ANALYTICAL REASONING 5" Edition 2020. ©Possible Education Pvt. Lid., Lucknow. All rights reserved. ‘This work is copyright protected under Indian and International Copyright Laws. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, transmitted in any form by any means, including photocopying and recording, without the written permission of the copyright holder, an application for which should be addressed to the author. Such written permission should be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature. The copyright extends to the particular arrangement, sequence, construction and language of information presented, this list being indicative and not exhaustive. tis asserted with regards to questions published by Universities, official and public works where acknowledged and statutory references. Exeept where specifically provided ‘ions and examples are works of fiction and do no bear any resemblance or reference to any -son living or dead. All disputes subject to Lucknow Jurisdiction only cp clat possible8 If the Question says, how many people are seated between A and D then the correct answer is either 2 or 4 or the correct answer is Cannot be Determined because the question does not specify the direction in which the counting has to be done. What if the Question asks about the number of people seated between H and D. In this case, we will not have 2 answers because the number of people seated between D and H is 3 when counted from either direction. From this we can definitely conclude that the number of positions between 2 diagonally opposite Positions will be the same on either side. Let us see how an information like this can be utilized. Example : There are a number of people seated in a circular arrangement such that the person at position number 9 is diagonally opposite the person at position number 21. Then how many people are seated in the arrangement? If we use the learning above, the number of people on either side of these 2 positions will be the same. There are 11 positions on either side and so the total 24 number of people will be 1141142 eo ‘ cp Ul Oo <Now, what if the question asks about the exact position of Santro or Indica? We will not be able to answer the question uniquely. Such a problem set where all values or information is not definitely determined is called as a Non- Deterministic Set. The answer to the above question will be cannot be determined which is a popular answer choice in reasoning. Important Note : This is a difference between answer choices “None of These” and “Cannot be Determined”. Answer choice “None of These” means there is a unique answer but it not amongst the choices provided while “Cannot be Determined” means the answer to the question asked cannot be uniquely determined. What if we add a 3" statement which says Indica is between the Zen and the Alto. Now using the additional data provided, we can definitely say that there will be a unique arrangement Santro Ritz Zen Indica Alto Such a set where all values are uniquely determined is called a Deterministic Set. Important Note : Sometimes, additional data is provided in the questions in certain sets like the one above. Students make the mistake of taking up the data to solve the entire set. Please remember, data provided in a question cannot be used for other questions until and unless it is clearly mentioned in the problem. Circular Arrangement: Unlike Linear arrangement wherein every position in unique by itself, in Circular arrangement questions all the positions are identical. Therefore, in Circular arrangement questions, the position of an individual depends on the neighbours to the left and right. Usually in such questions 6 or 8 people are arranged in a circle. Unless mentioned otherwise, we must try to take positions that are diagonally opposite so that the problem can be easily solved. Also, conditions given in Circular arrangement questions can be with reference to the right or left of people or with reference to Clockwise and Anti-Clockwise movement. There are few additional aspects that must be taken care in a Circular Question. ; ce © Cat Posie, Al iahts reserved, Unauthorized copying, ae, dstibtion or eeuation lat possible ‘of any ofthe contents of ths works a punishable offence unde the avs of ina. vwwwetatpensbie-com Ul O <7. Another word used for "before’ is preceed while another word used for ‘after’ is follows. 8. A, B and C are Doctor, Engineer and Lawyer not necessarily in order. We would come across such statements very frequently in Reasoning problems. What it indicates is that we are not sure about which person has which profession. It needs to be logically concluded and arrived at. But there are questions or part of questions in which we come across statements like A, B and C are Doctor, Engineer and Lawyer respectively which indicates that their professions are in the same order. Few points to remember before we start looking at the question sets. 1. Comprehension is an important part of all reasoning problems. Many a times students are not able to do a problem because of their inability to comprehend whatever is being said. 2. While attempting a Reasoning problem, please try to do your work neatly and in an organized manner. It will help you to get to the solution easily. 3. Information complied must be at a one place and not scattered. Example Set 1 : 5 Cars a Santro, a Zen, an Alto, an Indica and a Ritz were on display in a straight line facing you. Further information is as follows: 1. Ritz is 3" to the right of Alto but not at a extreme position 2. Zenis to the immediate left of Ritz. Let us look at the following example where only 2 statements have been provided as a part of the information. Let us mark the positions as 1 to 5. 1 2 3 4 5 From statement 1, it is clear that Alto can be either at Position 4 or position 5 because of the reason that Ritz is 3" to the right of Alto. Now if Alto is at position 4, then Ritz will be at Position 1 which in turn violates the first condition. Therefore, Alto is at position 5 and Ritz will be at position 2. From Statement 2, Zen will be at position 3. We are not sure about the exact positions of Santro and Indica. The final arrangement will be as follows: Santro/Indica Ritz Zen Santro/Indica Alto oe ; cp Ul Oo <Arrangement Based Problems : Concepts: There are few aspects to be learnt before we can start doing the reasoning problems on Arrangement. Let us try to understand them. 1. An arrangement problem can be Linear, Circular, Horizontal or any other (across a Rectangular Table etc). 2. In a Linear Arrangement problem, the items can be arranged either facing you or away from you. One can take either of the 2 cases but one must try to always follow a particular case for all problems depending on the convenience. Also, since we have to always face an arrangement while looking at the arrangement, it is better if one can look at the items in the arrangement facing you. 3. The Left and Right of an arrangement and an item within the arrangement is Opposite. Let us take an example to illustrate point no. 2 and 3. 4 boys Anil, Bipin, Chandra and Deepak are standing in a straight line facing you, the Reader of the text. If each one is represented by their names, the arrangement will look as under : Anil Bipin Chandra Deepak Let us now try to answer 2 questions. Ql : Which person is 3” from the left of the arrangement? When we are answering a question like the one above, we will always face the arrangement starting with Anil and therefore Chandra will be the 3 person counting from the left end of the arrangement. Q2 : Which person is to the immediate right of Chandra? Does Chandra’s right mean your right? Absolutely not because you are facing the arrangement and therefore, Chandra’s right will be the exact opposite of your right. The person to the immediate right of Chandra is hence Bipin. 