Questions no.

1-6
Bloodhounds are biologically adapted to trailing their prey. The process by which the nose
recognizes an odor is not fully understood, but there are apparently specific receptor sites for
specific odors. In one explanation, recognition occurs when a scent molecule fits into its
corresponding receptor site, like a key into a lock, causing a mechanical or chemical change in the
cell. Bloodhounds apparently sites tuned to human scents.
When a blood trails a human being, what does it actually smell? The human body, which consists of
about 60 trillion living cells, sheds exposed skin at a rate of 50 million cells a day. So even a trail that
has been dispersed by breezes may still seem rich to a bloodhound. The body also produces about
31 to 50 ounces of sweat a day. Neither this fluid nor the shed skin cell have much odor by
themselves, but the bacteria working on both substances is another matter. One microbiologist
estimates the resident bacteria population of a clean square centimeter of skin on the human
shoulder at “multiples of a million.” As they go about their daily business breaking down lipids, or
fatty substances, on the skin,these bacteria release volatile substances that usually strike the
bloodhound’s nose as an entire constellation of distinctive scents.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

a. Why people choose bloodhounds for household pets
b. How a bloodhound’s sense of smell works.
c. How humans compensate for an underdeveloped sense of smell
d. The way in which bacteria work on skin cells and body sweat.

2. The author compare a scent molecule with a …..

a. key
b. lock
c. cell
d. bloodhound

3. In second paragraph (first sentence), the word “it” refers to …..

a. bloodhound
b. human being
c. smell
d. body

4. According to the passage, how many cells of skin does the human body rid itself of every day?
a. 60 trillion
b. 50 million
c. 1 million
d. between 31 and 50

5. In paragraph 2, the word “rich” is used to mean that a trail is …..

a. paved with precious materials
b. profitable business to get into
c. a very costly undertaking
d. filled with an abundance of clues

6. Which of the following acts as a stimulus in the production of the human scent?
a. Sweat
b. Dead skin cells
c. Bacteria
d. Fatty substances

Questions no.7-17
Industrialization came to the United State after 1790as North American entrepreneurs increase
increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in
manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per
capita wealth increased be nearly 1 percent per year – 30 percent over the course of a generation.
Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.
The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way since the 1790’s, North American
entrepreneur – even without technological improvements – had broadened the scope of the out
system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers
who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820’s and
1830’s the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of
thousand of rural women, paid of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they
produced, fabricated the “uppers” of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning
journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would
have made the endure shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful “shoe boss”
and eroded workers’ control over the pace and condition for labor. However, it also dramatically
increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.

For task that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important
new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line
techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware
inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His
machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hopper,
ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool
as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary
steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enable them to build factories in the
nation’s largest cities, taking advantages of urban concentration of inexpensive labor, good
transportation networks, and eager customers.

7. What is the passage mainly about?

a. The difficulties of industrialization in North American
b. The influence of change in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers
c. The rapid speed of industrialization in North American
d. Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods

8. The word “boosted” is closest in meaning to …..

a. ensure
b. raised
c. arranged
d. discouraged

9. The word “scope” is closest in meaning to …..

a. value
b. popularity
c. extent
d. diversity

10.The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how ….
a. entrepreneurs increase output by using an extended outwork system
b. entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output
c. rural workers responded to “shoe bosses”
d. changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes

11. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820’s
and 1830’s EXCEPT ……
a. a increase in the worker’s dependence on entrepreneurs
b. an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers
c. a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production
d. a decrease in the price of shoes

12. All of the following are true of the outwork system except …….
a. it involved stages of production
b. it was more efficient than the systems used before 1790
c. it made many employers less powerful than they had been before
d. it did not necessarily involved any technological improvements

13. The word “prolific” is closest meaning to ….

a. efficient
b. production
c. self-employed
d. progressive

14. According to the passage, how did later mills differ from the mill built by Oliver Evans?
a. They were located away from large cities.
b. They used new technology to produce power.
c. They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels.
d. They combined technology with the outwork system.

