CMTB TEST 2 2014 - Memo

Department of Chemical Engineering Technology
Unit Operations 1: CMTB321
PROGRAM NATIONAL DIPLOMA

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY IIIB
CODE CMTB321
DATE TEST 2
17 September 2014
DURATION 2 HRS (PAPER) 1400 -1600
TOTAL MARKS 83
EXAMINERS PROF. E MUZENDA and PROF. F. NTULI
NUMBER OF PAGES 4
INSTRUCTIONS NON-PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS

PERMITTED (ONLY ONE PER CANDIDATE)
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS.
Question 1
A packed tower is to be designed to remove 95% of the ammonia from a gaseous mixture
of 8 percent ammonia and 92% air, by volume. The flow rate of the gas mixture entering
the tower at 20oC and 1 atm is 80 kg-moles/hr. Water containing no ammonia is to be the
solvent, and 1-in. ceramic raschig rings will be used as the packing. The tower is to be
operated with a liquid water flow rate of 30% greater than the minimum rate. The
equilibrium data in terms of mole ratios is given below:
X 0.021 0.031 0.041 0.050 0.074 0.096
Y 0.016 0.024 0.033 0.042 0.066 0.092
Determine:
1.1 The liquid water flow rate and the mole ratio of ammonia in the exit liquid
stream. (15)
1.2 The number of theoretical stages required to achieve the separation. (10)
[25]
The operational line equation for the process shown below is given by:
G, Y1 L0, X0
GN+1, YN+1 LN, XN
 L  L
YN 1   Y1  X o   X N
 G  G
G = 80 kmol/h
X o  0 ; pure water
y N 1  8 100  0.08
y n 1
YN 1   0.087
1  y n 1
Amount of ammonia in inlet gas stream = 80  0.08  6.4kmol/h
Amount absorbed = 0.95  6.4  6.08kmol/h
Amount remaining in gas stream = 6.4  6.08  0.32kmol/h

0.32
y1   0.0043
80  6.08
Y1  0.0043
 L'   L' 
 '   1.3 ' 
G  actual G  minimum
The equilibrium line and the point (Xo,Y1) are plotted to find (L/G)min as
shown on graph below:
 L'  0.087  0.0043

 '    0.90
G  minimum 0.092  0
 L' 
 '   1.3  0.9  1.17
G  actual
L'  1.17  (80  0.92)  86.1 kmol/h
Operational line equation becomes:
YN 1   0.0043  1.17 X N
0.087  0.0043
XN   0.071
1.17
1.2
From the graph the number of stages required is 5.4

Question 2
Acetone is being absorbed by water in a packed tower having a cross-sectional area of

0.186 m2 at 293 K and 101.32 kPa (1 atm). The inlet air contains 2.6 mol% acetone and
the outlet 0.5%. The gas flow is 14 kg mol inert air/h and the pure water inlet flow rate is
45 kg mol water/h. KGa = 2.2×10-3 kg mol/s∙m2∙atm. The equilibrium data is given by
y=1.2x. Calculate the height of the absorption tower required to achieve this operation.
[15]
Lm=45kmol∙h-1
x2 = 0 Gm
y2 = 0.005
Lm Gm = 14 kmol∙h-1
x1 = ? y1 = 0.026
Material balance across the absorption tower
G m  y1  y 2   Lm  x1  x 2 
14 0.026  0.005  45 x1  0 

x1  0.0065
y
Gm' 1
dy
Z 
K G aP y2  y  y * 
y1
dy y1  y 2
 y  y  
y2
*
y LM
( y  y * )1  ( y  y * ) 2
y LM 
 ( y  y * )1 
ln  
( y  y )2 
*
y1*  1.2 x1  1.2  0.0065  0.0078

y 2*  1.2 x 2  1.2  0  0
(0.026  0.0078)1  (0.005  0) 2

y LM   0.0102
 (0.026  0.0078)1 
ln  
 (0.005  0) 2 
y1
dy y1  y 2 0.026  0.005
NTU   y  y  
y2
*
y LM

0.0102
 2.06
HTU 
Gm'

14 3600  1.77m
K G aP 2.2  10 3  1
Z  HTU  NTU
Z  1.77  2.06  3.65m
Question 3
A single effect evaporator is used to produce a 35% solids tomato concentrate from a 6%
solids raw juice entering in at 18oC. The pressure in the evaporator is 19.94 kPa (abs) and
steam is available at 198.5 kPa (abs). The overall heat transfer coefficient is
440 J∙m-2∙s-1∙oC-1 and the boiling point of the tomato juice under the conditions in the
evaporator is 65oC. The specific heat capacity of the tomato concentrate is 4 kJ/kg∙K and
that of the water vapour is 1.88 kJ/kg∙K. Given that the area of the heat transfer surface
of the evaporator is 15 m2, calculate;
3.1 The boiling point rise (3)
3.2 The quantity of steam required per hour (5)
3.3 The rate of raw juice feed that is required to supply the evaporator (15)
[23]
3.1
From the steam tables the boiling point of water at 19.94 kPa = 60 oC. The actual
temperature inside the evaporator is 65oC, thus:
BPR = 65-60 = 5oC
3.2
q  S  UA(Ts  T1 )
Ts is found from steam tables at a pressure of 198.5 kPa = 120oC

