PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO

College of Education, Arts, and Sciences

Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

Course Code: MAT101

Course Title: Mathematics in the Modern World
Learning Material for Week #: 9
Course Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Appreciate the nature and beauty of mathematics.
2. Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments made about
mathematics and mathematical concepts.
3. Apply logical reasoning in making sound decisions.
4. Use a variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical data.
5. Use mathematics in other areas such as finance, voting, health and medicine, business,
environment, arts and design, and recreation.

Data Management

Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson students must be able to:
• Make a frequency table for a set data
• Create frequency distribution for a data set
• Present data from a frequency distribution in a histogram, frequency polygon, or ogive.

Lesson Coverage
• Frequency Distribution Table
• Parts of a Frequency Distribution Table
• Construction of a Frequency Distribution Table

Frequency Distribution
In statistics, a frequency distribution is a list, table or graph that displays the frequency of
various outcomes in a sample. Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the
occurrences of values within a particular group or interval.
The frequency distribution is the basic building block of statistical analytical methods
and the first step in analyzing survey data. It helps researchers (a) organize and summarize the
survey data in a tabular format, (b) interpret the data, and (c) detect outliers (extreme values)
in the survey data set.

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 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

Array - This is the arrangement of data from the highest to lowest of from lowest to highest.
Given the following scores of 50 students in Mathematics in the Modern World.

Unarranged Data Arranged Data

41 47 29 28 25 47 40 29 27 24
23 26 46 38 28 46 38 29 27 23
37 46 28 23 28 46 37 29 27 23
27 20 44 26 37 44 37 29 26 21
36 29 26 43 21 43 36 29 26 20
18 27 29 34 42 43 34 28 26 19
43 29 34 19 27 42 34 28 26 18
40 25 28 32 14 41 32 28 25 14
32 29 40 13 24 41 32 28 25 13
11 41 31 24 27 40 31 28 24 11

Construction of Frequency Distribution

1. Find the range of the given data. Range is the difference between the highest and the
lowest number.
R = H - L
2. Divide the range by the size of the class interval desired. Example class interval desired is 3.
Class interval 3-7
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
Number of Classes = +1
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
=47-11
=36/3
=12+1

Note : a. If series contains less than 50 cases, 10 classes or less are just enough.
b. If series contains 50 to 100 cases, 10 to 15 classes are recommended.
c. If more than 100 cases, 15 or more classes are good.

Frequency Distribution of Mathematics in the Modern World Scores of 50 students

Class Interval (CI) Class Frequency (f) Relative Frequency (%f) <cumf >cumf
9-11 1 1/50 2% 1 50
12-14 2 2/50 4% 3 49
15-17 0 0/50 0 3 47

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 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

18-20 3 3/50 6% 6 47
21-23 3 3/50 6% 9 44
24-26 8 8/50 16% 17 41
27-29 13 13/50 26% 30 33
30-32 3 3/50 6% 33 20
33-35 2 2/50 4% 35 17
36-38 4 4/50 8% 39 15
39-41 4 4/50 8% 43 11
42-44 4 4/50 8% 47 7
45-47 3 3/50 6% 50 3

Relative Frequency Distribution

Relative frequency distribution of a set of data shows the proportion in percent of the frequency of
each class to the total frequency.
𝑓
% f = 𝑛 ∗ 100

where: %f - the relative frequency of each class

n - the sample size
3
Example 1. %f = ∗ 100
60

= 5%

5
Example 2. %f = 6 ∗ 100

= 8.33%

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

Cumulative frequency distribution is obtained by adding the class frequencies. Partial sums are
taken in each class interval. This answers questions like “ the number of students who got passing
mark”, or “ the number of employees who got an efficiency rating from 75% to 95%,” and so on.

1. Less than Cumulative Frequency Distribution (<cumf ) – refers to the distribution whose frequencies
are less than or below the upper class boundary they correspond to. This is obtained by adding
successively from the lowest to the highest-class interval.

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 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

2. More than Cumulative Frequency Distribution (>cumf ) – refers to the distribution whose
frequencies are more than or above the lower class boundary they correspond to. This is obtained by
adding successively from the highest to the lowest class interval.
Graphical Representation refers to the pictorial representation of data. It enables the researcher to see
at a glance the general characteristics and special features of such data.

1. Histogram – refers to a data presentation that uses bars to represent the frequencies of each
class. Frequency of each class plotted.

Steps in Preparing a Histogram :

1. Prepare the x and y-axis.
2. Mark x and y scale, x representing the scores and y the frequencies
3. The bases of the bars are plotted on the x-axis where the width of the base corresponds to
the real limits or class boundaries of the class interval. The center of the base falls on the
midpoint of the class interval.

2. Frequency Polygon – dots are used and are connected by lines making a polygon. Frequency in
each class and class marks are plotted.

Steps in making a Frequency Polygon :

1. Label the points on the base line.
2. Plot the midpoints, scores within the interval are concentrated on the midpoint.
3. When all midpoints are located, join them by a series of short lines, additional at both ends are
needed.

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 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

3. < Ogive and > Ogive – makes use of class boundaries and cumulative frequencies. Ogive is used to
study the growth rate of data as it shows the accumulation of frequency.

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 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

Suggested videos to watch:

Constructing a Frequency Distribution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKWStqSbdXE

How To Make a Simple Frequency Table and Mean, Median, and Mode of ungrouped data
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyRbCwDDnJo

How To Make a Histogram Using a Frequency Distribution Table

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AndS0RLdxtk

How to Make(Draw) a Histogram with Class Boundaries Example #1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vei_lPLUdVc

How to Make Frequency Table, Histogram, Polygon and Ogive

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgnhNEorlFI

Frequency Polygon and Ogive

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86LLExgE648

References:
Morris, Elbo
ABC Statistics. http://studymore.org.uk/glonumst.htm