Assignment 2 5th Sem

Heat and Mass Transfer
Assignment 2
1. Assume steady-state, one-dimensional heat conduction through the
axisymmetric shape shown below. Assuming constant properties and no
internal heat generation, sketch the temperature distribution on T–x
coordinates. Briefly explain the shape of your curve.
2. Assume steady-state, one-dimensional conduction in the axisymmetric

object below, which is insulated around its perimeter. If the properties
remain constant and no internal heat generation occurs, sketch the heat flux
distribution 𝑞𝑥′′ (𝑥), and the temperature distribution 𝑇(𝑥). Explain the
shapes of your curves. How do your curves depend on the thermal
conductivity of the material?
3. A composite rod consists of two different materials, A and B, each of

𝑘𝐴
length 0.5L. The thermal conductivity of A is half that of B, that is =
𝑘𝐵
0.5. Sketch the steady-state temperature and heat flux distributions, 𝑇(𝑥)
and 𝑞𝑥′′ (𝑥), respectively. Assume constant properties and no internal heat
generation in either material.
Assignment 2
4. To determine the effect of the temperature dependence of the thermal

conductivity on the temperature distribution in a solid, consider a material
for which this dependence may be represented as 𝑘 = 𝑘0 + 𝑎𝑇, where
𝑘0 is a positive constant and a is a coefficient that may be positive or
negative. Sketch the steady-state temperature distribution associated with
heat transfer in a plane wall for three cases corresponding to a > 0, a = 0
and a < 0.
5. A cylinder of radius 𝑟0 , length L, and thermal conductivity k is immersed

in a fluid of convection coefficient h and unknown temperature 𝑇∞ . At a
certain instant the temperature distribution in the cylinder is 𝑇(𝑟) = 𝑎 +
𝑏𝑟 2 , where a and b are constants. Obtain expressions for the heat transfer
rate at 𝑟0 and the fluid temperature.
6. Steady-state, one-dimensional conduction occurs in a rod of constant

thermal conductivity k and variable cross-sectional area 𝐴𝑥 (𝑥) = 𝐴0 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ,
where 𝐴0 and a are constants. The lateral surface of the rod is well
insulated.
a) Write an expression for the conduction heat rate, qx (𝑥). Use this
expression to determine the temperature distribution T(x) and
qualitatively sketch the distribution for T(0) > T(L).
b) Now consider conditions for which thermal energy is generated in the
rod at a volumetric rate 𝑞̇ = 𝑞̇ 0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 , where 𝑞̇ 0 is a constant. Obtain an
expression for qx (𝑥) when the left face (x = 0) is well insulated.
Assignment 2
7. A cylindrical rod of stainless steel is insulated on its exterior surface except

for the ends. The steady state temperature distribution is 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑎 −
𝑏(𝑥⁄𝐿), where a = 305 K and b = 10 K. The diameter and length of the rod
are D = 20 mm and L = 100 mm respectively. Determine the heat flux along
the rod, 𝑞𝑥′′ . Hint: The mass of the rod is M = 0.248 kg.
8. The temperature distribution across a wall 0.3 m thick at a certain instant

of time is 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 , where T is in degrees Celsius and x is in
meters, a = 200°C, b = -200°C/m, and c = 30°C/m2. The wall has a thermal
conductivity of 1 W/mK.
a) On a unit surface area basis, determine the rate of heat transfer into
and out of the wall and the rate of change of energy stored by the
wall.
b) If the cold surface is exposed to a fluid at 100°C, what is the
convection coefficient?
9. One-dimensional, steady-state conduction with uniform internal energy

generation occurs in a plane wall with a thickness of 40 mm and a constant
thermal conductivity of 5 W/mK. For these conditions, the temperature
distribution has the form 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 . The surface at x = 0 has a
temperature of 𝑇(0) = 𝑇0 = 130°C and experiences convection with a
fluid for which 𝑇∞ = 30°C and h = 500 W/m2K. The surface at x = L is
well insulated.
a) Applying an overall energy balance to the wall, calculate the internal