4. Ais 2 places to the right of B means if we are facing the arrangement, it would be like A X B. This can also be written as A is 2” to the right of B. 5. There are 2 people between A and B will be shown as A X X Boras B X X A because in this case right or left is not specified. 6. In an arrangement, A is placed after B. This means A can have any position that is placed after B starting from the left. Many students by default take the statement as immediately after which is not true. : ce (© cistPossibe, lights reserved, Unauthorized copying sale, dstrbution ar ulation clat possible of any of the contents ofthis workis ¢ punishable offence under the laws of india wns elatpowsiie-comINDEX Arrangement Based Problems... 1 Linear Arrangement, Vertical, Circular and Others .. eecesecee 8 Arrangement Problems: Tabular or Grid Based... M1 Grouping or Condition Based... 14 Grouping or Condition based problems... 15 Blood Relations. 18 Blood Relations. 21 Blood Relations : Other Types of Problems : Exercise....s.ssssesssee 23 Coding Decoding. ..sssseeesusssseeesnnnsee eesunsanneeees seen 25; Coding Decoding Exercise ..... 28 Direction Sense... 31 Direction Sense : Exercise ....... : aman 33) Series Completion sn 35 Series Completion Exercise sussssseeens scsesianseeesnnsseeee 39 Miscellaneous ...... 41 Miscellaneous ...... 43 CLAT Questions .. 46 CLAT Questions Answers and Explanations. 51 Answers to Practice Exercise: . 53Linear Arrangement Exercise : Set 1 : A teacher had arranged for extra classes for his students in a particular week. 5 topics were to be taught on 5 different days of the week starting from Monday to Saturday with a Rest day in between. The topics were Logarithms, Set Theory, Percentages, Clocks and Calendar not in any particular order. Additional Information is as follows: 1. The Rest day will be either on Wednesday or Thursday 2. Percentages will be the 1* topic taught and will not be immediately followed by Set Theory. 3. Clocks and Calendar will have to be taught on consecutive days 4. Logarithms will be taught on Saturday. Q1 : When is the class on Set Theory scheduled? a. Wednesday b. Friday c. Tuesday d. Cannot be Determined Q2 : Which topic is scheduled on Wednesday? @. Clocks b. Set Theory _c. Calendar d. Cannot be Determined Q3 : If there is gap of exactly 1 day between the Rest day and the day Clocks topic is scheduled, then how many days gap is there between Calendar and Logarithms? a2 b.3 cit d. Cannot be Determined Q4 : Which among the following cannot be true about the rest day? a. Immediately after the Clocks class. b. 2 days before the last class. c. 1 day after the % class. d, None of These. QS : Taking all the conditions into consideration, how many different ways can the classes be scheduled? a b.2 «3 a4 eo ° cp ‘of any of the contents of ths works a punishable offence under thaws fia www etatpenible comSet 2: 5 friends P,Q,R,S and T are to be seated in a straight line for a photograph facing south. They are wearing T-Shirts of Maroon, Green, Yellow, Grey and Black not in any order. Further information is as under 1. The person wearing the Grey T-shirt is to the immediate left of the person who is 2" from the right end of the arrangement. Neither R nor S are at the extreme positions. T wears a Yellow T-shirt and does not have anyone sitting to his right. Qis wearing a Maroon T-Shirt. R sits in the middle and is not wearing a Black T-Shirt. yaen Q6 : What is the colour of the T-Shirt worn by R? a. Yellow b. Grey ¢. Green d. Maroon Q7 : Counting from the left end of the arrangement, which person is at the 2"° position? aQ bs cP d. Cannot be Determined Q8 : If the person wearing Maroon is adjacent to the person wearing Yellow, what is the colour worn by the person sitting at the 4" position from the left? a. Yellow b. Black ¢.Green —_d. Cannot be Determined Q9 : How many people are sitting between P and T? al b.2 a3 d. Cannot be Determined Q10 : Who is wearing the Grey coloured T-Shirt? a Q b.P as aR Set 3 : 5 people A,8,C,D and E participated in a race and got the top 5 positions not in any order. They were wearing Jersey numbers 3, 7, 12, 15 and 19 not in any order. Following additional information is available The person wearing Jersey number 12 finished at one of the top 2 positions. E came first and was not immediately followed by either B or C. D wearing the number 3 finished at the 5" position C finished before B who was wearing Jersey number 15. Person wearing Jersey number 7 finished later than at least 1 person yawn Q11 : At which position did B finish the race? a, 2 b.30 cae asm ° ce of any of the contents ofthis workis ¢ punishable offence under the laws of india wns elatpowsiie-com Ul Oo <Q12 : Who was wearing Jersey number 7? aA b.c ce d. Cannot be Determined Q13 : If Cis wearing Jersey number 7, what is the Jersey number worn by E? a. 12 b. 19 c. 15 4d. Cannot be Determined Q14 : If Ais wearing Jersey number 12, then who is wearing Jersey number 19? ae b.c cD d. Cannot be Determined QUIS : If all conditions are fulfilled, how many different arrangements are possible? a2 b.4 3 da .e ’ cp ‘of any of the contents ofthis works ¢ punishable offence under the laws finda oe ctateossibie com Ul O <Vertical, Circular and Others Exercise : Set 1: 5 people A,B,C,D and E are working in 3 departments in company ABC Ltd. Each person works in exactly 1 department out of Marketing, Finance or Operations. While 2 of them work in Marketing, 2 work in Finance and 1 person in Operations, Each person belongs to a different grade of Seniority from 1 to 5 with 1 being the highest and 5, the lowest, Further information is as follows: 1. Any 2 people with consecutive seniority levels cannot work in the same department, 2. Dis 4 levels of Seniority below A. 3. Bis one level of Seniority above C. 4, It is possible but not true for C and D to work in the same department. 5. While D works in Marketing, C does not work in operations. Q1 : In which Department does E work? a. Marketing b. Operations —_c. Finance_d. Cannot be Determined Q2 : Which is the pair of employees that work in the same department? a. AD b. GE © BE 4.8, Q3 : What is the Seniority Rank of €? a3 b.4 5 a2 Q4 : In which department does the person with Seniority Rank 2 work? a. Marketing b. Finance c. Operation d. Cannot be Determined QS : If another person was to be transferred from Finance or Marketing to Operations, in how many different ways can the person be selected? ad b.2 «3 44 Set 2 : 8 people of the BCCI governing council were seated around a circular table for their annual meeting. The members of the governing council were the President, the Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Member, Captain, Vice Captain and Coach of the team. Further information is as under : .e ‘ cp ‘of any of the contents ofthis works ¢ punishable offence under the laws finda oe ctateossibie com1, The Member was diagonally opposite the Vice Captain and 2" to the left of the President. 2. The Secretary was seated to the immediate left of the Member. 3. Neither the Captain nor the Coach was seated adjacent to the Vice Captain. 4. The Vice President was diagonally opposite the Coach. Q6 : Who was sitting diagonally opposite the President? a. Vice Captain b. Treasurer c. Captain d. Coach Q7 Taking into consideration all the conditions, how many different arrangements are possible? at b.2 «3 a4 Q8 : Counting in the anticlockwise direction, how many people are seated between the Secretary and the Vice Captain? a2 b.3 a4 d. Cannot be Determined Q9 : Which pair is not seated diagonally opposite each other? a. Member, Vice Captain _b. Secretary, Treasurer c. Coach, Vice President d, President, Treasurer. Q10 : Who is seated 3" to the right of the Captain? a. Coach b. President . Member d. Treasurer Set 3 : 4 couples the Anands, the Dhagarras, the Chaterjees and the Bishts were participating in an event where individual skills would be put to test to decide the winner. Arrangements had been made for each one to stay alone in rooms arranged equally along both sides of a corridor. Further information is as follows: 1, The rooms were marked 1 to 8 with Room numbers 1,3,5 and 7 on one side and Room numbers 2,4,6 and 8 on the other side, 2. No person will stay in a room directly opposite to one’s spouse. Also, no one will stay on the same side as the spouse. 