Lourdes

College
Inc. Integrated
Basic Education
Department SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Gen. Capistrano Street, Cagayan de Oro City S.Y. 2020 -
2021, First Semester

LEARNING MODULES
Earth and Life Science

Prepared
by

JOLY BEE A. OLILA,

LPT
 Modules for the
Week

September 14 – 19,
2020
Lourdes College Integrated Basic Education
Department SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT Gen. Capistrano-Hayes St.,
Cagayan de Oro City

Module for Online Learning

General Instructional Guidelines

SUBJECT: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE for Grade 11 ABM and TVL

Greeting: Good morning / afternoon everyone! Praised be Jesus and Mary! Welcome to our
module for this session. You will find here our general instructional guidelines, then the
components of our module. You will be guided one step at a time through the specific
instructions of the learning tasks given below, which intend to develop our cognitive skills as well
as our values, considering current social realities. Let joy and peace abound in your mind and
heart as you genuinely and responsibly respond to the learning processes that this module
offers.

I. General Instructional Guidelines

1.1 Please refer to the Unit Plan for the Subject description, minor and major performance
tasks, and criteria for grading. Consultation will be provided through our group chat, email,
Gmail, SMS, Edmodo or other social network. I will monitor your participation in our learning
activities through these chosen media. In addition, you are always encouraged to voice any
concerns on internet connections so that appropriate adjustments can be done.

1.2. Your honesty and integrity are few of the most important component to whatever
outputs asked from the module. A plagiarism-checker tool will be utilized as one of the
measures in assessing your outputs. Use in-text citation (citing the author and year) when you
mention a statement coming from a source other than the list of references that can be found in
your paper.
 1.3. Feedback is an essential component in this mode of delivery. You will be asked of your
assessment of your learning experience in this subject so that we will be able to improve our
learning processes in the succeeding instructional delivery.

2. Specific Instructions for the Learning

Activity

You are reminded that at the end of the module, you are expected to comply all the required
tasks/activities.

Note: Kindly upload your output in our Google Classroom using your account. File name must
be: Family Name_Activity_A.

Example: Olila_Activity_A. If you have considerable concerns or problems, feel free

to
communicate about it.

Module No. 7: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE

CONCEPT OF LIFE

Module Overview: This module deals with the understanding of the concept of life that the
living components of the Earth are made up of cells, from the study of the interactions of
organic molecules to the interactions of animals and plant with their environment.
Student’s work should aligned with scientific knowledge gained from observation and
understanding of natural phenomena and by designing an offspring through sexual and
asexual reproduction.

LESSON 15: The

Cell

TRANSFER GOAL/LEARNING
OUTCOME:

The students in the long run and on their own will be able to make an analysis through the
use of punnet square in determining the genetic make-up of their family to identify the traits that
are dominant and recessive that has been inherited. Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of
their biological knowledge, based on naturalistic explanations, to their personal faith in Christ,
and can express both their confidence and uncertainty in their search towards a common truth
that encompasses all of reality.
OBJECTIVES:

In these lessons, you will learn the following:

1. determine the theories that supports the concept of

life;

2. explain the evolving concept of life based on emerging pieces of evidence. S11/12LT -IIa-1;
and

3. describe how unifying themes (e.g., structure and function, evolution, and ecosystems) in the
study of life show the connections among living things and how they interact with each other
and with their environment. S11/12LT -IIa-3

CONTENT
FOCUS:

One of the basic tenets of biology is that all living things are composed of cells. Some
organisms consist of a single cell, while others have multiple cells organized into tissues and
tissues organized into organs. In many living things, organs function together as an organ
system. However, even in these complex organisms, the basic biology revolves around the
activities of the cell.

Evidence of
Evolution

● The Nobel Prize winning scientist Linus Pauling aptly described science as the search for
truth. Science does this by continuously comparing its theories objectively with evidence in the
natural world. When theories no longer conform to the evidence, they are modified or rejected in
favor of new theories that do conform. In other words, science constantly tries to prove its
assumptions to be false and rejects implausible explanations.

● In this way, scientific knowledge and understanding grow over time. Religious explanations for
the order of things are not science because they are based primarily on faith and do not subject
themselves to be objectively falsified. Because of this fundamental difference in the approach to
understanding our natural world, the U.S. Supreme Court in effect decided in 1987 that the
Biblically based "creation science" is not a science and cannot be taught as such in public
schools as an alternative or in addition to the mainstream evolutionary theory of the biological
sciences.

