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    Different Thermodynamic Process and 1 Law Application in It: - V) NR (T - T) (T - T)

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    priyam das
    The document discusses different thermodynamic processes and the first law of thermodynamics application to each process. It describes: 1) Four main processes - isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic - and their characteristic properties like constant volume, pressure, temperature, or no heat exchange. 2) The equations relating work, heat, internal energy, and temperature changes for each process. 3) How pressure-volume curves differ for each process, like straight lines parallel to an axis or hyperbolic curves. 4) Requirements for a process to be isothermal or adiabatic, like conducting/insulated walls and slow/fast changes.

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    Different Thermodynamic Process and 1 Law Application in It: - V) NR (T - T) (T - T)

    Uploaded by

    priyam das
    53 views5 pages
    The document discusses different thermodynamic processes and the first law of thermodynamics application to each process. It describes: 1) Four main processes - isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic - and their characteristic properties like constant volume, pressure, temperature, or no heat exchange. 2) The equations relating work, heat, internal energy, and temperature changes for each process. 3) How pressure-volume curves differ for each process, like straight lines parallel to an axis or hyperbolic curves. 4) Requirements for a process to be isothermal or adiabatic, like conducting/insulated walls and slow/fast changes.

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    Isothermal&Adiabatic

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    The document discusses different thermodynamic processes and the first law of thermodynamics application to each process. It describes: 1) Four main processes - isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic - and their characteristic properties like constant volume, pressure, temperature, or no heat exchange. 2) The equations relating work, heat, internal energy, and temperature changes for each process. 3) How pressure-volume curves differ for each process, like straight lines parallel to an axis or hyperbolic curves. 4) Requirements for a process to be isothermal or adiabatic, like conducting/insulated walls and slow/fast changes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views5 pages

    Different Thermodynamic Process and 1 Law Application in It: - V) NR (T - T) (T - T)

    Uploaded by

    priyam das
    The document discusses different thermodynamic processes and the first law of thermodynamics application to each process. It describes: 1) Four main processes - isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic - and their characteristic properties like constant volume, pressure, temperature, or no heat exchange. 2) The equations relating work, heat, internal energy, and temperature changes for each process. 3) How pressure-volume curves differ for each process, like straight lines parallel to an axis or hyperbolic curves. 4) Requirements for a process to be isothermal or adiabatic, like conducting/insulated walls and slow/fast changes.

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    Different thermodynamic process and 1st law application in it

     Isochoric process -> Volume remains constant


     dW = 0 => dQ = dU;
     P/T is constant
     P-V curve is a straight line parallel to pressure axis
     Isobaric Process -> Pressure remains constant
     V/T is constant
     W = P(Vf – Vi) = nR(T f – Ti)
     dU = nCv(Tf – Ti)
     Heat supplied dQ = nCp(Tf – Ti)
     P-V curve is a straight line parallel to volume axis
     Isothermal Process -> Temperature constant.
     Molar specific heat is infinite as dT = 0
     dU = 0 for ideal gas
     PV = constant here so P-V curve is hyperbolic
     Slope of P-V curve is dP/dV = –P/V and Bulk modulus of a gas K = P
     W = nRTln(Vf/Vi) = nRTln(Pi/Pf)
     In practice the process is carried out by using diathermic walls and
    changing the state of the system very slowly, i.e a quasistatic process.
     Adiabatic Process -> no heat exchange takes place between the system and
    the surroundings
     As dQ = 0 => molar specific heat for adiabatic process is zero
     W = (1/( - 1))[PiVi – PfVf] = (nR/(-1))[T i – Tf];  = Cp/Cv
     From 1st law as dU = - dW i.e work done by the system leads to decrease
    in internal energy => adiabatic expansion of a gas leads to cooling
     Here PV = constant => TV(-1) = constant => P(1-)T = constant
     Slope of a adiabatic curve = - (P/V) => slope of adiabatic =  x slope of
    isothermal i.e adiabatic curve is steeper.
     Bulk modulus K = P.
     The process is carried out by using adiabatic walls and by changing the
    state of the system rapidly or fast.
     Adiabatic process is fastest of all four processes.
     Polytropic Process -> Any process which is none of the above standard four
    processes.
     General equation is PVx = constant; x 0,1,.
     W = nR(T f – Ti)/(1 – x) = (PfVf – PiVi)/ (1-x)
     Cyclic Process -> System returns to its initial state after a series of operation.
     dU = 0 => dQ = dW
     Efficiency of the cycle is given by  = (Work done/Heat supplied)
     Work done by the cycle is calculated as area enclosed by the cycle in a P-
    V curve.
     If cycle is clockwise then W is +ve (i.e by the system) and if
    anticlockwise then W is –ve.

