NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LECTURE ACTIVITY NO. 11 & 13
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS

Name: Santiago, Prancheska Abigayle P. Section: 12 Date Submitted: Nov. 12, 2020

I. INTRODUCTION

The blood is the fluid tissue that circulates within the cardiovascular system with the help
of the different blood vessels that include that veins, arteries, arterioles and venules.

II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.

GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
11.01A. State the functions of blood. Blood has many different functions, including:
1. transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues.
2. forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.
3. carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection.
4. bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which
filter and clean the blood.
5. regulating body temperature.
11.02A. List the components of blood. It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many different functions,
including: transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs
and tissues.
11.03A. Name the components of plasma Plasma contains about 90 percent water, with 10 percent
and give their functions. being made up of ions, proteins, dissolved gases, nutrient
molecules, and wastes. The proteins in plasma include the
antibody proteins, coagulation factors, and
the proteins albumin and fibrinogen which maintain serum
osmotic pressure.
11.04A. Describe the origin and Through the process of hemopoiesis, the formed elements of
production of the formed elements. blood are continually produced, replacing the relatively
short-lived erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Hemopoiesis begins in the red bone marrow, with
hemopoietic stem cells that differentiate into myeloid and
lymphoid lineages.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
11.04B. Describe the structure, function, The cell is flexible and assumes a bell shape as it passes
and life history of red blood cells. through extremely small blood vessels. It is covered with a
membrane composed of lipids and proteins, lacks a nucleus,
and contains hemoglobin—a red iron-rich protein that binds
oxygen. Red blood cells carry oxygen from our lungs to the
rest of our bodies. Then they make the return trip, taking
carbon dioxide back to our lungs to be exhaled. Human red
blood cells are produced through a process named
erythropoiesis, developing from committed stem cells to
mature red blood cells in about 7 days. When matured, in a
healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for
about 100 to 120 days (and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant).
11.04C. Compare the structures and 1. Monocytes. They have a longer lifespan than many white
functions of the five types of white blood blood cells and help to break down bacteria.
cells. 2. Lymphocytes. They create antibodies to fight against
bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful invaders.
3. Neutrophils. They kill and digest bacteria and fungi. They
are the most numerous type of white blood cell and your first
line of defense when infection strikes.
4. Basophils. These small cells seem to sound an alarm when
infectious agents invade your blood. They secrete chemicals
such as histamine, a marker of allergic disease, that help
control the body's immune response.
5. Eosinophils. They attack and kill parasites and cancer cells,
and help with allergic responses.
11.04D. Describe the origin and structure Platelets have no cell nucleus; they are fragments of
of platelets. cytoplasm that are derived from the megakaryocytes of the
bone marrow, which then enter the circulation. Circulating
unactivated platelets are biconvex discoid (lens-
shaped) structures, 2–3 µm in greatest diameter.
11.05A. Explain the formation and The platelet plug, also known as the
function of platelet plugs and blood clots. hemostatic plug or platelet thrombus, is an aggregation
of platelets formed during the earlier stage of hemostasis in
response to blood vessel wall injury. ... The result of
the platelet plug formation is the coagulation of blood. It can
also be referred to as primary hemostasis.
A platelet plug is formed, and the external bleeding stops.
Next, small molecules, called clotting factors, cause strands
of blood-borne materials, called fibrin, to stick together and
seal the inside of the wound. Eventually, the cut blood vessel
heals and the blood clot dissolves after a few days.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
11.05B. Describe the regulation of clot Clotting is regulated primarily through a process called
formation and how clots are removed. hemostasis, which requires an interaction between blood
vessels, platelets and specific plasma soluble proteins. By this
process, the body prevents unnecessary blood loss.
A primary hemostatic plug (clot) forms first. When there is a
wound, blood vessels constrict. Platelets (a type of cell in
blood) collect, bind to a substance called collagen, and form a
barrier, a primary hemostatic plug, which prevents further
blood loss. This is a temporary solution and not stable until
thin strands of fibrin attach to the plug and stabilize it,
forming a thrombus, or a secondary hemostatic plug. After
the wound has heals, the clot is broken down and removed
by enzymes in the body. If the interior lining of a blood vessel
is damaged and there is no blood loss, an abnormal condition
called thrombosis can occur. This is when a clot forms, which
can block blood flow in that particular blood vessel. This
presents a big problem if the clot is dislodged and ends up
somewhere it shouldn't be like the heart.
11.06A. Explain the basis of ABO and Rh In the ABO blood group system, there are two types of
incompatibilities. antigens that may appear on the surface of the red blood
cells, type A antigen and type B antigen.Type A blood has
type A antigens, type B blood has type B antigens, and type
AB blood has both types of antigens. Type O blood has
neither A nor B antigens. The types of antigens found on the
surface of the red blood cells are genetically determined.
Rh positive means you have Rh antigens 95 to 85% of the
population is Rh+Antibodies only develop if an Rh-person is
exposed to Rh+ blood by transfusion or from mother to fetus