● However, religious creation stories and the idea of "intelligent design" can be taught in
philosophy, religion, or history courses. Religion and Science provide different approaches to
knowledge. It is important to understand both.
What Is Evolution?
● Biological evolution is genetic change in a population from one generation to another. The
speed and direction of change is variable with different species lines and at different times.
Continuous evolution over many generations can result in the development of new varieties and
species. Likewise, failure to evolve in response to environmental changes can, and often does,
lead to extinction.
● When scientists speak of evolution as a theory they do not mean that it is a mere speculation.
It is a theory in the same sense as the propositions that the earth is round rather than flat or that
our bodies are made of atoms are theories. Most people would consider such fundamental
theories to be sufficiently tested by empirical evidence to conclude that they are indeed facts. As
a result of the massive amount of evidence for biological evolution accumulated over the last
two centuries, we can safely conclude that evolution has occurred and continues to occur. All
life forms, including humans, evolved from earlier species, and all still living species of
organisms continue to evolve today. They are not unchanging end-products.
● For those who have difficulty in accepting evolution because of what they perceive as
contradictions with their fundamental religious beliefs, it may be useful to distinguish the ultimate
origin of life from its later evolution. Many, if not most, biological scientists accept that primordial
life on earth began as a result of chance natural occurrences 3.5-4 billion years ago.
● However, it is not necessary to believe in that view in order to accept that living creatures
evolved by natural means after the origin of the first life. Charles Darwin modified his religious
beliefs, as did many others, as a result of the discovery of convincing proof of evolution.
● Darwin's religious faith was also severely challenged by the death of his 10 year old daughter
Annie in 1851. Apparently, he came to believe that his God created the order of the universe
including the rules of nature that result in biological evolution. His famous book, On the Origin of
Species, was not a denial of his God's existence.
● However, he did reject a literal interpretation of the Judeo-Christian Bible. His religious beliefs
were probably very similar to those who advocate "theistic evolution" today.
How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred?
The evidence for evolution has primarily come from four sources:
1. the fossil record of change in earlier species
2. the chemical and anatomical similarities of related life forms
3. the geographic distribution of related species
4. the recorded genetic changes in living organisms over many generations
The Fossil Record
● Remains of animals and plants found
in sedimentary rock deposits give us an indisputable record of past changes through vast
periods of time. This evidence attests to the fact that there has been a tremendous variety of
living things. Some extinct species had traits that were transitional between major groups of
organisms. Their existence confirms that species are not fixed but can evolve into other species
over time.
● The evidence also shows that what have appeared to be gaps in the fossil record are due to
incomplete data collection. The more that we learn about the evolution of specific species lines,
the more that these so-called gaps or "missing links in the chain of evolution" are filled with
transitional fossil specimens. One of the first of these gaps to be filled was between small
bipedal dinosaurs and birds. Just two years after
Geological strata containing an
evolutionary sequence of fossils
Darwin published On the Origin of Species, a 150-145 million year old fossil
of Archaeopteryx was found in southern Germany. It had jaws with teeth and a long bony
tail like dinosaurs, broad wings and feathers like birds, and skeletal features of both. This
discovery verified the assumption that birds had reptilian ancestors.

Archaeopteryx fossil Archaeopteryx recreation Archaeopteryx tail feathers

● Since the discovery of Archaeopteryx, there have been many other crucial evolutionary gaps
filled in the fossil record. Perhaps, the most important one, from our human perspective, was
that between apes and our own species. Since the 1920's, there have been literally hundreds of
well-dated intermediate fossils found in Africa that were transitional species leading from apes to
humans over the last 6-7 million years. This evidence is presented in the last 3 tutorials of this
series.

● The fossil record also provides abundant evidence that the complex animals and plants of
today were preceded by earlier simple ones. In addition, it shows that multicelled organisms
evolved only after the first single-celled ones. This fits the predictions of evolutionary theory.

Chemical and Anatomical

Similarities

● Living things on earth are fundamentally similar in the way that their basic anatomical
structures develop and in their chemical compositions. No matter whether they are simple
single-celled protozoa or highly complex organisms with billions of cells, they all begin as
single cells that reproduce themselves by similar division processes. After a limited life
span, they also all grow old and die.

● All living things on earth share the ability to create complex molecules out of carbon and a few
other elements. In fact, 99% of the proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and other molecules of living
things are made from only 6 of the 92 most common elements. This is not a mere coincidence.