3. While Mr.Chaterjee was in Room number 1, Mrs. Anand was in Room Number 6. 4. While Mr.Dhagarra is in Room Number 4, Mrs Bisht is in Room Number 3. Q11 : Who is the person in Room number 77 a. Mrs. Dhagarra —_b. Mr. Bisht c. Mr.Anand d. Mrs, Chaterjee oe 9 cp © Cla Possible, Alrigts reserved. Unauthorized copying, sale, dstribution or creslation lat possible of any ofthe contents ofthis workisa punishable oflence under the aus finda awwweistpossbie comSet 2 : 6 new ministers were being sworn in as a part of the government. The six ministers were PC, PM, MB, AKA, KS, and SBC and were being sworn in as The Ministers of Finance, Defence, Home, Civil Aviation, Telecom and Railways not in any order. Further conditions are as under: 1. The First person to be sworn in was the Defence Minister. 2, AKA and KS were sworn immediately after one another though not necessarily in the same order. 3. There were exactly 2 people sworn in between MB and SBC. 4, PC was sworn in last and got civil aviation. 5. The Minister for Finance was sworn in 3° and was immediately followed by the Railway Minister. 6. Neither SBC nor MB got the Defence Ministry. 7. AKA was sworn in as the Railway Minister and took oath after the Telecom Minister. Q6 : Who was the person to take oath as the Home Minister? a. MB b. PM . SBC d. Cannot be Determined Q7 : At which position did the Telecom Minister take oath? fas a b. 3% cam d.1* Q8 : Which person took oath as the Finance Minister? a. AKA b. MB KS d. Cannot be Determined Q9 : If there was a gap of exactly one between the Finance Minister and MB, then who among the following took oath as the Telecom Minister? a. PM b. SBC c. AKA, d. None of These Q10 ; If all the conditions are satisfied, how many different solutions are possible? al b.2 «3 a4 Set 3 : 5 children Jasmine, Krati, Leena, Mishtu and Nupur treated each other at different Outlets in the city to celebrate their results. The treats were at CCD, Mishtaan Bhandar, Guptaji, Bisht Snacks and Goverdhan not in any order. Each place specializes in exactly one of the items, Coffee, Lassi, Lime Juice, Shakes and Cold Drinks not in any order and is located at Balliwala, Chowk, Bus Stand, Sabzi Mandi and Nashvilla Road not in any order. Further conditions are as under: 1. Leena treated with Lassi but neither at Guptaji nor Goverdhan. . cP” (© clatPossibe,Alrights reserve Unauthored copying sale strbuton or culation clat possible ‘of any of the contents ofthis works ¢ punishable offence under the laws finda wow. clatpossible.comQ12 : Who is sitting directly opposite Mrs. Dhagarra? a. Mrs. Anand b. Mrs. Chaterjee c. Mr.Bisht d. Cannot be Determined Q13 : How many pairs exist in which 2 people of the opposite gender are sitting opposite each other? al b.2 «3 4.0 Q14 : Which is the room number occupied by Mr.Bisht? a. Room No. 8 b.RoomNo.5 c.RoomNo.2 d._ Cannot _—be Determined Q15 : Which of the following is definitely false regarding the position of Mrs. Chaterjee? a. To the immediate right of Mrs. Anand b. Directly opposite Mr.Anand c. 2" to the right of Mr.Bisht d. 2" to the right of Mr.Dhagarra. * cp’ Ul Oo <Bisht Snacks specializes in Shakes and is located at Balliwala. Nupur treated with Coffee at Nashvilla Road Neither Krati nor Mishtu treated with Lime Juice. The Outlet at Chowk is known for it’s Lassi CCD is located at Sabzi Mandi and is famous for Lime Juice. Mishtu gave the treat at Guptaji NOW aeN Q11 : Which outlet is located at Nashvilla Road? ‘a. Guptaji —b. Goverdhan—c, Bisht Snacks _—_d. Cannot be Determined Q12 : Which drink is Bus Stand famous for? a. Cold Drinks b. Lime Juice c. Coffee d. Shakes Q13 : Where is CCD located? a. NashvillaRoad —b. Sabzi Mandi__c. Chowk d. Balliwala Q14 : Which friend treated with Lime Juice? a. Krati b. Mishtu c. Leena d. Jasmine Q15 : Which is the outlet known for Lassi? a. Bisht Snacks b. cD c. Mishtaan Bhandar _—_d. Guptaji . cp” (© cistPossibe, lights reserved, Unauthorized copying sale, dstrbuton ar culation clat possible of any of the contents ofthis works @ punishable offence under the aws of ina aww eiatponsiie.comArrangement Problems: Tabular or Grid Based Exer Set 1 : 6 new players L,M,N,O,P and Q were selected to represent the Indian Cricket Team. Their skills were Fast Bowler, Opening Batsman, Wicket Keeper, Spinner, Middle Order Batsman and Medium Pace bowler. Each one belonged to fone of the states UP, MP, Gujarat, Delhi, Maharashtra and Bihar not necessarily in the same order. While the category bowlers includes all the 3 types, the category Batsman includes both the Batsmen. Further conditions are as follows Each State is represented by exactly 1 person P belongs to Maharashtra and is not a bowler. The Wicket Keeper is either O or M and belongs to either Delhi or Bihar. Qis the Fast Bowler from MP. The Opening Batsman and the Spinner are from Bihar and UP respectively. M does not belong to Delhi. While N belongs to Gujarat, L belongs to the category “bowlers”, 1: Who is the Opening Batsman? M bel cN d. Cannot be Determined 2ONOURUNE Q2 : The Medium Pace Bowler belongs to which State? a. Bihar b. Gujarat c. MP d. None of These Q3 : Which among the following States does not represent a Bowler? a. MP b. UP c. Gujarat d, Delhi Q4 : Who is the Spinner among all the 6 players? aM b.N eb d. Cannot be Determined Q5 : Which among the following combinations is not correct? a. P-Mah-Middle Order Batsman b, L-UP-Spinner . M-Gujarat-Medium Pace Bowler d. O-Delhi-Wicket keeper ° cP” © Cit Possible, Alrihts reserved, Unauthorized copying, sal, distribution ocrsiaton clat possible ‘of any of the contents of ths works a punishable offence under the laws of dia wow eiepessibie com “e Ul Oo < rns coGrouping or Condition based problems : Set 1: A chef is preparing sauces using 8 different ingredients-H,J,k,L,M,N,O and P. According to the recipes, the following requirements apply to the use of ingredients: 1. If Jis used, both K and P must be used M and N must always be used together. If K is used, at least 2 from H,],0 must also be used. K and N cannot be used together. M, O and P cannot all be used in the same dish. H, Land P cannot all be used in the same dish. ousuNn QI : Which of the following is an acceptable combination of ingredients for a sauce? a. HJ,K,O —b. HL,M,P c. LM,N,P dd. K,LM,0 Q2 : In a sauce in which J is used, what is the minimum number of additional ingredients that would meet recipe requirements? at b.2 3 a4 Q3 : Which ingredient must be omitted from the combination H,J,K,L,P to meet the recipe requirements? aH b.3 cK ak Q4 : Exactly how many of the 8 ingredients mentioned can be used as the only ingredient of a sauce? al b.2 3 a4 QS : Which of the following cannot be included in a sauce that contains M? aH b.L oN ad Set 2 : K,L,M,N,P,Q,R,S,U and W are the only 10 members in a department. There is a proposal to form a team from within the members of the department, subject to the following conditions: 1, A team must include exactly one from P, R, S. s ce © css: Atrans sere, nahored apn ay bono celton clat possible of any ofthe contents ofthis workisa punishable offence under the aus f india wwwwieietponsbie com‘A team must include either M or Q but not both. If a