Data Presentation: I. Textual Narrative or Textual Presentation

Data Presentation
METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

● Textual
● Tabular
● Graphical
I. Textual
Narrative or Textual Presentation
Definition ➔ describing data by the use of statements with few numbers

➔ presented in paragraphs or sentences
➔ explain results and trends, and provide contextual information
Purpose to stress or emphasize significant information
Example Information about the incidence rates of delirium following

anesthesia in 2016–2017 can be presented with the use of a few
numbers:
“The incidence rate of delirium following anesthesia was 11%
in 2016 and 15% in 2017; no significant difference of
incidence rates was found between the two years.”
II. Tabular
Tabular Presentation
Definition ➔ Convey information that has been converted into words or

numbers in rows and columns.
➔ Most appropriate for presenting individual information and can
present both quantitative and qualitative information.
➔ Useful for summarizing and comparing quantitative
information of different variables and information with different
units can be presented together
Purposes data checking and editing

summarizing and presenting data
basis, aid in graph or chart construction
Components
Guidelines ● self-explanatory
● all sources are specified
● headings are specific and understandable for every column &
row
● row and column totals are checked for accuracy
● cells are not left blank; enter “0” or “-”
● categories are mutually exclusive and exhaustive
Types of Tabular Presentation
1. Frequency Distribution
Definition ➔ A table listing all classes and their frequencies
Example/s ● For _____ and ________, a frequency distribution consists of a set

of classes or categories along with the numerical counts that
correspond to each one.
● To display NOMINAL or ORDINAL data in the form of a frequency

distribution, break down the range of values of the observations into
a series of distinct, non- overlapping intervals.
2. Master Table
Definition ➔ Single table which allows the distribution of observations across

many variables of interest in a given study
➔ each observation is cross classified across the variables which may
be quantitative or qualitative data
Purpose store information with an aim of presenting detailed statistical data

facilitate generation and tabulation of smaller table
3. Dummy Table
Definition ➔ complete except for data

➔ give preview of what table outputs may be expected from the study
Purpose help researcher clarify instrument

help protocol reviewer & computer programmer
Example
4. Tables According to Number of Variables
One-way table ➔ single variable

Two-way table ➔ two variables
Multi-way ➔ more than two variables

table
Interpreting Data Answer: 8%
Row % Col %
- percentage of respondents falling - percentage of respondents falling
under the column category divided under the row category divided by
by the total of the category of the the total of the category of the
row variable. column variable.
Interpretation: Interpretation:
____ % of (category of row variable) are ____ % of (category of column
(category of the column variable). variable) are (category of the
Example/s: row variable).
81% of women 20-29 years old are married.
Among those who are 15-19 years old, Example/s:
how many % are married?
48% of married women are 20-29 years
old.
III. Graphical
Graphical Presentation
Definition ➔ pictorial representations of certain quantities plotted with

reference to a set of axes
➔ graphs simplify complex information by using IMAGES and
emphasizing DATA PATTERNS/TRENDS
➔ useful for summarizing, explaining, or exploring quantitative
data
➔ present both large and small amounts of data
Purpose/Uses visually summarize the variables (data set is large)

emphasize particular statement about data set
enhance readability
appeal the visual memory
Guidelines ● include, below the figure, a title providing all relevant

information
● be referred to as figures in the text
● identify figure axes by the variables under analysis
● quote the source which provided the data, if required
● demonstrate the scale being used
● be self-explanatory
Advantages ● main feature & implications of the body of data can be

grasped at a glance
● more attractive & appealing to a wider range of readers
● simplifies concepts that would otherwise have been
expressed in so many words
● shows trends & patterns of a large set of data
● comparisons could be made more striking
● can be readily clarify data
Disadvantages ● cannot show as many sets of facts

● can only show approximate values
● require more time to construct
● may be used to misinterpret results
Types of Graphical Presentation
1. Pie Chart
Definition ➔ Circles subdivided into a number of slices

- area of each slice represents the relative proportion data points
falling into given category
Purpose use to show how a whole is divided into its component parts which
could be breakdowns of groups or totals
Example
2. Bar Graph
Definition ➔ consists of bars of the same sizes

➔ horizontal or vertical with gaps between to emphasize
discontinuities
➔ also known as one-dimensional diagram
➔ Types:
- simple bar graph
- multiple bar graph
➔ height of bars/rectangles: quantity of variables
Purpose to compare things between different groups or to track changes

over time
Guidelines ● height of bars should be proportional to the frequencies or rates of

categories
● width of bars should be equal
● percentages & rates must be used when total number of
observations for the groups are not uniform
● when percentages are used, the sum of the heights of all the bars
must be equal to 100%
● to make them more appealing, bars are either colored or shaded in
different ways
Types 1. Horizontal Bar Graph