● All plants and animals receive their specific characteristics from their parents by inheriting
particular combinations of genes. Molecular biologists have discovered that genes are, in
fact, segments of DNA molecules in our cells.

section of a DNA molecule

These segments of DNA contain chemically coded recipes for creating proteins by linking
together particular amino acids in specific sequences.

simple protein molecule

● All of the tens of thousands of types of proteins in living things are mostly made of only 20
kinds of amino acids. Despite the great diversity of life on our planet, the simple language of the
DNA code is the same for all living things. This is evidence of the fundamental molecular unity
of life.

● In addition to molecular similarities, most living things are alike in that they either get the
energy needed for growth, repair, and reproduction directly from sunlight,
by photosynthesis , or they get it indirectly by consuming green plants and other organisms
that eat plants.

● Many groups of species share the same types of body structures because they inherited
them from a common ancestor that had them. This is the case with the vertebrates , which
are the animals that have internal skeletons. The arms of humans, the forelegs of dogs and
cats, the wings of birds, and the flippers of whales and seals all have the same types of
bones (humerus, radius, and ulna) because they have retained these traits of their shared
common ancient vertebrate ancestor.

● All of these major chemical and anatomical similarities between living things can be most
logically accounted for by assuming that they either share a common ancestry or they came into
existence as a result of similar natural processes. These facts make it difficult to accept a theory
of special and independent creation of different species.
Human arm bones (typical
vertebrate pattern)

Geographic Distribution of Related Species

● Another clue to patterns of past evolution is found in the natural geographic distribution of
related species. It is clear that major isolated land areas and island groups often evolved their
own distinct plant and animal communities. For instance, before humans arrived 60- 40,000
years ago, Australia had more than 100 species of kangaroos, koalas, and
other marsupials but none of the more advanced terrestrial placental mammals such as
dogs, cats, bears, horses. Land mammals were entirely absent from the even more isolated
islands that make up Hawaii and New Zealand. Each of these places had a great number of
plant, insect, and bird species that were found nowhere else in the world. The most likely
explanation for the existence of Australia's, New Zealand's, and Hawaii's mostly unique
biotic environments is that the life forms in these areas have been evolving in isolation from
the rest of the world for millions of years.

Genetic Changes Over

Generations

● The earth's environments are constantly changing, usually in subtle and complex ways. When
the changes are so great as to go beyond what most members of a population of organisms can
tolerate, widespread death occurs. As Charles Darwin observed, however, not all individuals
always perish. Fortunately, natural populations have genetic diversity. Those individuals whose
characteristics allow them to survive an environmental crisis likely will be the only ones able to
reproduce. Subsequently, their traits will be more common in the next generation--evolution of
the population will have occurred.

● This process of natural selection resulting in evolution can be easily demonstrated over a 24
hour period in a laboratory Petri dish of bacteria living in a nutrient medium. When a lethal dose
of antibiotic is added, there will be a mass die-off. However, a few of the bacteria usually are
immune and survive. The next generation is mostly immune because they have inherited
immunity from the survivors. That is the case with the purple bacteria in the Petri dishes shown
below--the bacteria population has evolved.
Evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria
● This same phenomenon of bacteria evolution speeded up by human actions occurs in our
own bodies at times when an antibiotic drug is unable to completely eliminate a bacterial
infection. That is the reason that medical doctors are sometimes hesitant to recommend an
antibiotic for their patients and insist that the full dosage be used even if the symptoms of illness
go away. They do not want to allow any potentially antibiotic resistant bacteria to survive.
People have developed many new varieties of plants and animals by selective breeding. This
process is similar to the bacteria experiment described above. Selection of specimens to breed
based on particular traits is, in effect, changing the environment for the population. Those
individuals lacking the desirable characteristics are not allowed to breed. Therefore, the
following generations more commonly have the desired traits.
 Species that mature and reproduce large numbers in a short amount of time have a potential for
very fast evolutionary changes. Insects and microorganisms often evolve at such rapid rates
that our actions to combat them quickly lose their effectiveness. We must constantly develop
new pesticides, antibiotics, and other measures in an ever escalating biological arms race with
these creatures. Unfortunately, there are a few kinds of insects and microbes that are now
significantly or completely resistant to our counter measures, and some of these species are
responsible for devastating crop losses and deadly diseases.
● If evolution has occurred, there should be many anatomical similarities among varieties and
species that have diverged from a common ancestor. Those species with the most recent
common ancestor should share the most traits. For instance, the many anatomical similarities of
wolves, dogs, and other members of the genus Canis are due to the fact that they are
descended from the same ancient canine species and still share 99.8% of their genes. Wolves
and dogs also share similarities with foxes, indicating a slightly more distant ancestor with them.
Given the abundant evidence supporting the theory of biological evolution, it is highly probable
that evolution has occurred and is still occurring today. However, there remains speculation in
regards to the specific evolutionary path of some species lines and the relative importance of
the different natural processes responsible for their evolution.
Dog variety resulting from selective breeding over many generations
Insect with a high reproductive potential
Much has been added to our understanding of the nature of evolution since the 19th century. It
is now known that there are six different processes that can operate independently or in consort
to bring about evolution. The understanding of these processes has become the basis for an
overall synthetic theory of evolution . This theory encompasses multiple causes, including
Charles Darwin's concept of natural selection, Gregor Mendel's experimental results concerning
genetic inheritance, as well as a number of crucial 20th century discoveries. The synthetic
theory of evolution will be revisited with more detail in the 6th tutorial of this biological
anthropology series.