team includes K, then it must also include L and vice versa. If a team includes one from S,U,W, then it must also include the other two. Land N cannot be members of the same team. . Land U cannot be members of the same team. The size of a team is defined as the number of members in the team. ousen Q6 : Who cannot be a member of a team of size 3? al b.M oN dP Q7 : Who can be a member of a team of size 5? aK b.L cM d.P Q8 : What would be the size of the largest possible team? a8 b.7 6 4.5 Q9 : What could be the size of a team that includes K? a, 20r3 b.20r4 «30rd d. only 4 Q10 : In how many ways can a team be constituted so that the team includes Ne a. 6 b.3 4 4.5 Set 3 : A Farmer plants exactly 5 different vegetables i.e. Beans, Carrot, Karela, Peas and Spinach. Every year, exactly 3 kinds of vegetables are planted under the following conditions: 1. If Carrot is planted, he also plants Beans that year. 2. If he plants Karela one year, it is not planted next year. 3. In any year, the farmer plants not more than one of the vegetables planted in the previous year. QU1 : If the farmer plants Beans, Carrot, Peas one year, which of the following can be planted next year? a. Carrot, Karela, Peas b. Karela, Peas, Spinach ¢. Beans, Carrot and Spinach. d. Beans, Carrot and Karela. Q12 : Which of the following is @ possible sequence for the farmer to plant in bw suvcessive years? e cp (© clatPossibe,Alrights reserve Unauthored copying sale stributon or cclation clat possible ‘of any of the contents ofthis works ¢ punishable offence under the laws of india www ctatevssibie comBeans, Carrot, Karela ; Carrot, Peas, Spinach Beans, Carrot, Peas; Beans, Carrot, Spinach Beans, Peas, Spinach; Beans, Carrot, Karela Carrot, Peas, Spinach; Beans, Karela, Peas. Q13 : If the farmer plants Beans, Carrot and Peas in one year and Peas in the second year, which of the following must be planted in the second year? I. Beans HL. Carrot IL. Karela IV. Spinach a.TandI — b. [land Iv Mand II 4. I and IV Q14 : Which of the following is/are true? I. The farmer must plant each vegetable at least once in any two year period. IL. Every year after the first year, he must plant exactly one of the vegetables planted in the previous year. IIL. The farmer never plants the same vegetable in three successive years. a. Only T b. Only IT ¢. Only IIT d. Both I and IT Q15 : If the farmer plants Beans, Carrot and Karela in the first year, which of the following must be planted in the 3'° year? a. Beans, Carrot, Karela b. Beans, Carrot, Peas. c. Beans, Karela, Peas. d. Beans, Peas, Spinach. " cP’ © Cat Posie, Al rihts reserved, Unauthorized copying, sal, dtribtion a esation clat possible ‘of any ofthe contents of ths works a punishable offence under the aus of wuwelstponable-conBlood Relations : In Blood Relation problems, information is provided about people and their relations using which the reasoning has to be done. Blood relation problems can be categorized into few types which we will learn as a part of this topic but before doing so there are few concepts in Blood Relation problems that need to be understood Concepts: 1. A family tree is always drawn vertical with people in the same generation been shown at the same level. 2. In Blood relation problems, the gender of a person cannot be arrived at using the name, it has to be reasoned out. In the English language, Uncle could mean any of the following: Father's brother : elder or younger Mother's brother : elder or younger Father's sister’s husband : elder or younger Mother's sister's husband : elder or younger The same will be true for the relation aunt also, 4. The differentiating factor is that relations from the Father's side are called Paternal and relations from the Mother's side are called Maternal. Ex. Maternal Grandfather would mean Mother’s Father. 5. In Blood Relation problems, a couple would mean 2 people of the opposite gender married to each other. 6. Husband and Wife are called Spouse of each other. In the informal language, they are also called as better half. 7. Children of the same parents are called siblings. We need to understand that the word siblings can be used in different way: a. If someone says, "we are 3 siblings, it indicates that there are 3 children including the speaker.” b. If someone says, “I have 3 siblings, it means that the speaker has in all 3 brothers or sisters combined making a total of 4 children. 8. An unmarried man is called a Bachelor while an unmarried woman is called a Spinster. 9. A woman who has lost her husband is called @ widow while a man who has. lost his wife is called a widower. 18 ce’ © Cat Possible, Al ints reserved, Unauthorized copying, sale, dstribution or ceslation lat possible ‘of any ofthe contents of ths work a punishable offence under the laws of nia. pie atest10. All relations due to marriage to someone are called relations-in-law. For example Brother-in-law can mean someone's sister’s husband or for a man it could also mean wife’s brother. 11.While children of the same parents are called siblings as indicated in the details above, a child one of whose parents is a sibling of one of the parents of another child will be called as cousins of each other. 12, In Blood relation problems, it is important to understand the question from the reference point of view. As an example, let us say that A is the Father of B and the brother of C. Also, C is the Mother of D. Now let us look at the following questions: QI : How is C related to B? The answer would be Aunt because C is the Sister of B's Father A, Q2 : How is B related to C? Please understand that Question 2 is asking the relation of B with C and is therefore different from Question 1 above. Also, we do not know the gender of B and so B could be either the Nephew or Neice of C. The correct answer to Question 2 will be Cannot be Determined. Q3 : How is B related to D? Answer will be Cousin as the word Cousin does not require to specify the Gender. Types of Problems in Blood Relations: Type 1 : The first type of problem is in the form of a set of information that needs to be compiled and then the questions answered. This type will usually have 3 to 4 questions to be answered as per the given data, Type 2 : The 2” type of questions are those asked as stand alone ones about a person looking at a photograph of another person and expressing the relation between them in words. Example : Looking at the photograph of a boy a man said, "His Father’s Mother's only son is the Father-in-law of my wife”. How is the boy in the photograph related to the man. s ce © Gla Possble,Alrigts reserved, Unauthorized copying, sale, distribution o creation clat possible of any ofthe contents ofthis workis a punishable offence under the aus India wwwieletpossbie com Ul Oo <R Is the Mother of P Ris the sister of P. R is the Father of P. None of These Q8 : What does the relation P/Q+R-S mean? a, Sis the Father-in-law of P. b. Ris the brother-in-law of P. c. Sis the Mother of Q. d. P is the daughter-in-law of S. Q9 : How will we depict the relation Q is the sister-in-law of R? a. Q+P-R/S b. Q/PER-S c. QEPER/S d. None of These Q10 : How will the relation "A is the daughter-in-law of B" be depicted? a. A/C+D-B b. A¥C+D-B c. A-B+C-D d. None of These “* cp’ (© ciatPossibe,Alrights reserve. Unauthorted copying sale stributon or cclation clat possible ‘of any ofthe contents ofthis works ¢ punishable offence under the aws of india www ciatonsivieeBlood Rela’ e ns : Other Types of Problems : Exert QI : Pointing to the photograph of a lady, a man said, "She is the wife of the Father-in-Law of my wife”. How is the man’s son related to the lady in the photograph? a. Son b. Grandson c. Brother d. None of These Q2 : If Alok is the brother of the daughter of Reena’s son, then how is Alok related to the daughter of Reena’s