15. The word “it” refers to …..

a. water power
b. machinery
c. grain
d. mill
16. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory machinery?
a. It become easier for factory owners to find workers and customers
b. Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.
c. The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.
d. Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.
17. The word “eager” is closest in meaning to ….
a. wealthy
b. knowledgeable
c. regular
d. ebthusiastic

Questions no.18-29
The lens on a camera has only two tasks. First, it must gather in as much light as possible in order to
activate the sensitive chemicals on the film. Second, it must organize the light rays so that they form
a sharp image on the film. These may sound like simple tasks, but they are not.
One of the sharpest lenses is merely a pinhole in a sheet of cardboard, metal, plastic, or a similar
material. If the pinhole is tiny enough, the image can be quite sharp, but then very little light is
admitted. For most purposes, even the most sensitive film would take too long to record an image.
A glass lens is much better because it lets in much more light and focuses it on the film. Yet simple
glass lenses are sharpest only in their centers. As more of the lens is used, the image suffers in
sharpness.
One reason a simple lens can cause problems is that it is shaped like a section of a sphere. Spherical
lenses do not focus perfectly on flat film, so the image is slightly distorted, especially at the edges.
Another reason is that the lens can act partly like a prism. This means that some of the colors in the
image will not focus properly, and the image will be fuzzy.
One solution is to block off all but the sharp-focusing center of the lens. If you block off the edges of
the lens, however, less light will get to the film. Early lenses had to compromise between sharpness
and light-gathering power.
Very sharp lenses that admit as much light as possible can be built by making them with several
separate lenses, or elements. A multiple-element lens has from two to nine separate lenses. Some
elements are cemented together, and some have a gap between them. Furthermore, the elements
are often made of different kinds of glass, each with a different ability to bend light rays. Some of the
elements are there just for correcting problems caused by the other elements! The results are worth
it, though: pictures can be taken in many different light conditions, and they have a sharpness you
can almost feel.

18. The word it in the first paragraph refers to:

a. Camera
b. Lens
c. Film
d. Chemicals

19. The word distorted in the fourth paragraph means:

a. Out of a proper or natural relation
b. Clean and in shape
c. Purified, as one
d. Proper

20. In what ways does an image suffer if too large an area of the spherical lens is used?
a. The edges of the image become fuzzy
b. Too much light is admitted
c. Too little light is admitted
d. Colors change

21. What is the main disadvantage of a simple lens that is made sharp by using just the center?
a. With less light-gathering power, the lens is utterly useless.
b. With less light-gathering power, the lens is useful only in bright light.
c. With more light-gathering power, the lens is useful only in dim light.
d. With more light-gathering power, the lens is utterly useless.

22. The word sharpest in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to:
a. Having clear form and detail
b. Terminating in an edge or a point
c. Intellectually penetrating; astute
d. Having a thin edge or a fine point suitable for or capable of cutting or piercing

23. The word it in the fourth paragraph refers to:

a. Glass lens
b. Prism
c. Simple lens
d. Flat film

24. The word sensitive in the second paragraph could best be replaced by the word:
a. Delicate
b. Irritable
c. Reactive
d.Psychic

25. The word ability in the sixth paragraph could best be replaced by the word:
a. Ignorance
b. Weakness
c. Ineptness
d. Capacity

26. The meaning of the word solution as used in the fifth paragraph is closest in meaning to:
a. A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a
combination of these
b. The answer to or disposition of a problem
c. The state of being dissolved
d. Release; deliverance; discharge

27. What is the minimum number of lenses in multiple-element lens?

a. Nine
b. Two
c. Ninety-two
d. Twenty-nine

28. The word fuzzy in the fourth paragraph means:

a. Clear
b. Unclear
c. Exact
d. Precise

29. The word admitted in the sixth paragraph is closest in meaning to:
a. To permit to enter
b. To have room for; accommodate
c. To grant to be real, valid, or true; acknowledge
d. To make acknowledgment
Questions no 30-40
For centuries, people have searched for a way to replace dead and decaying teeth with comfortable
false teeth. Many materials have been used to make a set of false teeth. The teeth themselves
should be made from a hard and durable material. They should be secured to a soft material, making
them easy to wear. In the last two decades, dentists succeeded in making durable false teeth that
are comfortable, too.
Two thousand years ago, the Etruscans made teeth out of animal bone and gold. These materials
were used-with varying degrees of success-up to the 1700’s. When George Washington was
president, ivory from animals such as elephants became a popular material for false teeth. Doctors
and inventors also tried silver, peal, and agate, but teeth made from these materials were very
expensive. Perhaps the most successful material was porcelain, invented by a Frenchman about two
hundred years ago. White, strong, and resistant to decay, porcelain is still used today for making
single teeth.
Besides finding a material for the teeth, inventors also had to find a way to secure them in a person’s
mouth. People tried wire, springs, and many kinds of glue to accomplish this. In most cases,
however, discomfort and a likelihood of the teeth falling out plagued the person who wore them.
Around 1844, an American dentist named Horace Wells used laughing gas to put people to sleep
before working on their teeth. This innovation made dental work a lot less painful. Soon after, an
inventor created the first form of rubber. This was important to dentistry because teeth could be
attached to the rubber, and the rubber could be molded to fit the shape of the mouth. With these
two developments, dentist could work without causing pain and could fit teeth more carefully. False
teeth have become more available and comfortable since then, and dentists have continued to
improve the making and use of false teeth.

