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Concept of Neighbourhood in Real Numbers: X X X X R

This document defines limits of complex functions using neighborhoods and the epsilon-delta definition. It provides examples of calculating limits of complex functions as the variable approaches a point, including limits that do not exist. Properties of complex limits are given, such as how limits behave under algebraic operations and for composite functions. An example demonstrates using properties to calculate a complex limit.

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155 views

Concept of Neighbourhood in Real Numbers: X X X X R

This document defines limits of complex functions using neighborhoods and the epsilon-delta definition. It provides examples of calculating limits of complex functions as the variable approaches a point, including limits that do not exist. Properties of complex limits are given, such as how limits behave under algebraic operations and for composite functions. An example demonstrates using properties to calculate a complex limit.

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In this lecture we define the limit of a complex function, examine some of its

properties and applications.


Concept of neighbourhood in real numbers
The set of all real numbers x that satisfy the inequality | x − x0 |  , (  0) is
called neighbourhood of x0  R.
Now
| x − x0 | 
 x0 −   x  x0 + 
 x  ( x0 −  , x0 +  ).
A deleted neighbourhood of x0 is defined as the set of all real numbers x such
that
0 | x − x0 |  .
Neighbourhood in complex numbers
The neighbourhood of a complex number z0 , is the disk centered at z0 and
radius  i.e. | z − z0 |  . The deleted neighbouhood is defined in the same way as
in real i.e. 0 | z − z0 |  .
Limit of real function
The limit of a function f ( x) as x tends to x0 exists and equal to L if for every
  0 there exists a   0 such that
| f ( x) − L |  , whenever 0 | x − x0 |  .
It is well know from elementary calculus that lim x→x = L if and only if
0

lim = L and lim+ = L


x → x0− x → x0

Remark.
The existence of left hand (right hand) limit does not guarantees that right hand
(left hand) limit also exists.
Example
Consider f ( x) = x − 1 . Then lim x→1 f ( x) = 0 but lim x→1 f ( x) does not exist.
+ −

Limit of a complex function


Suppose that complex function f is defined in a deleted neighbourhood of z0
and suppose that L is a complex number. The limit of f as z → z0 exists and is
equal to L , written as zlim f ( z ) = L if for every   0 there exists a   0 such
→z0

that
| f ( z ) − L |  whenever 0 | z − z0 |  .

Example
Using  -  definition, show that
lim (2 + i) z = 1 + 3i.
z →1+ i

Solution
Here f ( z ) = (1 + i) z, z0 = 1 + i and we want to show that L = 1 + 3i . For this it is
enough to prove that
| (2 + i) z − (1 + 3i) |  whenever 0 | z − (1 + i) |  .
Now for   0 , we want to find   0 such that relation holds. One way of
finding  is to work backwards. Consider
1 + 3i
| (2 + i ) z − (1 + 3i) |=| 2 + i | z −
2+i
= 5 | z − (1 + i ) |
Now if
| (2 + i ) z − (1 + 3i ) | 
5 | z − (1 + i ) | 

| z − (1 + i ) | = .
5

So, for   0 there exists  =  0 such that holds. Hence
5
lim (2 + i) z = 1 + 3i.
z →1+ i

Criterion for the nonexistence of a limit


If f approaches two complex numbers L1  L2 for two different paths through
z0 , then lim z →z f ( z ) does not exist.
0

Example
z
Show that lim z → z0 does not exist.
z
Solution
Approaching 0 along real axis
z x + 0i
lim = lim = lim1 = 1.
z →0 z x →0 x − 0i x →0
Approaching 0 along imaginary axis
z 0 + iy
= lim
lim = lim(−1) = −1
z →0 z y → 0 0 − iy y →0

z
From and it is clear that lim z → z0 does not exist.
z
Real multivariable limits
Limit of real valued function of two real variables F ( x, y)
The limit of F as ( x, y ) tends to ( x0 , y0 ) exists and is equatl to real number L
if for   0 there exists a   0 such that
| F ( x, y ) − L |  whenever 0  ( x − x0 ) 2 + ( y − y0 ) 2   .
Real and imaginary parts of a limit
Suppose that f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv( x, y ), z0 = x0 + iy0 and L = u0 + iv0 . Then
lim f ( z ) = L if and only if lim u ( x, y ) = u0 and lim v( x, y ) = v0
z → z0 ( x , y ) →( x0 , y0 ) ( x , y ) →( x0 , y0 )

Example
Using above result find
lim ( z 2 + 1)
z →1+ i

Solution
Let f ( z ) = z 2 + i = ( x 2 − y 2 ) + (2 xy + 1)i
 u ( x, y ) − x 2 − y 2 and v( x, y ) = 2 xy + 1 .
Also z0 = 1 + i  x0 and y0 = 1 .
Now
u0 = lim ( x 2 − y 2 ) = 0
( x , y ) →(1,1)

v0 = lim (2 xy + 1) = 3
( x , y ) →(1,1)

Thus L = u0 + iv0 = 0 + 3i = 3i and therefore


lim ( z 2 + i ) = 3i.
z →1+ i

Properties of complex limits


Suppose f and g are complex functions. If lim z →z f ( z) = L and 0

limz →z g ( z ) = M then
0

• lim z →z0 cf ( z ) = cL, c is complex constant


• lim z →z0 ( f ( z )  g ( z)) = L  M
• limz →z0 ( f ( z ) g ( z )) = LM
f ( z) L
• lim z → z0 = , M  0.
g ( z) M
Example
(3 + i ) z 4 − z 2 + 2 z
lim
z →2 z +1
(3 + i ) lim z →2 z 4 − lim z →2 z 2 + 2 lim z →2 z
=
lim z →2 ( z + 1)
(3 + i )i 4 − I 2 + 2i
=
i +1
7−i
=
2

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