Husband? ‘a, Nephew b. Son ¢. Grandson d. Cannot be Determined Q3 : Ais the Father of B's sister C. D is the daughter of B's wife and E is the son of C, How is D related to E? a. Sister b. Sibling, Cousin d. Cannot be Determined Q¢ : Pointing to a boy, a lady said to a man, “He is the brother of my daughter's sister and I am the sister of your daughter”. How is the man related to the boy's sister? a. Father b. Uncle c. Brother d. Grandfather Q5 : Aisha and Rahul are siblings. Mohan is the son-in-law of Aisha’s father and Shanti is the daughter of Rahul's sister, How is Shanti related to Aisha’s husband? a. Daughter b.Neice —c. Sister d. Cannot be Determined Q6 : Pointing to the photograph of a man, a man said to a boy, “His Father is the Grandfather of my sister and his sister is the wife of my Father”. How is the man in the photograph related to the other man’s sister? a, Grandfather b. Uncle, Father d. Cannot be Determined Directions for Questions 7-10: A+B means A is the Brother of B AxB means A is the Husband of B A-B means A is the daughter of B A/B means Ais the wife of B. Q7 : What does the relation P-QxR mean? . cp" (© ciatPossibe, Alright reserve Unauthoried copying sale strbuton or cculation clat possible of any ofthe contents ofthis works @ punishable offence under the aws of nda ww ciatevssibie comQ8 : Who could have said this to whom, “I am the sister of the husband of your Mother” 2 a. TtoS b. StoQ c. StoP d. StoT Q9 : How many female members are there in the family? a3 b.4 a5 d. Cannot be Determined Q10 : Which among the following is not a pair of siblings? a. QandR b, SandQ c. SandT d.SandR Set 3 : 8 people A,B,C,D,£,F,G and H are playing a game sitting across a circular table. There are 4 pairs of couples A-E, B-F, C-G and D-H among them, ‘Also, A and B are siblings and C and H are also siblings. Further information is as follows: 1. No person sits adjacent to @ spouse or sibling. 2. While A is sitting opposite to H, B is sitting opposite to D. 3. His 2° to the left of D. 4. Cis sitting to the immediate left of A Q11 : Who is the person sitting opposite to G? ac bF ce aH Q12 : Which of the following is true about the position of E? a, To the immediate right of H b. 2% to the left of G. ¢, 3 to the right of A. d. None of These Q13 : What is the maximum position separating a couple? at b.2 a3 d. Cannot be Determined Q14 : Which person is 3" to the left of A? a. F b.D ce 4.8 Q15 : Which among the following is definitely false about the position of 8? a. 2" to the right of A. b. 3" to the left of his spouse. c. To the immediate right of E. d. 3% to the right of C. 2 ce © Cat Possible, ll its reserved, Unauthorized copying, sal, distribution or ersiaton clat possible ‘of any of the contents of ths works a punishable offence under the laws ofa ww clotpossble corBlood Relations Exercise : Set 1 : There are 6 people A,B,C,D,E and F in a family. There are 2 married couples. Further information is as follows: 1. Ais the Grandson of D and the brother of F. 2. Cis the daughter-in-law of E. 3. Eis the Grandfather of F. Qt : How is D related to C? a. Mother b. Sister c, Mother-in-law _d. Cannot be Determined Q2 : How many male members are there in the family? a3 b.4 cS d. Cannot be Determined Q3 : Which among the following is a pair of siblings? a. AE ©. DE CAF d. None of These Q4 : How is F related to B? a. Son c. Daughter c. Nephew d. Cannot be Determined Q5 : If there is another member G who is the brother of D, how is B related to G? a. Nephew c. Niece c. Uncle d. Cannot be Determined Set 2 : In a family there are 6 people P,Q,R,S,T and U. The family consists of P, his married son, daughter-in-law, unmarried son, grand-daughter and unmarried daughter. Further information is as follows: 1. U's sister-in-law is unhappy with her but her brother-in-law Q supports her. 2. R has a good relationship with his Father. 3. T spends time playing with her aunt. Q6 : Who is the sister-in-law of S? aT b.U GR d. Cannot be Determined Q7 : How is T related to Q? a. Sister b. Neice c. Daughter d. None of These . cp" (© ciatPossibe, Alright reserve Unauthoried copying sale strbuton or cculation clat possible of any ofthe contents ofthis works @ punishable offence under the aws of nda ww ciatevssibie comIn such questions, the right strategy is to either start with reference to the person speaking on about whom the person is speaking. Both are used in answering the questions depending on the ease of using any one of them. In many questions, we also use the strategy of starting from either ends and then joining the data to get to the required answer. Let us try to attempt the given example. The boy's father’s mother’s only son is the boy’s father. The man says that the boy's father is the father-in-law of his wife ie the boy's father must also be his father. Now the tricky part. The answer to the question will depend on whether the man in question who is the speaker has any brother or not. If he does not have any brother, then the boy in the photograph is the man himself which can be possible or the boy in the photograph could be the man’s brother. The correct answer to the question using the given data will be cannot be determined. Type 3: The 3” type of questions are those where relations are expressed using Mathematical symbols for example A+B means A is the brother of 8, A-B means A is the Father of B and so on. Example : If A+B means A is the Father of B and BxC means B is the sister of C, then which among the following is definitely true? a. Cis the brother of 8. b. Cis the daughter of A. c. Ais the Father of C. d. None of These. In the question given, we do not know the gender of C and therefore both options (a) as well as option (b) cannot be said to be definitely true but irrespective of the gender, A has to be the Father of C. Correct answer is Option (c). We will look at all the all the 3 types in our exercise. . cP’ © Cit Possible, Al ight reserved, Unauthorized copying, sale, dsribtion oeresiaton clat possible ‘of any of the contents of ths works a punishable offence under the laws ef ia ww ciotpowsble ceCoding Decoding : In Coding Decoding problems, a word is given in a coded form. The student has to understand the basis of coding i.e. decode the given word and on the same basis do the coding for another given word. Coding Decoding problems can also be categorized into certain types and we will try to look at each one of them. Concepts and Types of Problems: Type 1 : A word is given in a coded form and another word is asked to be coded using the same basis. The basis of coding the original word can be further categorized. We would like to understand some of the popular techniques used for the basis of coding. a. The alphabets of the original word shifted by certain places in the series. Example If APPLE is coded as BQQMF, then how will MANGO be coded in the same language? We can see that the basis is shifting of each alphabet by 1. Therefore MANGO will be coded as NBOHP The basis need not be +1. It can be -1 as in the following example Example If APPLE is coded as ZOOKD, then how will MANGO be coded in the same language? MANGO will be coded as LZMFN as the basis of coding is -1. The Basis could also be an increment or decrement of +1 or -1 Example If APPLE is coded as BRSPJ, then how will MANGO be coded in the same language? The differences will be 0,1,2 and so on MANGO will be coded as NCQKT. In all of the examples above, the coding was being done in the forward direction. This may not always be true. Coding in a problem can be done in the reverse direction or a combination of forward and reverse direction. In both cases, examples of questions in the forward direction will be equally applicable. b. The alphabets of the original word used in a certain order as the basis of coding. Example