Flood Project

FLOODS
A geographical phenomena
Group members
• Danielle Rochester
• Shawnile Brown
• Shamoya Black
• Jada McIntyre
• Timoy Wiles
OBJECTIVES
• Define floods
• Know the causes of a flood
• Be able to identify the types of flood
• Know and explain the effects of a flood
• Explain mitigation strategies
DEFINITION OF FLOOD
• Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster
• Flood is the overflow of water beyond its normal limit

which usually submerges dry land
CLASSIFICATION OF CAUSES
• Natural causes
• Man-made causes
CAUSES OF FLOOD
• Floods happen when there is excessive or prolonged rainfall that cause the ground
to become saturated.
• When the ground have absorbed as much as it can, the excess will begin to accumulate
above ground and spread out to new areas.
MAN-MADE CAUSES
• Broken water supply lines (water main)

• Land-use activities such as urbanization increase run off volume and rate
• Mining and other industries altering water regimes
• Occupation of floodplains obstructing flows
• Collapsed damns or levee
• Deforestation
• Emission of greenhouse gases
NATURAL CAUSES
• Heavy rain fall and thunderstorm over a short period of time

• High tide combined with stormy conditions
• Storm surge from a tropical cyclone
• Rapid snow melt
• Tsunami in coastal areas
TYPES OF FLOOD
Flooding is the most common natural hazard and occur in many ways. The three most
common types of flood include river flood, coastal flood and flash flood.
• Flash flood
• Riverine flood
• Tidal flood
• Ponding flood
• Coastal flood
TYPES OF FLOOD
FLASH FLOOD
• Flash floods are the result of heavy rainfall or cloudburst over a relatively small drainage area.
• Flash floods carry highly destructive flood waves and are most common in mountainous areas
or in steep places that have streams flowing though narrow canyons.
• Flash floods are very dangerous floods that can happen with little or no warning. When there is
more rain than the soil can absorb, the excess water quickly runs into rivers and creeks,
overwhelming storm drains and ditches and causing a flash flood.
• Flash floods can cause water to rise significantly in a short amount of time.
TYPES OF FLOOD
RIVERINE FLOOD
• These occur when a large amount of rain falls in river systems with tributaries that drain
large areas containing many independent river basins. They may last a few hours or many
days depending on the intensity, amount and the distribution of the rainfall.
TYPES OF FLOOD
TIDAL FLOOD
• This results when large bodies of water, like the sea or lakes, overflow onto bordering
lands. They are mainly caused by high tides, the heavy rains that accompany hurricanes,
waves created by high wind surges created by storms, and long waves produced by
earthquakes out at sea.
TYPES OF FLOOD
PONDING FLOOD
This is a slow buildup of water in depressions, sinks, areas with clay base soil, and
slow percolation rate
TYPES OF FLOOD
COASTAL FLOOD
• Coastal flooding is the inundation of land areas along the coast by seawater
• This normally occurs when there is a hurricane
EFFECTS OF A FLOOD
Social effects of a flood

• Loss of lives and property
• Loss of livelihood
• Decreased purchasing and production power
• Mass migration
• Psychosocial effects
• Hindering economic growth and development
• Political implications
EFFECTS OF A FLOOD
Economic effects
• Insurable losses
• Temporary or permanent loss of business/wages
• Increase in business
MITIGATION STRATEGIES
STRUCTURAL MITIGATION STRATEGIES

• Levees
• Flood wall
• Fills
• Dams
• Reservoirs
• Reducing bed roughness
• Flood water diversion or storage
NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION STRATEGIES
• Education
• Land use planning and zoning tools
• Environmentally sensitive area protection
• Flood forecasting and warning methods
• Planning
• Develop a household emergency plan
• Understanding and awareness
GLOSSARY
• Accumulate - to gather together in an increasing quantity.

• Cloudburst - heavy fall of rain.
• Coastal Flooding - a raising of the level of the sea along the coastline caused by unusual
tidal action or winds from tropical storms and hurricanes.
• Dams - a barrier built across a river to create a lake.
• Depression - a mass of air below normal atmospheric pressure, which often causes rain
• Earthquake - a sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction,
as a result of movement within the earth’s crust or volcanic action.
GLOSSARY
• Flash Flood - a sudden local flood, typically due to heavy rain.

• Flood - an overflow of water on an area that is normally dry.
• Floodplain - a flat area beside a river that becomes flooded when the river overflows its
banks
• Flood wall - a wall built as a defense against floods
• High Tides - the sea at its highest level on the coast
• Inundation - to be covered completely with water
GLOSSARY
• Levee - a natural or an artificial river embankment

• Natural Disaster - a catastrophic event with atmospheric, geological and hydro-logical
origins
• Natural Hazard - any natural event such as an earthquake, hurricane, flood, forest fire, or
outbreak of a disease that could threaten the lives and livelihood of those caught up in it
• Percolation - the movement of water downwards through the soil
• Ponding - flooding that occurs on a relatively flat areas
GLOSSARY
• Reservoir - a storage unit for water

• River Basin - an area drained by a river and it tributaries
• Riverine Flood - excessive rainfall over an extended period of time causes a river to
exceed its capacity
• Saturated - holding as much water or moisture as can be absorbed; thoroughly soaked
• Sinks - a pool or marsh in which a river’s water disappears by evaporation or percolation
• Storm Surge - a rising of the sea as a result of wind and atmospheric pressure changes
associated with a storm
GLOSSARY
• Tidal Flood - the temporary inundation of low-lying areas, especially streets, during
exceptionally high tide event
• Tropical Cyclone - a rapid rotating storm originating over tropical oceans
• Tsunami - a series of waves caused by earthquakes or under seas volcanic eruption

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FLOODS

• Flood is the overflow of water beyond its normal limit

• Broken water supply lines (water main)

• Heavy rain fall and thunderstorm over a short period of time

Social effects of a flood

STRUCTURAL MITIGATION STRATEGIES

• Accumulate - to gather together in an increasing quantity.

• Flash Flood - a sudden local flood, typically due to heavy rain.

• Levee - a natural or an artificial river embankment

• Reservoir - a storage unit for water

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