Module 02

Topic SITEWORKS AND FOUNDATION

Lecture Video lecture by Arch. Joe Juson
Quiz BT 02 Foundation
Student’s Study the following:
Assignment No. 1 1. Master Format
(For self-study) 2. Major Parts of a Building
3. Site Layout
4. Foundation Loads
5. Soil
6. Soil Testing
7. Excavation
8. Sheet Piles
9. Slurry Wall
10. Soil Mixing
11. Bracing
12. Tie Backs
13. Foundation

Building Laws
Instructor: Arch. Jose B. Juson Jr.
JPT Review Center

MASTER FORMAT
1.
2. General requirement 10. Finishes
3. Site construction 11. Specialties
4. Concrete 12. Equipment
5. Masonry 13. Furnishings
6. Metals 14. Special construction
7. Wood & plastics 15. Conveying systems
8. Thermal and moisture protection 16. Mechanical
9. Doors and windows 17. Electrical
The major parts of a building:
1. Superstructure – the portion of the building above the ground
2. Substructure – the habitable portion of the building found below the ground
3. Foundation the structural portion of the building that transfer the buildings load into the
soil
The 3 types of substructure are:
1. Slab on fill – slab which rests on ground and not suspended
 2. Crawl space – in a building without a basement, an unfinished accessible space below
the first floor below the first floor, which is usually less than a full story height.
3. Basement – the low story of a building, either partly or entirely below grade.

4 PRECIDION ISSUES FOR SITE LAYOUT

1. Level – horizontal (lebel)
2. Plumb – verticality (hulog)
3. Aligned – parallel (aligned)
4. Square – perpendicular (eskwalado)

FOUNDATION LOADS
 Dead load o From arches, rigid, frames,
 Live load domes, vaults, or tensile
 Rain and snow loads structures
 Wind loads  Buoyant uplift forces
 Horizontal pressures o From underground water
o Of earth and water against  Horizontal and vertical forces
basement walls o Caused by the motion of the
 Horizontal or inclined thrusts ground during earthquakes

SOILS
 ROCK – is a continuous mass of solid mineral material that can only be removed by
drilling and blasting
 SOIL – general term referring to earth material that is particulate
 BOULDER – an individual particle of soil requiring two hands to lift
 COBBLE – individual particle of soil requiring whole hand to lift
 GRAVEL – soil particle requiring only thumb and forefinger to lift
 SAND – visible soil particle but too small to be picked up individually
 SILT – consists of non-visible soil particles that are equidimensional
 CLAY – consist of non- visible particles that are plate shaped
 PEAT – topsoil, and other organic soils
GRADATION – the range of particle sizes present, or gradation, may vary.
WELL GRADED – soil includes a broad, well – distributed range of particle sizes.
POORLY GRADED – consists of particles more limited in range of sizes.
*well graded soils contain less empty space between particles that poorly graded soils, as smaller
particles fill in gaps between larger ones. Broadly speaking, well graded soils tend to compact
more effectively that poorly graded ones, but also tend to drain water less efficiently
SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION AND SOIL TESTING
TEST PITS – can be dug when the foundation will not extend deeper than roughly 16ft (3m), the
maximum practical reach of small excavating machines.
SOIL STRATA- can be observed in the pit and samples taken for evaluation.
WATER TABLE – the elevation at which the soil is normally fully saturated
TEST BORINGS – standard penetration tests can give an indication of the bearing capacity of
the soil by the number of blows of a standard driving hammer required to advance a sampling
tube into the soil by a fixed amount

EXCAVATION WORKS
-Virtually all building construction is accompanied by at least some form of earthwork during
construction,. On undeveloped sites, construction may begin with grubbing and clearing, in
which trees and plants, stumps, large roots, and other surface materials are removed with heavy
machinery. Next, organically rich topsoil may be scraped away and stockpiled to one side, to
await reuse at the end of construction
 SLOPE SUPPORT
o Sheeting
 Soldier beams & lagging
 Sheet piling – installed with vibratory driver
 Shotcrete
 Slurry wall
o Soil mixing
o Bracing
 Crosslot bracing
 Rakers
 Tieback
 SOIL MIXING
o A technique of adding a modifying substance to soil and blending it in place by
means of paddles rotating on the end of a shaft
o OPTION:
 Remediate soil contaminated with a chemical or biological substance by
blending it with a chemical that renders it harmless
  Mix Portland cement and water with a soil to create cylinder of low
strength concrete in the ground