If MANGO is coded as OGNAM, then APPLE will be coded as ELPPA. Example If MANGO is coded as AMNOG then APPLE will be coded as PAPEL. . cp’ Ul Oo <Notice that while the middle alphabet remains the same, the others are taken in pairs and exchanged. Example If MANGO is coded as OMGAN, then APPLE will be coded as EALPP. Example If DECIDE is coded as EDICED, then DIRECT will be coded as IDERTC. Example If DECIDE is coded as CEDEDI, then DIRECT will be coded as RIDTCE. In such examples, if the original word is 6 alphabets long, then invariably the word asked in the question is also of the same length. c. Examples where Reverse Equivalent of the alphabets are used ABCDEFGHIJKLM ZYXWVUTSRQPON The reverse alphabet for A is Z, that for B is Y and so on Example If USED is coded as FHVW then EQUAL will be coded as VJFZO d. Examples where the position of the alphabet is used For Example if TUBE is coded as 202125, then CYCLE is coded 3253125 ‘Type 2 : In this type of problems, a language is used in coded form. One has to understand the code and then answer the questions asked. This Category can be further divided into the following problems. a. If Red is called Blue, Blue is called Yellow, Yellow is called Violet, Violet is called Pink and Pink is called Brown in a certain language, then what will be the colour of the sky as per this language? These type of problems are easy to attempt using a little logic. We know that colour of the sky is actually Blue and in this language Blue is called Yellow. Therefore, the colour of the sky will be Yellow as per this language. The problem is the same even if the problem is worded as “If Red is Blue, Blue is Yellow and $0 Onn. b. Let us look at another example If Red means Blue, Blue means Yellow, Yellow means Violet, Violet means Pink and Pink means Brown in a certain language, then what will be the colour of sky as per this language? For many students, there is no difference between example a and b whereas they are actually 2 different questions. Our answer in the second example should be one that actually means Blue and therefore our answer will be Red. 26 ce © Cit Possible, Alrigts reserved, Unauthorized copying, sale, dstribution or eesltion clat possible ‘of any of the contents of ths work sa punishable offence under the laws of Inia wwwieietpossibie comPlease learn to differentiate between Types a and b. ¢. Let us look at a 3" example Ma La Ke means we are sad La Min Se means Sad is joy Min Kab Ma means joy we must Which word in the language means are ? If we compare statements 1 and 2", then La stands for sad. Similarly, if we compare statements 1* and 3%, then Ma means we and if we compare statements 2" and 3°, then Min means joy. Therefore, Ke in the language means are. ‘A question like the one above is also formed using digits instead of words as the basis of coding. Type 3 : In this type, an Input Output Machine rearranges a given group of words in a particular sequence based on logic. We need to understand the logic. being used and find the answers to the rearrangement of another given group of words. ‘Sometimes, numbers are used in these problems instead of words. For Example : Input : today go all we market will to Step 1 : go today all we market will to Step 2 ; go to today all we market will Step 3 : go to we today all market will Step 4 : go to we all today market will Step 5 : go to we all will today market Step 5'is the final step for this sentence. It is also called the Output. Can we identify the logic being used by the machine. It is arranging the words in increasing order of their length from left to right. Also, for words of the same length, it is arranging the words in the increasing order of their first alphabet. ” ce (© ciatPossibe,Alrights reserve. Unauthorted copying sale stributon or cclation clat possible ‘of any ofthe contents ofthis works ¢ punishable offence under the aws of india wun etetpossibie-eCoding Decoding Exercise : Qi : If ATTRACT is coded as UCFXFZY , then how will DENOTES be coded in the same language? a. TFHIYTV b. FTHIYTV cc. HTFIYTV d. TFIHYTV Q2 : If PRICE is coded as RPIEC in a certain language, then how will STAND be coded in the same language? a. ASTND b, TSAND c. TSADN d. STNDA Q3 : IF APPLE is coded as 11616125 in a certain language, then how will MANGO be coded in the same language? a, 13112715 b, 13114715 ¢, 13117215 d. None of These Q4 : If RETIRE is coded as TERERI in a certain language, then how will SUFFIX be coded in the same language? a. SUIXFF b. FUSXIF c. XIFFUS, d. None of These QS : If BEGIN is coded as ACDFFHHJMO in a certain language, then how will ALTER be coded in the same language? a. ZBKNSUDFQS —_b. ZBKNSTDFQS ¢. ZBKMSUDFQS d. None of These Q6 : If Bus is called Train, Train is called Ship, Ship is called Aeroplane, Aeroplane is called Cycle and Cycle is called Car in a certain language, then what can fly as per this language? a. Aeroplane b. Ship c. Cycle d. None of These Q7 : If Intelligent means Smart, Smart means talkative, talkative means Foolish and Foolish means Quick in a certain language, then what will a dumb person be called in this language? a. Talkative b. Foolish ©. Quick d. Cannot be Determined Q8 : If Red is Blue, Blue is Green, Green is Pink, Pink is Violet and Violet is Brown in a certain language, then what will be the colour of Grass as per this language? a. Green b. Blue c. Red d. Pink o 28 cp 1 catPosibte, Al ahs reserved, Unauthorized copying sale, dstibution or reation lat possible ‘of any of the contents of ths works a punishable offence under the laws ofa www.clatpossible.corDirections for Questions 9-11 : An Input-Output Machine converts a given Input into Output using a certain logic. You have to understand the logic and answer the questions that follow. Input : Deer and Panther form of the Zoo. Step 1 : and deer panther form of the zoo. Step 2 : and deer form panther of the zoo. Step 3 : and deer form of panther the zoo. Step 3 is the final output in this case. Q9 : In how many steps will the input “wind blows around from east to south” get converted into the output? a4 b.5 <6 4.7 10 : What will be the result obtained after the 2% step? a. around wind blows east from to south b. around blows wind east from to south c. around blows wind from east to south d. None of These Q11 : If the result after the 3” step is “against comfortably India won the match. Pakistan”, then what will be the Input? ‘a. won the match Pakistan against comfortably India b. won the match Pakistan comfortably against India won the comfortably match Pakistan against india . Cannot be Determined. Directions for Questions 12-15 ; In a certain language “kal tum hum” means “we are together”, “Hum ni tak” means “together to go” and “tak kal man” means “round we go". Q12 : Which word in the language means “are”? a. Kal b. tum chum d. Cannot be Determined Q13 : What does the word "man" in the language represent? a. we b. go . round d. Cannot be Determined 29 ce (© clstPossibeAleights reserve, Unauthorised copying sale, strbution or culation clat possible ‘of any ofthe contents of this works a punishable offence under the laws ofa ww elatoenible comSeries Completion Exercise : Directions for Questions 1-5 : Find the missing term in the Series Qt : 5,8,7,15,11,29,17,50,? a. 27 b. 55 c. 25 d. 52 Q2 : 6,19,77,2, 2317 a. 286 b. 387 ©. 721 d. 386 QB : 235,237,240,?,252,263 a. 247 b. 245 . 241 d. 244 Q4 : 5,9,18,34,?,95 a. 57 b. 61 59 4.55 QS : 7,26,?,124,215,342 a. 63 b. 64 ©. 