label{} command inside or just below the \caption{} command. You can
then use the \ref{#label} command to cross-reference them. As an example,
consider the label declared for Figure 1 which is \label{fig1}. To cross-
reference it, use the command Figure \ref{fig1}, for which it comes up as
“Figure 1”.
To reference line numbers in an algorithm, consider the label declared for
the line number 2 of Algorithm 1 is \label{algln2}. To cross-reference it, use
the command \ref{algln2} for which it comes up as line 2 of Algorithm 1.
 Springer Nature 2021 LATEX template

8 Article Title

8.1 Details on reference citations

Standard LATEX permits only numerical citations. To support both numerical
and author-year citations this template uses natbib LATEX package. For style
guidance please refer to the template user manual.
Here is an example for \cite{...}: [1]. Another example for \citep{...}:
[2]. For author-year citation mode, \cite{...} prints Jones et al. (1990) and
\citep{...} prints (Jones et al., 1990).
All cited bib entries are printed at the end of this article: [3], [4], [5], [6],
[7], [8], [9], [10], [11] and [12].

9 Examples for theorem like environments

For theorem like environments, we require amsthm package. There are three
types of predefined theorem styles exists—thmstyleone, thmstyletwo and
thmstylethree

thmstyleone Numbered, theorem head in bold font and theorem

text in italic style
thmstyletwo Numbered, theorem head in roman font and theorem
text in italic style
thmstylethree Numbered, theorem head in bold font and theorem
text in roman style

For mathematics journals, theorem styles can be included as shown in the

following examples:

Theorem 1 (Theorem subhead) Example theorem text. Example theorem text.

Example theorem text. Example theorem text. Example theorem text. Example
theorem text. Example theorem text. Example theorem text. Example theorem text.
Example theorem text. Example theorem text.

Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.
Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.

Proposition 2 Example proposition text. Example proposition text. Example propo-

sition text. Example proposition text. Example proposition text. Example proposition
text. Example proposition text. Example proposition text. Example proposition text.
Example proposition text.

Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.
Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.

Example 1 Phasellus adipiscing semper elit. Proin fermentum massa ac quam. Sed
diam turpis, molestie vitae, placerat a, molestie nec, leo. Maecenas lacinia. Nam
 Springer Nature 2021 LATEX template

Article Title 9

ipsum ligula, eleifend at, accumsan nec, suscipit a, ipsum. Morbi blandit ligula feugiat
magna. Nunc eleifend consequat lorem.

Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.
Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.

Remark 1 Phasellus adipiscing semper elit. Proin fermentum massa ac quam. Sed
diam turpis, molestie vitae, placerat a, molestie nec, leo. Maecenas lacinia. Nam
ipsum ligula, eleifend at, accumsan nec, suscipit a, ipsum. Morbi blandit ligula feugiat
magna. Nunc eleifend consequat lorem.

Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.
Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.

Definition 1 (Definition sub head) Example definition text. Example definition

text. Example definition text. Example definition text. Example definition text.
Example definition text. Example definition text. Example definition text.

Additionally a predefined “proof” environment is available: \begin{proof}

... \end{proof}. This prints a “Proof” head in italic font style and the
“body text” in roman font style with an open square at the end of each proof
environment.
Proof Example for proof text. Example for proof text. Example for proof text. Exam-
ple for proof text. Example for proof text. Example for proof text. Example for proof
text. Example for proof text. Example for proof text. Example for proof text. 

Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.
Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text.
Proof of Theorem 1 Example for proof text. Example for proof text. Example for
proof text. Example for proof text. Example for proof text. Example for proof text.
Example for proof text. Example for proof text. Example for proof text. Example
for proof text. 

For a quote environment, use \begin{quote}...\end{quote}

Quoted text example. Aliquam porttitor quam a lacus. Praesent vel arcu ut tortor
cursus volutpat. In vitae pede quis diam bibendum placerat. Fusce elementum
convallis neque. Sed dolor orci, scelerisque ac, dapibus nec, ultricies ut, mi. Duis
nec dui quis leo sagittis commodo.

Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body text. Sample body
text. Sample body text (refer Figure 1). Sample body text. Sample body text.
Sample body text (refer Table 3).
 Springer Nature 2021 LATEX template

10 Article Title

10 Methods
Topical subheadings are allowed. Authors must ensure that their Methods
section includes adequate experimental and characterization data necessary for
others in the field to reproduce their work. Authors are encouraged to include
RIIDs where appropriate.
Ethical approval declarations (only required where applicable) Any
article reporting experiment/s carried out on (i) live vertebrate (or higher
invertebrates), (ii) humans or (iii) human samples must include an unam-
biguous statement within the methods section that meets the following
requirements:
1. Approval: a statement which confirms that all experimental protocols were
approved by a named institutional and/or licensing committee. Please
identify the approving body in the methods section
2. Accordance: a statement explicitly saying that the methods were carried
out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations
3. Informed consent (for experiments involving humans or human tissue sam-
ples): include a statement confirming that informed consent was obtained
from all participants and/or their legal guardian/s
If your manuscript includes potentially identifying patient/participant
information, or if it describes human transplantation research, or if it
reports results of a clinical trial then additional information will be required.
Please visit (https://www.nature.com/nature-research/editorial-policies) for
Nature Portfolio journals, (https://www.springer.com/gp/authors-editors/
journal-author/journal-author-helpdesk/publishing-ethics/14214) for
Springer Nature journals, or (https://www.biomedcentral.com/getpublished/
editorial-policies#ethics+and+consent) for BMC.

