Reading and Writing

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Reading and

Writing
Let’s recall
Explicit and Implicit
Claims in a Text
Simple Reading Critical Reading

It gives the basic definition of a text. After recognizing what a text says, it reflects on what the text does
by making a judgement.

Its central idea is the message being Its certain goal is to recognize the author’s purpose in writing the
imparted. material, understand the tone and persuasive elements in it, and to
recognize bias in the text.

It recognizes what a text says. It recognizes what a text says, reflects on what the text does, and
infers on what the text means.

The reader absorbs and understands The reader actively recognizes and analyzes evidence in the text.
Explicit and Implicit
EXPLICIT and IMPLICIT come from the Latin words,
explicitus and implicitus, which means “to unfold’
and “to entwine”, respectively. In any material, one
can encounter information that appears clear, and
there would be times when the information is just
subtly hinted. In a text, if the ideas are obvious and
apparent, it is called as explicit. Those that are not
easy to identify because of their nuances are
called implicit.
FACT vs. OPINION
Facts and Opinions are kinds of Statement. A fact is
a statement about the real world reinforced by
reliable evidence. Opinion, on the other hand, is a
statement expressing one’s feelings or personal
judgement.
Facts have always been compared to a rock for it is
firm and solid. Some facts may be explicit while
others are implicit that it requires further research.
Kinds of Facts

Empirical Facts

Analytical Facts

Evaluative Facts

Metaphysics Facts
Empirical Facts

In science, these facts can be proven by observation. This type


of facts can be found in encyclopedias and trusted internet
sites. Scientists and theorists have worked hard on finding and
developing facts to further people’s knowledge.

● The Philippine is composed of three major islands, namely


Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
Analytical Facts

Makes use of various operations in mathematics to prove a


statement. With the use of formula, number, and statistics,
discoveries are made.

● Makes use of various operations in mathematics to prove


a statement. With the use of formula, number, and
statistics, discoveries are made.
Evaluative Facts

These are supported by laws, local and international, and


ideally give order.

● The issue on the ownership of Spratly Island shows rightful


ownership of the Philippines due to the 200-mile territorial
law.
Metaphysics Facts

Verified by revelatory evidence or self-evidence. These facts


are assumed to be true without external evidence.

● The claim that all men are equal is verified self-evidence.


We could make endless empirical observations without
finding even two people who are precisely equal in size,
beauty, strength, intelligence, or wisdom.
CLAIMS
As per definition, claims is to say something that is
true when other people say it is not true; to say that
you have something to say; to say that something
belongs to you or that you deserve something.
For a writer, a claim is a statement that he/she
wants the reader to accept. Any claim, whether
implicit or explicit, should have the evidence to
support it. It may come from a data, witnesses, facts
or the presence of an expert.
Kinds of Claims

Claim of Fact

Claim of Policy

Claim of Value
Claim of Fact

This kind of claim can be proven by steadfast information or


data. Words like generally, usually, and as a rule, signal the
claim of fact. Claims of fact are inferred from a reliable source
of information, so it usually apparent in the statement of claim.

● You could be called Filipino even if you’re not born in the


Philippines.
● Social distancing is important during the coronavirus
pandemic.
Claim of Policy
This kind of claim depends on an existing policy, rule, or law. Laws
are here because they are made for the good of man. Claims of
policy typically provide a solution or another series of questions in
response to the claims of fact. In this kind of claim, a fact is
presented by someone, which can be either accepted or
rejected, depending on the other party’s position in the case.

● Just as smoking ads have been banned in order to


decrease the urge to engage in an unhealthy behavior,
soda ads should be banned for the same reason.
Claim of Value
This is based on personal taste or practices and morality. Do we
agree or disagree on a particular truths around us? Claims of
value can either approve or disapprove an idea. At times, the
desirability or non-desirability of a truth is stated in the claim. This
claim is related to the idea of beauty and morality, and involves
judgement, appraisal, and evaluation.

● Hamburger is the best burger in town.

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