62 4.61 .ctions for Qs 6-7: There is an alphanumeric series given below. Answer the questions on the basis of this series. A37B719C9DSDKLERES7S Q6 : How many letters are immediately preceeded and immediately followed by the same digit? ad b.2 63 4.0 Q7 : How many digits are immediately preceeded as well as immediately followed by the same letter? a0 b.1 2 4.3 Q8 2 3,F,?,AM,3,3 aN b.d cK dM Q9: MT.W,?,F,5,S aH b.L oN at QU0 : E,F,?,K,0,T a G br od dH e 39 cp © Clat Possible, Alrights reserved. Unauthorized copying, sale distribution o circulation clat possible of any ofthe contents ofthis workisa punishable oflence under the aus finda awwweistpossbie comQ7 : Town A is to the North of Town B which in turn is South-West to Town C. In which direction of Town C is Town A located? a. North-West b. South-West c. West —_d. Cannot be Determined Q8 : On a bright Sunny morning, 2 friends Vishal and Shashwat are standing facing each other. If the shadow of Vishal falls to his right, then which is the direction that Shashwat is facing? a. East b. West c. North, d. South Q9 : A boy starts from his house, walks straight for 10m, takes a left turn to walk 4 m, takes a right turn to walk 5m and finally takes a left turn walks for 3m and stops. How far is he from the starting point? a. 1226 b.v74 ©. 126 4. 1274 Q10 : Kartik walks out of the front of his house that faces the West direction, walks straight for 9m, takes a 135 degree turn in the anticlockwise direction, walks for 5m and then takes @ 45 degree turn in the clockwise direction and stops. In which direction is he walking? a. South b. South-West —_c. West d. None of These * ce (© Cla Posie, Al iets reserved, Unauthorized copying sale, dstribution a craton clat possible www.clatpossible.con of any ofthe contents ofthis works punishable offence under the aws of ndaDirection Sense : Exercise Qi: A man starts from his house facing the East direction, walks straight for 7 m, takes a left turn to walk 5m, takes a right turn to walk 5 m and stops. How far is from the starting point? a. 12m b. 14m 21m 4. 13m Q2 : Rohit’s house faces the West direction. He goes out from the back door of his house, walks for 8m, takes a right turn to walk 10 m, takes another right turn to walk 10 m and stops. In which direction is he with respect to the starting point? a. South b. South-West —_c. West d. South-East Q3 : A man is standing facing the South-East direction. He takes 145 turns each of 45 degrees in the clockwise direction and finally a 90 degree turn in the anti- clockwise direction. Which direction is he facing now? a. East b. South-East cc. South-West —d, West Q4 : Mohan and Ram are standing 5 m apart facing the East direction with Mohan to the right of Ram. They both walk straight for 7m. Mohan takes a right turn walks for 5m, takes another right, walks for 7m and stops. Ram takes a left turn walks for 7m, takes a right turn walks for 5m and stops. What is the distance between them? a. 24m b, 12\2m 20m d, None of these QS : Sunita starts from her house and takes a right, left and right turn to reach School. If she comes from her school to her house along the same path, what will be the order of turns required? a. Left Right,Right b. Right,Left,Right ¢. Left,Right,Left d. None of These Q6 : Amit starts from his School facing the West direction, walks straight for 8m and then takes a 45 degree turn to his left, walks for Sm and stops. In which direction is he walking? a. South-West b. South —_¢, South-East ~—_d, None of These : cP’ www.clatpossibie.cor ‘of any of the contents of ths works a punishable offence under the aus of diAlphanumeric Series: These include a combination of alphabets, numbers and symbols. Questions can be asked individually or as part of a group question. Example 1 : Find the missing term. 1K1,1M3,1Q7,1S9 The position of each alphabet is K:11, M:13, Q:17, S:19 We can see that the numbers on the side of the letter when taken together, represent the position of the letter in the alphabet. Also, the numbers are consecutive prime numbers starting from 11, Hence, the next term should correspond to the next prime number ie 23. The letter at the 23" position of the alphabet is W and therefore the next term should be 2W3. 38 ce © Cit Possible, Alrigts reserved, Unauthorized copying, sale, dstribution or eesltion clat possible of any ofthe contents ofthis works a punishable oflence under the aus ef nda woww.clatpossibie.comc. Alternating Series : An alternating series is a combination of two or more series, Each series can have different patterns applied to it and then combined to form a series. In a combination of 2 or more series, alternate terms follow the same pattern Example 1 : 3,4,7,9,11,14,15,? As it can be observed, there are 2 different series, one with a constant difference of 4 (terms being 3,7,11 and 15) and the other with a constant difference of 5(4,9,14.... The answer therefore will be the next term of the 2° series mentioned ie 19. d. Miscellaneous : These can involve a combination of patterns or series and cannot be directly classified. Example 1 : 10,103,18,187,? a. 979 b. 26 29 4.251 The difference of consecutive terms does not form a logical series, Let us look at the sum of the digits of each term. 10=140=1 103=1+043=4 18=14+8=9 187=1+847=16 Thus, the sum of digits of each term is the square of consecutive natural numbers, Hence, the next term of the series should be such that the sum of it’s digits is 52 ie 25. Therefore, 979 is the correct answer choice. Letter Series : A Letter series generally uses the position of a letter in the alphabet or some other property of letters such as vowels/consonants etc. In questions on letters, one should replace the letter by it’s corresponding Position in the alphabet thereby making the pattern simpler to understand. Like number series, a letter series can also have alternating patterns. Example 1 : Find the next 2 terms of the series L,M,O,N,R,O..... The position of the alphabets is 12,13,15,14,18,15 We observe that there are 2 alternating series ie 12,15,18..... and 13,14,15... Hence the next 2 terms in the series should have positions 21 and 16 respectively. The next 2 terms should be U and P respectively. ” ce © Cat Posi, ll iahts reserved, Unauthorized coping, sae dstibtion or culation lat possible ‘of any ofthe contents of ths works a punishable offence unde the laws of ina. wawemtpssinveconNorth West East South If he walks for 10 m along the north direction and then takes a right turn, he would be walking along the East direction for 5 m. Now if he again takes a right turn, he will be moving along the South direction Q2 : In which direction is he with respect to the starting point? Many students do not differentiate between Qi and Q2 and thereby end up making mistakes. The 2° question is different from the first because in the 2°! question, we have to find the final position with reference to the starting point. The answer to the 2" question will be South-East. Q3 : How far is he from the starting point? To answer the above question, we will be invariably using the properties of right angle triangle. As per the question, his position with reference to the starting point is as follows We need to calculate the distance shown above. Required answer is ¥ 25+4 29 m 2 ce © Cit Posie, Allrihts reserved, Unauthorized copying, sal, distribution ocrsiaton clat possible www.clatpossibie.co ‘of any of the contents of hs works a punishable offence under the laws of dia14 : What will be the meaning of "man kal ni” in this language? a, Round we to b. Go we to c. Round we together d. Round we are Q15 ; Which word in the language means "go"? a. man b. kal c. tak d. ni . cP’ © Cit Possible, All rihts reserved, Unauthorized copying, sal, distribution ocrsation clat possible ‘of any of the contents of ths works a punishable offence under the aus of di won eatpensble cotDirection Sense: Direction sense problems are another category of the problems asked. The ability of the students to understand directions is tested in these type of problems. Before we start looking at the examples or the exercise we need to understand certain