 DEWATERING
 Well points
 Watertight barrier
 Waterproofing & drainage
Uniformat classifies information into the following nine level 1 elements:
INTRODUCTION
A SUBSTRUCTURE E EQUIPMENTS AND
FURNISHINGS
B SHELL
F SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS &
C INTERIORS DEMOLITION
D SERVICES
G BUILDING SITEWORK
Z GENERAL
 FOUNDATION SYSTEMS
FOUNDATION
 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
o Transfer building load to the earth close to the base of the substructure. (LESS
EXPENSIVE)
 DEEP FOUNDATION
o Extend downward through layers of weak or unstable strata to reach more
competent soil or rock deeper within the earth, usually, piles / caissons.
3 types of substructure with shallow foundations
1. SLAB – ON – GRADE
a. Where adequate, is the most economical under many circumstances
2. CRAWLSPACE
a. Used under a raised floor structure and gives easier access to under floor piping
and wiring that a slab on grade
3. BASEMENT
a. Provide usable space
4. ENGINEERED FILL
a. Properly formulated higher-strength, more stable soil material brought from
offsite. This material is placed in layers and compacted to a specified density,
usually under the supervision of a soils engineer, to ensure that the required
loadbearing capacity and stability are achieved.
FACTORS IN SELECTING FOUNDATION SYSTEM TYPE
 PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS
o Subsurface soil types
o Groundwater conditions
o Structural requirements of the superstructure
 OTHER CONSIDERATION
o Local construction practices
o Environmental considerations (noise, traffic, disposal of earth materials and
water, etc.,)
o Regulatory restrictions
o Potential impacts on adjacent properties
o Construction schedules
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS transfers building loads to the earth close to the base of the
substructure
 Spread footings (pad and strip)
 Mat or raft foundation – Supports the entire building; mat foundations for very tall
buildings are heavily reinforced and may be 6ft (1.8m) or more in thickness
o BLANKET RAFT – consist of a concrete crust craft constructed on a stone
blanket which turn is built up in layers off the reduced sub – strata level.
 o SLIP PLANE RAFT -
o CELLULAR RAFT
o LIDDED CELLULAR RAFT
o BEAM STRIP RAFT
o JACKING RAFT
o BOUYANCY (OR FLOATING RAFT)
o FLOATING OR COMPENSATED FOUNDATION – used in yielding soil,
having for its footing a raft placed deep enough that the weight of the excavated
soils is equal to greater than the weight of the construction supported
o RAFT – mat providing a footing on yield soil, usually for an entire building,
placed so that the weight of the displaced soil exceeds the weight of the
construction
o MAT – a thick, slab like footing of reinforced concrete supporting a number of
columns or an entire building
o RIBBED MAT – a mat foundation reinforced by a grid of ribs above or below the
slab
o CELLULAR MAT – composite structure of reinforced concrete slabs and
basement walls serving as a mat foundation
o GRILLAGE – frame artwork of crossing beams for spreading heavy loads over
large areas. Also called grid
SPREAD FOOTING – take concentrated loads from above and spread them out across an area
of soil large enough that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded.
STRIP FOOTING c. Hole- balance
1. Masonry strip d. Cantilever balanced
2. Concrete strip
a. Plain
b. Reinforced
3. Trench fill
a. Concrete
b. Stone
4. Reinforced beam strip
a. Rectangular
b. Inverted T
PAD FOOTING
1. Plain concrete pad
a. Shallow
b. Deep
2. Reinf. Concrete Pad
a. Shallow
b. Deep
3. Balanced Pad
a. Rectangular
b. Trapezoidal
DEEP FOUNDATIONS extend downward through layers of weak or unstable strata to reach
more competent soil or rock deeper within the earth
 Caissons - are concrete cylinders poured into drilled holes. They reach through weaker
soil to bear on competent soil beneath.
 Socketed caisson – drilled into the rock at the bottom rather than belled. Its bearing
comes not only from its earing end, but also from friction between the sides of caisson
and the rock.
 Piles – are driven into the earth. End bearing piles act in the same way as caissons. The
friction pile derives its load-carrying capacity from friction between the soil and the sides
of the pile.
 End bearing pile – pile driven until its tip encounters firm resistance from a suitable
bearing stratum such as rock, dense sands, and gravel.
 Friction pile – no firm bearing layer can be reached, pile may still develop a considerable
load-carrying capacity through frictional resistance between the sides of the pile and the
soil through which it is driven
 Pile cap – distributes the load of the column or wall above among the piles.
 Single friction pile – transmits its load into the earth as an equal shear pressure along the
bulb; piles act together to create a single larger bulb of higher pressure that reaches
deeper into the ground
 Grade beams – constructed between the pile caps to transmit the wall loads to the piles.
Also used with caisson foundations for the same purpose
PILE MATERIALS
 Steel H-Pile
 Steel pipe pile
 Precast concrete pile
 Wood pile