The Study of Life &

Unifying Themes of Biology

What is biology in the 21st

century?

Biology is the study of life. As time progresses, our knowledge of living things and our use of
developed technology to study them is always changing.

Vocabulary

Biosphere: All living things and all the places they are found on Earth Biodiversity: The variety
of life Species: A certain type of living thing that can reproduce by interbreeding Biology: The
scientific study of all forms of life Organism: Any individual living thing Cell: The basic unit of
life Metabolism: All of the chemical processes that build up or break down materials DNA: It
carries the instructions for growth and development System: An organized group of related
parts that interact to form a whole Ecosystem: A physical environment with different species
that interact with one another and with nonliving things Homeostasis: The maintenance of
constant internal conditions in an organism Evolution: The change in living things over time
Adaptation: An inherited trait that gives an advantage to individual organisms and is passed on
to future generations

Biologists study life in all its

forms.

Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life. All organisms share certain

characteristics.

● The biosphere makes up for all living things and places they live on Earth. It is connected
with every other part of the biosphere including land environments such as deserts, grasslands,
and different types of forests.

● Biodiversity, or also known as biological diversity, is the variety of all life forms on Earth. It
is bigger as you get closer to the equator. More organisms are able to live in warmer areas
because plants can survive in warm areas providing a surplus amount of food for many species.

● Species can be defined in multiple ways, but a common definition is that it is a particular type
of organism that can reproduce by interbreeding among themselves. Around two
million are discovered, but scientists estimate that there are tens of millions still yet to be
discovered. Over half of the known species are insects, but no one knows how many insect
species actually exist. Around 10,000 new species are discovered each other while over
50,000 become extinct. However, a species that was thought to be extinct is found again.
For example, the ivory-billed woodpecker was thought to have become extinct in 1944, but
a team of scientists reported seeing it in Arkansas in 2004.
All organisms share certain
characteristics.

An organism is any individual living thing. All organisms on Earth share certain
characteristics, but an actual definition of life is complicated. Categories of living and non-living
things are made by humans and aren't always perfect. Some things such as viruses fall in
between since they only show some and not all of the characteristics of living things.

Some characteristics are: 1.) All organisms are made up of one or more cells. A cell is the basic
unit of life. Microscopic, single-celled organisms are the most common forms of life on
Earth. A unicellular (single-celled) organism carries out all the functions of life just like us, but
multicellular organisms are larger organisms made up of many cells with different functions.

2.) All organisms need energy for our life processes. Energy is the ability to cause a change or
do work. One form of energy used by all living things is chemical energy. Some organisms use
chemicals to make their own chemical energy. Others like plants, absorb energy to store the
chemicals for later. Energy is important for metabolism, all of the chemical processes that build
up or break down materials.

3.) Organisms must also be able to respond to their environment. Things like light, temperature,
and touch are some physical factors called stimuli that we must react to. Some organisms use
light for growth or structure formation.(Example: Plants growing toward light and fungi producing
mushrooms)

4.) The last characteristic is the ability to reproduce and develop. When organisms reproduce
they pass DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, to their offspring. Multi-cellular organisms reproduce
when two parents genetic information combines. Single-called organisms can only reproduce if
one cell divides into two. Both of the new cells will have genetic information that is identical to
the original cell. In both cases, the instructions for growth and development of organisms are
carried out by the same chemicals. DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Unifying themes connect concepts form many fields of

biology.