parts of the concepts and the types of problems that are usually asked in this category. Concepts and Types of Problems : 1. Directions on @ board or on paper are universal and can be shown as per convenience. The only point to remember is whichever direction is taken as East, West will be directly behind, North to the left hand side while facing East and South to the right hand side. If this convention is followed, taking East in whichever way, the other would automatically get decided 2. Another point to know is Clockwise and Anticlockwise. Clockwise will always be as per the movement of the Clock while Anticlockwise is the exact opposite of the ways the hands of a clock move. Many a times left and right will be used instead of Clockwise and Anticlockwise, 3. Rotation or turn by a particular angle is also an aspect that needs to be known. Generally, students are comfortable while dealing with turn of 90 degrees or it’s multiples but make mistakes when the angle is 45 degrees or 135 degrees. Understanding the above is simple. Let us take an example of a turn of 135 degrees. When a turn of 135 degrees is to be effected, it can be taken as 90 degrees and a further 45 degrees. Similarly, if a turn of 45 degrees is to be effected, it can be seen as half of a 90 degree turn Types of Problems : There are 3 different types of problems that are asked as a part of Direction based Questions. Let us look at all of them through an example Example : A man started from his house facing the North direction, Walked straight for 10 m , took a right turn walked for 5 m took another turn to walk for 12 m and then stopped. QL: In which direction is he walking? Let us first depict the directions the way we would use in the problem. » ce © Cit Possible, ligt reserves, Unauthorized copying, sale, dstribution or ereslaton clat possible ‘of any ofthe contents of ths work a punishable offence under the laws of na Won aintpeetioe coinThe above series can also be seen as 1,(1+2),(1+2+3),(1+2+3+4) and so on which again tells us that there could be multiple logic used to form the same series. b. Based on Product : A product based series is one where the pattern is identified by a process of multiplication or division. Common patterns used in these problems are powers, factorials and multiples. A feature of such problems is that the value of consecutive terms increases/decreases quite sharply. However, first level substraction may often help in identifying the underlying pattern. The series based on product can be further classified into the following types: 1. Product : The series may be based on simple application of factors or multiples, Example 1 : 6,15,35,77,? The 1" term is 2x3, the 2 term is 3x5, the 3" term is 5x7 and the 4" term is 7x11 ie the series is the product of consecutive prime numbers. The next term will be 11x13 = 143 Example 2 : 6,3,3,4.5,9,? The 2” term can be written as 1® term x 0.5, the 3° term can be written as 2 term x 1, the 4" term can be written as 3” term x 1.5 and so on. Required value will be 9x2.5 = 22.5 2. Power : In power based problems, the increase in the value of consecutive terms will be higher as compared to pure product based problems. Example 1 : 2,6,30,260,? The given series can be written as (17141), (2°2+2), (3°3+3), (4°4+4) Required answer will be 5°5+5 = 3130 3. Factorial : The values of the factorial of the first few natural numbers is used as the basis for this series. Example 1 : 1,2,4,9,28, ? The given series can be written as 0!+0, 1!1+1, 2142, 3!+3, 41+4 The answer therefore will be 5!+5 = 12045 = 125 36 ce © Cla Possible, Al rigts reserved, Unauthorized copying, sale, dstribution or crulation clat possible of any ofthe contents ofthis works a punishable offence under the laws of India wwwictatpossibie-comSeries Completion: Series and analogies are designed to measure a student's ability to find logical patterns, which may be based on simple mathematical and logical rules and properties. Number Series : A Sequence of numbers is given, where one needs to identify the pattern between the numbers. This pattern needs to be applied in the series to find out the missing number. There can be infinite ways to create a series, but all the numbers within a series should have the same relationship between them, Due to the various patterns that can be used to create a number series, this can often be a difficult and time consuming question type. To solve problems on number series, one should be familiar with the basics of numbers ie multiplication tables, squares, cubes, powers, factorials etc. a. Based on Difference This is the most basic and common form of series. It is based on the difference between consecutive terms of the series which can be either constant or based on a Mathematical pattern of it’s own. If the numbers obtained after the first level of substraction do not show any pattern among them, take the difference of these numbers. The numbers obtained after second level of substraction may now show a pattern. Continue this process till a pattern is observed. Ocassionally, the difference between the terms may be based on special numbers such as prime numbers, factorials, powers or roots. Example 1: 336,305,268,227,184,? The difference between the 1* and 2" term is 336-305=31 The difference between the 2" and 3” term is 305-268-37 The difference between the 3° and 4" term is 268-227=41 The difference between the 4" and 5" term is 227-184 = 43 The difference between any 2 consecutive terms are all consecutive prime numbers. Therefore the 6" term must be 184-47=137 Example 2 : 1,3,6,10,15,? The difference between consecutive terms is 2,3,4,5 and therefore, the 6” term . cp’QUI: BCS, E5, GK18, M13,? a. QS36 b.UV43c. TU42 sd. QUT Q412 : P3:36::TN:? a. 25 b. 49 c. 36 4. 64 QU3 | AD: WZ::FI: ? a. RU b. RT c.TU 4.su Q14 : JpUi:IRWK::FoTQ:? a. hivs b.hlvT — c.hlvS ——_d. None of These QU5 : 343: 56: : 512 a. 72 b. 66 c.7t d. 68 40 ce’ © Cat Posie, Al its reserved, Unauthorized copying, sale, dstribution or eresation clat possible ‘of any of the contents of ths work sa punishable offence under the laws of ia wwweletponsibie comMiscellaneous : Concepts : The 3 important topics that need to be discussed under Miscellaneous will be Set Theory, Cubes and Dice. Set Theory : Under Set Theory, we need to understand a lot of concepts related to sets but most of it will be covered in the Quantitative Ability part of aptitude. We will concentrate on those aspects of Set Theory that will help us in Reasoning. 1. The Number of distinct elements of a set is called the Cardinal Number of the Set denoted by n. 2. If the Cardinal number of a Set is n, the number of Subsets of the Set is 2*n. Out of the total Subsets, one will be an improper Subset and the remaining (2°n-1) subsets will be proper. 3. If AnB is a Null Set, then A and B are called Disjoint Sets. 4. For 2 given sets A and B, n(AuB) = n(A) + n(B) if A and B are disjoint sets. Otherwise, if A and B are not disjoint, n(AUB) = n(A) + n(B) ~ n(AnB) 1. For 3 sets A,B and C A(AUBUC) = n(A) +n(B) +n(C)-n(ANB)-n(BC)-n(CnA)+n(ANBNC) Cubes : In this type of Questions, a Cube is taken and is painted on all the faces either with the same colour or with different colours. The Cube is then cut. into smaller cubes and the question asked is about the number of cubes with 3 sides painted, 2 sides painted, 1 side painted, no side painted and so on. We will first try to understand a general solution to the problem asked. Example : A Cube of side 5 cms is taken and is painted Red on all it’s faces. It is now cut into 125 smaller Cubes of side 1 cm each. “ ce © Cat Posie, Al its reserved, Unauthorized copying, sale, dstribution or eresation clat possible www.clatpossible.com ‘of any of the contents of ths work sa punishable offence under the laws of ia