1. Timber piles – tapered; cannot be splice (up to 20m only); prone to decay; 10 to 50 tons
capacity
2. Steel piles
a. H-piles – square section (8”-14” depth); for end-bearing; less soil displacement
(minimized heaving); unlimited length; corrosion-prone; 200-300 tons
b. Pipe piles –round section (8”-24” dia); closed or open end; open section easier to
drive than closed, has less soil displacement; pipe piles displace more than H-
piles; corrosive; 200-300 tons
c. Minipiles – also called pin piles or micro piles; made from steel bar/pipe (2”-12”
dia); pressed or rammed into holes then grouted; installed without hammering
(less disturbance)
d. Helical piles- also called screw piles; similar to minipiles (but with boring
blades); installed without hammering; 2-200 tons cap; less soil displacement;
corrosion (curable)
 3. Concrete piles
a. Precast – square, octagonal, or round; solid or cored; prestressed or non
prestressed; 10”-30”dia; higher load capacity (up to 500tons); free from corrosion
and decay; can be spliced; avoid bending and cracking before installation
b. Sitecast – can be cased or uncased; upto to 200 tons
4. Compaction type
a. Pressured-injected (or compaction grouted) footing
b. Rammed aggregate piers –
5. Specialized foundation systems
a. Consists of a multilayered sandwich of rubber and steel plated. When subjected to
lateral forced, yielding the rubber layers allows the isolator to deform. A lead core
provides damping action and keeps the layers of the sandwich aligned.
b. Up- down construction
i. Preliminary slurry wall and column construction prior to excavation
ii. Construction proceeds both upward and downward simultaneously
6. 3 types of underpinning
a. new foundation wall and footing are constructed on either side of existing
foundation
b. new piles or caissons are constructed on either side of the existing foundation
c. minipiles are inserted though the existing foundation. This may be accomplished
without temporary support of the building and only minimal excavation

PROTECTING FOUNDATIONS
From water, heat, gas
2 basic approached are used to resist water entry:
1. Drainage – draws ground water away from a foundation, reducing the volume and
pressure of water acting on the foundation’s walls and slabs
2. Waterproofing – acts as barrier to the passage of water through the foundation,
preventing it from reaching the interior
a. Treatment of a surface or structure to prevent the passage of water hydrostatic
conditions
3. Damp proofing – a moisture-resistant cement plaster or asphalt compound applied to
basement walls where groundwater conditions are mild or waterproofing requirements
are not critical.
a. Treatment of a surface to resist the passage of moisture in the absence of
hydrostatic conditions
b. Cement plaster damp proofing, or parge coating
c. Asphalt or bituminous damp proofing
4. Positive (exterior) side waterproofing systems:
a. Category of waterproofing systems where the waterproofing membrane/layer
b.
Is installed between its substrate and the source or supply or water
 5. Negative (interior) side waterproofing systems: category of waterproofing systems
where the substrate is between the waterproofing system and the source of water.
TYPES OF WATER PROOFING SYSTEMS (NCRA MANUAL)
 Asphalt built – up membrane
 Coal-tar built –up membrane
 Hot-fluid-applied polymer- modified asphalt membrane
 APP and SBS polymer-modified bitumen sheet membrane
 Self – adhering polymer – modified bitumen sheet membrane
 Butyl rubber membrane
 EPDM membrane
 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) membrane
 One – and two- component, fluid-applied elastomeric materials
 Bentonite waterproofing
 Crystalline waterproofing
 Cementitious waterproofing
 Elastomeric traffic coatings