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
11.07A. Describe diagnostic blood tests Lab tests and diagnostic procedures are tests used to check if
and the normal values for the tests, and a person's health is normal. For example,
give examples of disorders that produce a lab can test a sample of your blood, urine or body tissue to
see if something is wrong. A diagnostic test,
abnormal test values.
like blood pressure testing, can show if you have low or
high blood pressure.
Ammonia: 15-50 µmol/L.
Ceruloplasmin: 15-60 mg/dL.
Chloride: 95-105 mmol/L.
Copper: 70-150 µg/dL.
Creatinine: 0.8-1.3 mg/dL.
Blood urea nitrogen: 8-21 mg/dL.
Ferritin: 12-300 ng/mL (men), 12-150 ng/mL (women)
Glucose: 65-110 mg/dL.
Abnormalities in these parameters can alert laboratory
workers to the presence of abnormalities in the red blood
cells (which may then be further evaluated by examination
under a microscope).
Abnormal red blood cells may be fragmented or shaped like
teardrops, crescents (sickle-shaped), or a variety of other
forms. Knowing the specific shape and size of red blood cells
can help a doctor diagnose a particular cause of anemia. For
example, sickle-shaped cells are characteristic of sickle cell
disease, small cells containing insufficient amounts of
hemoglobin are likely due to iron deficiency anemia, and
large cells suggest anemia due to a deficiency of folate (folic
acid) or vitamin B12.
13.01A. List the functions of the The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and
circulatory system. hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon
dioxide. These roadways travel in one direction only, to keep
things going where they should.