1. All levels of life have systems of related parts.

2. Structure and function are related in biology.

3. Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments.

4. Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life.

All levels of life have systems of related parts.

● A system is an organized group of related parts that interact to form a whole. Systems exist
on all scales in biology. Two organisms that interact can also be a system like the moray eel
 and the cleaner shrimp in the picture above.

● An ecosystem is a physical environment with different species that interact with one another
and with nonliving things.

● An ecosystem can also be a very small area, for an example, an individual tree.

● Biologists often study different systems, but more and more biologists are working across
different system levels. For example, studying how chemicals in the brain affect social
interactions.

Structure and function are related in

biology

Structure and function are related in living

things and relate at the level of chemicals in
cells. What something does in an organism is
directly related to its shape or form.

● Different types of cells have different functions that depend on their specialized structures.
Structure and function are also related on the level of the organism. For example, your foot
structure allows you to walk easily on rough, and fairly level surfaces.

Orgnaisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse

environments.

● Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an

organism. Cells function best when it is within a limited range of conditions,
therefore, homeostasis is important.

● Homeostasis is maintained through negative feedback, a change in a system causing a

response that tends to return that system to its original state. If your body temperature drops
below normal, systems in your body try to return your temperature to normal by any means.

● Behavior is involved in homeostasis. For an example, if you feel cold, you would most likely
put on a jacket to warm yourself.
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of
life.

● Evolution is the
change in living
things over time.

● It is a change in the
genetic makeup of a
subgroup/populat ion,
of a species.

● Evolution links
observations from all
of biology, and cells
to the biosphere.

● Evolution is
simply a long- term
response to the
environment.

● Adaptation is an adaptations in
inherited trait that different
gives an advantage environments. this
to individual may lead to the point
organisms and is at which th ey are
passed on to future different species.
generations.
● Evolutionary
● In natural selection, adaptations occurs
genetic trait helps over many
some individuals of a generations when
species survive and there are changes in
reproduce more a species.
successfully than Evolution accounts for both the diversity and the unity
others in a particular (similarities) of life. Humans and bacterial genetics are based on DNA and
environment. RNA. They both rely upon the same sources of energy with similar cell
structures. All of the species that are alive today, are the result of billions of
● Two populations of years and evolution and adaptation to the environment. Evolution of a new
the same species species is lead by the natural selection of genetic traits. Genetic diversity is
may have different responsible for the diversity of life on Earth.
INTEGRATION
:

A. Ignacian Core/Related Value Core Values:

Service Related Values: Stewardship Question:
Where does the word unity came from?
B. Social Orientation: Equality Question: As a young individual, how will you promote
equality among people in this country?

C. Lesson Across Discipline: Physical Education Question:

How can a person promote unity and determination?

D. Faith Biblical
Reflection:
Phil. 4:19 “ And my God will supply every need of yours according to his riches in glory
in Christ Jesus. ”
REFERENCES
:

K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - CORE SUBJECT

Myrna P. Quinto, Ph.D and Jennifer S. Florida, Ph.D. 2017. Earth Science. Mutya Publishing
House, Inc.
Sia, Shila Rose D. & Leah Amor S. Cortez S., 2016. Science in Today’s World. SIBS Publishing
House, Inc.

Rey Donne S. Papa, Jonathan A. Briones, Donna May Papa and Dino Tordesillas. Earth and
Life Science: Knowing and Understanding Nature . Abiva Publishing House, Inc.

Steiner, J.E. 2006. The Origin of the Universe. Retrieved

from:
https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ea/v20n58/en_20.pdf. Date accessed: May 20, 2020

https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/evolve/evolve_3.ht
m

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=S1t5_iGN0xE

https://a3biology1.weebly.com/

https://a3biology1.weebly.com/the-study-of-
life.html

https://a3biology1.weebly.com/unifying-themes-of-biology.html

https://a3biology1.weebly.com/homeostasis-and-evolution.html

https://a3biology1.weebly.com/video.htm
l

Prepared by: Checked and Reviewed by:

Mr. MC ROLLYN D. VALLESPIN, LPT, MS MARVIN S.

ARRABACA, MBA Teacher’s Name & Signature STEM/TVL, Strand
Leader

Approved
by:

ALEXANDER F. SUAN,
Ph.D. Senior High School
Coordinator
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