6. Mud slab – low strength concrete was poured to serve as a base for placement of the
horizontal membrane
7. Bentonite panels – lined on the outer face with a black-colored, high density plastic that
add to the waterproofing qualities of the panel
8. Drainage mat – installed over the waterproofing
9. Perforated drain piping – temporarily supported on wood blocking and running
alongside the footing
10. Water proofing membranes – formulated from plastics, asphalts, compounds, synthetic
rubbers, and other materials.
11. Liquid-applies membrane water proofing – materials applied by spray or roller as
viscous liquids and then allowed to cure in place
12. Sheet membrane waterproofing - materials are manufactured in the factory. More
consistent material quality & thickness than liquid-applied membranes
13. Bentonite waterproofing – naturally occurring, highly expensive clay. Often applied as
preformed sheets consisting of dry sandwiched within corrugated cardboard, geotextile
fabric, or plastic sheets.
14. Integral waterproofing – describes a variety of ingredients added directly into concrete
when it is mixed. These materials stop up the pores in the cured concrete and render the
wall more watertight.
15. Electro-osmotic waterproofing – relies on electrical current flow induced into the
concrete wall to drive water molecules toward the outer face of the wall
16. Blind side waterproofing – installed prior to the pouring of concrete walls. This occurs
most commonly when a substructure wall is built close to a property’s edge, and
excavation cannot be enlarge beyond the property line to permit workers access to the
outer face of the wall after its completion.
17. waterstops – cast into the mating concrete edges to block the passage of water through
these vulnerable locations
18. Synthetic rubber waterstop – used to seal against water penetration at joints in concrete
construction.
19. Swelling bentonite waterstop – adhered to concrete footing prior to casting of concrete
wall above.
20. Flood tested – submerged for an extended period of time while leak checking is
performed
RADON GAS CONTROL
 RADON – gas seeping through cracks and unsealed penetrations in the foundation can
reach unhealthful concentration levels
 PASSIVE RADON CONTROL METHODS – designed to minimize gas filtration into
the building
 RETAINIG WALL – holds back soil where an abrupt change in ground elevation occurs.
The wall must resist the pressure of the earth and groundwater that presses against it from
the uphill side.
 DEADMEN – horizontal wall are timbers embedded in the soil behind the wall and
connected to it with timbers inserted into the wall at right angles

3 types of simple retaining wall – used for heights not exceeding 3 feet (900m)
1. Stone gravity wall
2. Vertical timber cantilevered wall
3. Horizontal timber wall with deadmen
Reinforced (tall, high-load) retaining walls
1. Reinforced concrete
2. Reinforced concrete masonry

 EARTH REINFORCING – alternative to conventional retaining wall

 GABIONS - form of earth retention in which corrosion-resistant wire baskets are filled
with cobble – or boulder-sized rocks and then stacked to form retaining walls and slope
protection
 GROUT INJECTION – techniques can also be used to strengthen and stabilized
underground soils without requiring excavation
Alternative earth reinforcing
 SEGMENTAL RETAINING WALL – consisting of specially made concrete blocks
designed to interlock and preventing slides
 GEOTEXTILES – fabrics made of chemically inert plastics resistant to soil deterioration.
o Application is drainage matting
o DRAINAGE MATTING – open matrix of plastic filaments with a felt-like filter
fabric laminated onto one side to keep soil particles from entering the matrix
o SYNTHETIC FILTER FABRICS – wrapped over and around subterranean crush
stone drainage layers
o SPECIAL GEOTEXTILES – staked down on freshly cut slopes to prevent soil
erosion and encourage re-vegetation; some of there are designed to decay and
disappear into soil as plants take over the function of slope stabilization.