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
13.02A. Describe the structure and 1. Arteries - The wall of an artery consists of three layers. The
function of arteries, capillaries, and veins. innermost layer, the tunica intima (also called tunica interna),
is simple squamous epithelium surrounded by a connective
tissue basement membrane with elastic fibers. The middle
layer, the tunica media, is primarily smooth muscle and is
usually the thickest layer. Arteries carry blood away from the
heart. Pulmonary arteries transport blood that has a low
oxygen content from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Systemic arteries transport oxygenated blood from the left
ventricle to the body tissues.
2. Capillaries - Capillaries are very thin, approximately 5
micrometers in diameter, and are composed of only two
layers of cells—an inner layer of endothelial cells and an
outer layer of epithelial cells. They are so small that red blood
cells need to flow through them single file. Capillaries, the
smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels, form the
connection between the vessels that carry blood away from
the heart (arteries) and the vessels that return blood to the
heart (veins). The primary function of capillaries is the
exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.
3. Veins - Structure of a vein, which consists of three main
layers. The outer layer is connective tissue, called tunica
adventitia or tunica externa; a middle layer of smooth muscle
called the tunica media, and the inner layer lined with
endothelial cells called the tunica intima. Veins are vessels of
the circulatory system that support circulation by conveying
blood to the heart. Blood flowing through the circulatory
system transports nutrients, oxygen, and water to cells
throughout the body.
13.03A. Describe the blood vessels of the Pulmonary circulation, system of blood vessels that forms a
pulmonary circulation. closed circuit between the heart and the lungs, as
distinguished from the systemic circulation between the heart
and all other body tissues.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
13.04A. List the major arteries that supply The largest artery in the body is the aorta and it is divided
each of the body areas and describe their into four parts: 1. Ascending aorta - Its ability to dilate and
functions. constrict, like all arteries, plays a major role in regulating
blood pressure throughout the cardiovascular system. The
ascending aorta provides a low-resistance pathway for blood
flow being ejected out of the left ventricle when it contracts
and squeezes blood through the aortic valve.
2. Aortic arch - The aortic arch is the segment of the aorta that
helps distribute blood to the head and upper extremities via
the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, and
the left subclavian artery. The aortic arch also plays a role in
blood pressure homeostasis via baroreceptors found within
the walls of the aortic arch.
3. Thoracic aorta - The thoracic aorta is the section of
the aorta that travels through the thoracic cavity to carry
blood to the head, neck, thorax and arms.
4. Abdominal aorta - It is a continuation of the thoracic aorta.
It begins at the diaphragm, and runs down to the point where
it ends (by splitting in two to form the common iliac arteries).
The abdominal aorta supplies oxygenated blood to all of the
abdominal and pelvic organs and the legs.
13.05A. List the major veins that carry 1. Superior vena cava - returns blood from head, neck, thorax,
blood from each of the body areas and and right upper limbs and empties into right atrium of heart
describe their functions. 2. Inferior vena cava - returns blood from abdomen, pelvis,
lower limbs and empties into right atrium of heart
13.06A. Explain how blood pressure and Blood pressure is the measure of force blood exerts against
resistance to flow change as blood flows blood vessel walls. In the arterial system,
through the blood vessels. as resistance increases, blood pressure increases
and flow decreases. In the venous system, constriction
increases blood pressure as it does in arteries; the
increasing pressure helps to return blood to the heart.
13.06B. Describe the exchange of material Blood moves very slowly through capillaries. As the blood
across a capillary wall. moves through a capillary, nutrients, oxygen, and food leave
the blood and enter the body cells.
Capillaries are exchange vessels. Gases (oxygen and carbon
dioxide), nutrients, and wastes pass in both directions across
capillary walls.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
13.07A. Explain how local control Local control achieved by relaxation and contraction of
mechanisms regulate blood flow. precapillary sphincters. Sphincters relax blood flow increases.
Precapillary sphincters controlled by metabolic needs of
tissues. Concentration of nutrients also control blood flow.
Blood flow increases when oxygen levels decrease
13.07B. Explain how nervous mechanisms 1. Vasomotor center - sympathetic division and controls
control blood flow. blood vessel diameter
2. Vasomotor tone - is the state of partial constriction of blood
vessels and increase causes blood vessels to constrict and
blood pressure to go up.
13.08A. Describe the short-term and long- Short-term regulation of blood pressure is controlled by the
term mechanisms that regulate arterial autonomic nervous system. Changes in blood pressure are
pressure. detected by baroreceptors. These are located in the arch of the
aorta and the carotid sinus. Increased arterial
pressure stretches the wall of the blood vessel, triggering the
baroreceptors.
Consistent and long-term control of blood pressure is
determined by the renin-angiotensin system. Along with
vessel morphology, blood viscosity is one of the key factors
influencing resistance and hence blood pressure. A key
modulator of blood viscosity is the renin-angiotensin system
(RAS) or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), a
hormone system that regulates blood pressure and water
balance.
13.09A. Describe the effects of aging on The walls of the arteries and arterioles become thicker, and
blood vessels. the space within the arteries expands slightly. Elastic tissue
within the walls of the arteries and arterioles is lost. Together,
these changes make the vessels stiffer and less resilient.

III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have
learned on this activity.

The cardiovascular system carries and delivers nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and other
important substance through our blood. That this help to meet the demands of our body.

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