q  440  15  (120  65)  363 kJ/s
S  363 kJ/s
  2706.3  503.71  2202.59 kJ/kg
S  363 / 2202.59  0.165 kg/s
S  593.3 kg/h
3.3
The heat balance over the evaporator is given by:
Fh f  S  VH v  LhL
Using T1 (temperature inside the evaporator as reference point), the equation becomes:
F  c p (T f  T1 )  S  VH v
Total balance over evaporator:

F V  L
V FL
Solid balance over the evaporator:

x F F  yV  xL
x F F  xL
xF F
L
x
Substituting the above expressions to eliminate V in the heat balance over the evaporator:
F  c p (T f  T1 )  S  ( F  L) H v
xF F
F  c p (T f  T1 )  S  ( F  )H v
x
H v  (2609.6  251.13)  1.88(5)  2367.87 kJ/kg
0.06 F
F  4(18  65)  363  ( F  )  2367.87
0.35
F  0.169 kg/s  608 kg /h
Question 4
A single effect evaporator operates at 13 KN/m2. What will be the heating surface
necessary to concentrate 1.25 kg/s of 10 percent sodium hydroxide to 40 percent,
assuming a value of U of 1.25 KW/m 2K, using steam at 390K? The heating surface is 1.2
below liquid level.
The feed temperature is 291K and the density of the boiling liquid is 1390 kg /m3.
NB. The pressure due to hydrostatic head of liquid = (1.2 x 1390 x 9.81)/ 1000 = 16.4
kN/m2. Thus, the pressure at the heating surface is = (16.4 +13) = 29.4 kN/m2 [30]
Salt balance over the evaporator:

x F F  yV  xL
x F F  xL
0.1  1.25
L  0.3125 kg/s
0.4
Total balance over evaporator:
F V  L
V  F L
V  1.25  0.3125  0.9375 kg/s
The heat balance over the evaporator is given by:

Fh f  S  VH v  LhL
T1 is found from steam tables by interpolation at a pressure of 29.4 kPa = 68.5oC

Ts = 390 K = 116.85oC
  2211 .37 kJ/kg
The boiling point of the solution inside the evaporator is found from the Duhring chart at
a concentration of 40% NaOH = 98oC
The boiling point rise = 98 – 68.5 = 29.5oC
H v  2338.34  (1.884  29.5)  2393.92 kJ/kg
hf is found from the enthalpy chart at 10 % NaOH and 17.85oC = 55 kJ/kg

hL is found from the enthalpy chart at 40 % NaOH and 98oC = 430 kJ/kg
Substituting the above in the heat balance over the evaporator:

1.25  55  2211.37 S  (0.9375  2393.92)  (430  0.3125)
S  1.04 kg/s
q  S  UA(Ts  T1 )
q  1.04  2211 .37  2.3 kJ/s
q  2.3  1.25 A(116 .85  98)

A  0.098 m 2

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Department of Chemical Engineering Technology

Unit Operations 1: CMTB321

PROGRAM NATIONAL DIPLOMA

SUBJECT CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DURATION 2 HRS (PAPER) 1400 -1600

EXAMINERS PROF. E MUZENDA and PROF. F. NTULI

INSTRUCTIONS NON-PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS

X 0.021 0.031 0.041 0.050 0.074 0.096

Y 0.016 0.024 0.033 0.042 0.066 0.092

GN+1, YN+1 LN, XN

Amount of ammonia in inlet gas stream = 80  0.08  6.4kmol/h

Amount absorbed = 0.95  6.4  6.08kmol/h

Amount remaining in gas stream = 6.4  6.08  0.32kmol/h

 L'  0.087  0.0043

Operational line equation becomes:

From the graph the number of stages required is 5.4

Acetone is being absorbed by water in a packed tower having a cross-sectional area of

Material balance across the absorption tower

14 0.026  0.005  45 x1  0 

y1*  1.2 x1  1.2  0.0065  0.0078

(0.026  0.0078)1  (0.005  0) 2

Ts is found from steam tables at a pressure of 198.5 kPa = 120oC

Total balance over evaporator:

Solid balance over the evaporator:

Salt balance over the evaporator:

The heat balance over the evaporator is given by:

T1 is found from steam tables by interpolation at a pressure of 29.4 kPa = 68.5oC

H v  2338.34  (1.884  29.5)  2393.92 kJ/kg

hf is found from the enthalpy chart at 10 % NaOH and 17.85oC = 55 kJ/kg

Substituting the above in the heat balance over the evaporator:

q  1.04  2211 .37  2.3 kJ/s

q  2.3  1.25 A(116 .85  98)

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