11 Discussion
Discussions should be brief and focused. In some disciplines use of Discussion or
‘Conclusion’ is interchangeable. It is not mandatory to use both. Some journals
prefer a section ‘Results and Discussion’ followed by a section ‘Conclusion’.
Please refer to Journal-level guidance for any specific requirements.

12 Conclusion
Conclusions may be used to restate your hypothesis or research question,
restate your major findings, explain the relevance and the added value of your
work, highlight any limitations of your study, describe future directions for
research and recommendations.
In some disciplines use of Discussion or ’Conclusion’ is interchangeable. It
is not mandatory to use both. Please refer to Journal-level guidance for any
specific requirements.
 Springer Nature 2021 LATEX template

Article Title 11

Supplementary information. If your article has accompanying supple-

mentary file/s please state so here.
Authors reporting data from electrophoretic gels and blots should supply
the full unprocessed scans for key as part of their Supplementary information.
This may be requested by the editorial team/s if it is missing.
Please refer to Journal-level guidance for any specific requirements.
Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments are not compulsory. Where included
they should be brief. Grant or contribution numbers may be acknowledged.
Please refer to Journal-level guidance for any specific requirements.

Declarations
Some journals require declarations to be submitted in a standardised format.
Please check the Instructions for Authors of the journal to which you are
submitting to see if you need to complete this section. If yes, your manuscript
must contain the following sections under the heading ‘Declarations’:
• Funding
• Conflict of interest/Competing interests (check journal-specific guidelines
for which heading to use)
• Ethics approval
• Consent to participate
• Consent for publication
• Availability of data and materials
• Code availability
• Authors’ contributions
If any of the sections are not relevant to your manuscript, please include the
heading and write ‘Not applicable’ for that section.

Editorial Policies for:

Springer journals and proceedings:

https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies

Nature Portfolio journals:

https://www.nature.com/nature-research/editorial-policies

Scientific Reports:
https://www.nature.com/srep/journal-policies/editorial-policies

BMC journals:
https://www.biomedcentral.com/getpublished/editorial-policies
 Springer Nature 2021 LATEX template

12 Article Title

Appendix A Section title of first appendix

An appendix contains supplementary information that is not an essential part
of the text itself but which may be helpful in providing a more comprehen-
sive understanding of the research problem or it is information that is too
cumbersome to be included in the body of the paper.

References
[1] Campbell, S.L., Gear, C.W.: The index of general nonlinear DAES.
Numer. Math. 72(2), 173–196 (1995)

[2] Slifka, M.K., Whitton, J.L.: Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine

production. J. Mol. Med. 78, 74–80 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/
s001090000086

[3] Hamburger, C.: Quasimonotonicity, regularity and duality for nonlinear

systems of partial differential equations. Ann. Mat. Pura. Appl. 169(2),
321–354 (1995)

[4] Geddes, K.O., Czapor, S.R., Labahn, G.: Algorithms for Computer
Algebra. Kluwer, Boston (1992)

[5] Broy, M.: Software engineering—from auxiliary to key technologies. In:

Broy, M., Denert, E. (eds.) Software Pioneers, pp. 10–13. Springer, New
York (1992)

[6] Seymour, R.S. (ed.): Conductive Polymers. Plenum, New York (1981)

[7] Smith, S.E.: Neuromuscular blocking drugs in man. In: Zaimis, E. (ed.)
Neuromuscular Junction. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol.
42, pp. 593–660. Springer, Heidelberg (1976)

[8] Chung, S.T., Morris, R.L.: Isolation and characterization of plasmid

deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptomyces fradiae. Paper presented at the
3rd international symposium on the genetics of industrial microorganisms,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, 4–9 June 1978 (1978)

[9] Hao, Z., AghaKouchak, A., Nakhjiri, N., Farahmand, A.: Global inte-
grated drought monitoring and prediction system (GIDMaPS) data sets.
figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.853801 (2014)

[10] Babichev, S.A., Ries, J., Lvovsky, A.I.: Quantum scissors: teleportation of
single-mode optical states by means of a nonlocal single photon. Preprint
at https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0208066v1 (2002)

[11] Beneke, M., Buchalla, G., Dunietz, I.: Mixing induced CP asymmetries
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Article Title 13

in inclusive B decays. Phys. Lett. B393, 132–142 (1997) arXiv:0707.3168

[gr-gc]

[12] Stahl, B.: DeepSIP: Deep Learning of Supernova Ia Parameters, 0.42,

Astrophysics Source Code Library (2020), ascl:2006.023