    Isothermal and Adiabatic Process

    For a process to be Isothermal, the requirements are

     The walls of the enclosed cylinder should be perfectly conducting (diathermic


    walls)
     The process must be slow
     The equation of state is PV = RT = const as T is constant

    To calculate the work done for n mole of ideal gas undergoing expansion/contraction, as
    W = PdV from initial volume Vi to final volume Vf => W = (nRT/V)dV = nRTdV/V
    => W = nRTln(Vf/Vi) = nRTln(Pi/Pf) [since PiVi = PfVf]

    When a process is Adiabatic then the requirements are

     The walls of the enclosed cylinder should be perfectly insulated (thermally


    isolated)
     The process must be quick/fast
     The equation of state is PV = const (=k say), where  = Cp/Cv

    Work done for n mole of ideal gas in this case is W = PdV = (k/V)dV = kV-dV
    = kV-+1/(1-) = ]k/(-1)][Vi1- – Vf1-]

    As k = PiVi = PfVf, so replacing k we get


    W = (1/( - 1))[PiVi – PfVf] = (nR/(-1))[T i – T f] as PV = nRT

     Also as PV = constant and PV = nRT, so elminating P from above two we get
    TV-1 = const and eleminating V we get P1- .T = const

    Adiabatic curve in P-V diagram is steeper than Isothermal Curve

    For Isothermal process PV = const => P.1 + V.dP/dV = 0 => dP/dV = -P/V …(i)  the
    slope of isothermal process

    For adiabatic process PV = const => P.V-1 + V.dP/dV = 0 => dP/dV = -(P/V)…(ii)
     the slope of adiabatic curve

    So from eqn (i) and (ii) we get (dP/dV)adi = (dP/dV)iso => slope of adiabatic curve is 
    times steeper than isothermal curve as >1 always.
     General Results for different Processes:
     For same initial to final volume expansion Wisobaric>Wisothermal>Wadiabatic
     For same volume compression, work done order is in reverse order as
    above
     Two isothermal curve for given mass never intersect each other
     For a given mass, isothermal and adiabatic curve can intersect each
    other.
     Bulk Modulus K = - dP/(dV/V) = - VdP/dV
    ¤ For Isochoric process dV = 0 => K-> 
    ¤ For Isobaric process dP = 0 => K = 0
    ¤ For Isothermal process as dP/dV = -P/V => K = P
    ¤ For Adiabatic process dP/dV = - P/V => K = P

    Molar Specific Heat Capacity:

     General relation Cp – Cv = R; Cp/Cv = 


     At constant volume -> Cv = R/( - 1)
     Cp = R/( - 1)
     For a mixture of x number of gases
    ¤ Cp = (n1Cp1 + n2Cp2 + n3Cp3 +…..nxCpx)/(n1 +n2 +n3 + …. +nx)
    ¤ Cv = (n1Cv1 + n2Cv2 + n3Cv3 +…..nxCvx)/(n1 +n2 +n3 + …. +nx)
    ¤ n1, n2, n3, …. Are number of moles in each gas of above
     Adiabatic coefficient () for a mixture is
     = (n1Cp1 + n2Cp2 + n3Cp3 +…..nxCpx)/( n1Cv1 + n2Cv2 + n3Cv3 +…..nxCvx)

    Degree of Freedom (f)

     Represents the number of independent possible ways in which the system can
    have energy (due to motion or configuration)
     A system can posses energy due to translational, rotational or vibrational motion
    or configuration or any combination of these.
     For an ideal monoatomic gas, f = 3 due to translational motion in three direction.
     For an ideal diatomic gas f = 5 due to three translational and two rotational
    kinetic energies.
     For ideal polyatomic gas f = 6.
     Cp = (f+2)R/2 and Cv = fR/2 => Cp and Cv values can be obtained depending on
    atomicity of the gas.

    f=2/(-1);  = 5/3 for monoatomic gas and  = 7/5 for diatomic.

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