- used for qualitative variables
2. Vertical Bar Graph
- used for discrete quantitative variables
3. Component Bar Graph
Definition ➔ each bar is divided into smaller rectangles representing the parts
➔ area of each smaller rectangle is proportional to the relative
contribution of the component to the whole
➔ generally used for nominal data
➔ different shades or colors can be applied to the components to
emphasize differences between parts of the whole
➔ preferable over the pie in situations where the compositions of two
or more groups are to be compared
Purpose to represent data in which the total magnitude is divided into

different or components
Example
4. Line Graph
Definition ➔ plot of dots joined with lines over some period of time in sequential
series
➔ time series charts
➔ horizontal axis: time series
➔ vertical axis: variable values
Purpose to track changes over short and long periods of time
Example
5. Histogram
Definition ➔ bar is used to depict number or relative frequencies of data points

falling into the given class
➔ bars are drawn over the true limits of the classes, no gaps exist in
between
➔ horizontal axis: continuous quantitative
➔ vertical axis: number of relative frequencies
➔ preferred for grouped interval data
Purpose to graphically summarize the distribution of a univariate data set

Example
6. Frequency Polygon
Definition ➔ similar to histogram except that:

- frequencies are plotted against the corresponding midpoints of
the classes
- adjacent points are joined with lines and the plot is tied down to
the horizontal axis resulting in multi-sided polygon
Purpose for understanding the shapes of distributions
Example
7. Stem-and-leaf Plot
Definition ➔ primarily for small set of data

➔ provides rank-ordered lists and its easier to restore the original
value of the observation
➔ lines gives more information than bars in histogram
➔ used to show the actual data value instead of using bars to
represent the height of an interval
Purpose to organize data as they are collected

Example
8. Box Plot
Definition ➔ shows description of a large quantitative data

➔ include center, spread, shape, tail length, and outlying data points
➔ can be presented horizontal or vertical
➔ height of rectangle is arbitrary and has no specific meaning
Purpose used for comparing the distributions of several variables or the

distribution of a single variable in several groups on the same scale
Example
9. Scatter Plot
Definition ➔ shows the relationship between two quantitative variables

➔ gives rough estimate of the type and degree of correlation between
the variables
Purpose to observe and show relationships between two numeric variables
Examples

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Data Presentation

METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

Narrative or Textual Presentation

Definition ➔ describing data by the use of statements with few numbers

Purpose to stress or emphasize significant information

Example Information about the incidence rates of delirium following

Definition ➔ Convey information that has been converted into words or

Purposes data checking and editing

Types of Tabular Presentation

Definition ➔ A table listing all classes and their frequencies

Example/s ● For _____ and ________, a frequency distribution consists of a set

● To display NOMINAL or ORDINAL data in the form of a frequency

Definition ➔ Single table which allows the distribution of observations across

Purpose store information with an aim of presenting detailed statistical data

Definition ➔ complete except for data

Purpose help researcher clarify instrument

4. Tables According to Number of Variables

One-way table ➔ single variable

Multi-way ➔ more than two variables

Interpreting Data Answer: 8%

Definition ➔ pictorial representations of certain quantities plotted with

Purpose/Uses visually summarize the variables (data set is large)

Guidelines ● include, below the figure, a title providing all relevant

Advantages ● main feature & implications of the body of data can be

Disadvantages ● cannot show as many sets of facts

Types of Graphical Presentation

Definition ➔ Circles subdivided into a number of slices

Definition ➔ consists of bars of the same sizes

Purpose to compare things between different groups or to track changes

Guidelines ● height of bars should be proportional to the frequencies or rates of

Types 1. Horizontal Bar Graph

3. Component Bar Graph

Purpose to represent data in which the total magnitude is divided into

Purpose to track changes over short and long periods of time

Definition ➔ bar is used to depict number or relative frequencies of data points

Purpose to graphically summarize the distribution of a univariate data set

Definition ➔ similar to histogram except that:

Purpose for understanding the shapes of distributions

Definition ➔ primarily for small set of data

Purpose to organize data as they are collected

Definition ➔ shows description of a large quantitative data

Purpose used for comparing the distributions of several variables or the

Definition ➔ shows the relationship between two quantitative variables

Purpose to observe and show relationships between two numeric variables

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Example/s ● For _ and ____, a frequency distribution consists of a set