energy generation rate 𝑞̇ .
Assignment 2
b) Determine the coefficients a, b, and c by applying the boundary
conditions to the prescribed temperature distribution. Use the results
to calculate and plot the temperature distribution.
c) Consider conditions for which the convection coefficient is halved,
but the internal energy generation rate remains unchanged.
Determine the new values of a, b, and c, and use the results to plot
the temperature distribution. Hint: recognize that 𝑇(0) is no longer
120°C.
d) Under conditions for which the internal energy generation rate is
doubled, and the convection coefficient remains unchanged (h = 500
W/m2K), determine the new values of a, b, and c and plot the
corresponding temperature distribution. Referring to the results of
parts (b), (c), and (d) as Cases 1, 2, and 3, respectively, compare the
temperature distributions for the three cases and discuss the effects
of h and 𝑞̇ on the distributions.
10. A steam pipe is wrapped with insulation of inner and outer radii, 𝑟𝑖 and 𝑟𝑜 ,
respectively. At a particular instant the temperature distribution in the
𝑟
insulation is known to be of the form 𝑇(𝑟) = 𝐶1 ln + 𝐶2 . Are conditions
𝑟0
steady-state or transient? How do the heat flux and heat rate vary with
radius?
11. For a long circular tube of inner and outer radii 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 , respectively,
uniform temperatures 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are maintained at the inner and outer
surfaces, while thermal energy generation is occurring within the tube wall
(𝑟1 < r < 𝑟2 ). Consider steady-state conditions for which 𝑇1 < 𝑇2 . Is it
possible to maintain a linear radial temperature distribution in the wall? If
so, what special conditions must exist?
Assignment 2
12. Passage of an electric current through a long conducting rod of radius ri
and thermal conductivity kr results in uniform volumetric heating at a rate
of 𝑞̇ . The conducting rod is wrapped in an electrically nonconducting
cladding material of outer radius ro and thermal conductivity 𝑘𝑐 , and
convection cooling is provided by an adjoining fluid. For steady-state
conditions, write appropriate forms of the heat equations for the rod and
cladding. Express appropriate boundary conditions for the solution of these
equations.
13. A spherical particle of radius 𝑟1 experiences uniform thermal generation at

a rate of 𝑞̇ . The particle is encapsulated by a spherical shell of outside
radius 𝑟2 that is cooled by ambient air. The thermal conductivities of the
particle and shell are k1 and k2, respectively, where k1 = 2k2.
a) By applying the conservation of energy principle to spherical control

volume A, which is placed at an arbitrary location within the sphere,
determine a relationship between the temperature gradient, dT/dr,
and the local radius, r, for 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟1 .
b) By applying the conservation of energy principle to spherical control
volume B, which is placed at an arbitrary location within the
spherical shell, determine a relationship between the temperature
gradient, dT/dr, and the local radius, r, for 𝑟1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟2 .
c) On T - r coordinates, sketch the temperature distribution over the
range 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟2 .
Assignment 2
14. A plane wall of thickness L = 0.1 m experiences uniform volumetric

heating at a rate 𝑞̇ . One surface of the wall (x = 0) is insulated, while the
other surface is exposed to a fluid at 𝑇∞ = 20°C, with convection heat
transfer characterized by h = 1000 W/m2K. Initially, the temperature
distribution in the wall is 𝑇(𝑥, 0) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 2 , where a = 300°C, b = -
1.0×104°C/m2 and x is in meters. Suddenly, the volumetric heat generation
is deactivated (𝑞̇ = 0 for t ≥ 0), while convection heat transfer continues to
occur at x = L. The properties of the wall are ρ = 7000 kg/m3, cp = 450
J/kgK, and k = 90 W/mK.
a) Determine the magnitude of the volumetric energy generation rate 𝑞̇

associated with the initial condition (t < 0).
b) On T - x coordinates, sketch the temperature distribution for the
following conditions: initial condition (t < 0), steady-state condition
(𝑡 → ∞), and two intermediate conditions.
c) On 𝑞𝑥′′ − 𝑡 coordinates, sketch the variation with time of the heat
flux at the boundary exposed to the convection process, 𝑞𝑥′′ (𝐿, 𝑡).
Calculate the corresponding value of the heat flux at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑞𝑥′′ (𝐿, 0).
d) Calculate the amount of energy removed from the wall per unit area
(J/m2) by the fluid stream as the wall cools from its initial to steady-
state condition.
Assignment 2
15. The steady-state temperature distribution in a composite wall of three

different materials, each of constant thermal conductivity, is shown.
a) Comment on the relative magnitudes of 𝑞2′′ and 𝑞3′′ , and of 𝑞3′′ and
𝑞4′′ .
b) Comment on the relative magnitudes of kA and kB, and of kB and kC.
c) Sketch the heat flux as a function of x.

Assignment 2 5th Sem

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Heat and Mass Transfer

2. Assume steady-state, one-dimensional conduction in the axisymmetric

3. A composite rod consists of two different materials, A and B, each of

4. To determine the effect of the temperature dependence of the thermal

5. A cylinder of radius 𝑟0 , length L, and thermal conductivity k is immersed

6. Steady-state, one-dimensional conduction occurs in a rod of constant

7. A cylindrical rod of stainless steel is insulated on its exterior surface except

8. The temperature distribution across a wall 0.3 m thick at a certain instant

9. One-dimensional, steady-state conduction with uniform internal energy

a) Applying an overall energy balance to the wall, calculate the internal

13. A spherical particle of radius 𝑟1 experiences uniform thermal generation at

a) By applying the conservation of energy principle to spherical control

14. A plane wall of thickness L = 0.1 m experiences uniform volumetric

a) Determine the magnitude of the volumetric energy generation rate 𝑞̇

15. The steady-state temperature distribution in a composite wall of three

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