30. What is the main topic of this passage?

a. Horace Wells
b. False teeth
c. Gold and bone
d. The Etruscans

31. The word they in the first paragraph refers to:

a. Teeth
b. Materials
c. People
d. Dentists

32. The word varying in the second paragraph cold best be replaced by the word:
a. Constant
b. Changeless
c. Fluctuating
d. Stable

33. Porcelain was invented after the first use of:

a. Rubber for holding for holding teeth in place
b. Laughing gas
c. Ivory for making teeth
d. Electric drills

34. When did Horace Wells begin using laughing gas?

a. 1700
b. Two-thousand years ago
c. 1834
d. 1844

35. The word besides in the third paragraph means:

a. In addition to
b. Stand next to
c. Anyway
d. Together

36. The word them in the third paragraph refers to:

a. Teeth
b. Inventors
c. People
d. Wire

37. When was rubber found to be a useful material for false teeth?
a. After laughing gas was used to put patients to sleep
b. While George Washington was president
c. Before a Frenchman invented porcelain
d. While the Etruscans were making teeth of bone and gold
38. The following sentence would best complete which paragraph? “It is unimaginable what will
come next.”
a. Paragraph 1
b. Paragraph 2
c. Paragraph 3
d. Paragraph 4

39. The word molded in the fourth paragraph means:

a. Formed into a shape
b. To form an organic growth
c. To make an ornament
d. The fitting of a shoe

40. The word resistant in the second paragraph could best be replaced by the word:
a. Prone
b. Insusceptible
c. Hearty
d. Sassy

Questions no.41-50
Awarded the Nobel prize for physics in 1918, German physics Max Planck is best remembered as the
originator of the quantum theory. His work helped user in a new era in theoretical physics and
revolutionized the scientific community’s understanding of atomic and sub-atomic processes.
Planck intriduced an idea that led to the quantum theory, which became the foundation of
twentieth century physics. In December 1900, Plnck worked out an equation that described the
distribution of radiation accurately over the range of low to high frequencies. He had developed a
theory which depended on a model of matter that seemed very strange at the time. The model
required the emission of electromagnetic radiation in small chunks or particles. These particles were
later called quantums. The energy associated with each quatum is measured by multiplying the
frequency of the radiation, v, by a universal constant, h. Thus, energy, or E, equals hv. The constant,
h, is known as Planck’s constant. It is now recognized as one of the fundamental constant of the
world.
Planck announced his finding in 1900, but it was years before teh full consequences of his
revolutionary quantum theory were recognized. Throughout his life, Planck made significant
contributions to optics, thermodynamics and stastistical mechanics, physical chemistry, and other
fields. In 1930, He was elected president of the Kaiser Wilhelm society, which was renamed the Max
II. Though deeply opposed to the fascist regime of Adolf Hitler, Planck remained in Germany
throughout teh war. He died in Gottingen on October 4, 1947.

41. In which of the following fields did Max Planck NOT make a significant contribution?
a. Optics
b. Thermodynamics
c. Stastistical mechanics
d. Biology

42. The word “revolutionary” as used in line 13, means…

a. Dangerous
b. Extremist
c. Momentous
d. Militarist

43. It can inferred from the passage that Planck’s work led to the development of which of the
following?
a. The rocket
b. The atomic bomb
c. The internal combustion engine
d. The computer

44. The particles of electromagnetic radiation given off by matter are known as…
a. Quantums
b. Atoms
c. Electrons
d. Valences

45.The word “universal”, as used in line 10 most nearly means…

a. Planetary
b. Cosmic
c. Worldwide
d. Always present
46.The implication in this passage is that…
a. Only a German physics could discover such a theory
b. Quantum theory, which led to the development of twentieth century physics, is basically a
mathematical formula
c. Planck’s constant was not discernible before 1900
d. Radiation was hard to study

47. “An idea” as used in line 4, refers to…

a. A model of matter
b. Emission of electromagnetic radiation
c. Quantums
d. The equation that described the distribution of radiation accurately over the range of low to high
frequencies

48.The word “emission” as used in line 8 means…

a. Giving off
b. Holding on to
c. Throwing away
d. Taking back

49. Planck’s constant, expressed in a mathematical formula, is…

a. e = v/h
b. E = h/v
c. e = h-v
d. E = hv

50.What is known as Planck’s constant?

a.v
b. h
c. e
d. E