APA Guide

Table of Contents
The Presentation of Academic Works .......................................................................................................................... 5

Format of Assessments ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Cover Page Format .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Academic Style Guidelines ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Glossary of Instruction Words in Assessment Task Descriptions ............................................................................ 7
Types of Assessments.............................................................................................................................................. 9
Use and Acknowledgement of Sources ....................................................................................................................... 9
Plagiarism ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
APA Style................................................................................................................................................................ 10
American vs Australian Spelling ............................................................................................................................. 10
In-text Referencing ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Paraphrasing .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Direct Quotations .................................................................................................................................................... 10
Formatting Rules for Direct Quotations ............................................................................................................... 11
Referencing a Source Within Your Text ................................................................................................................. 12
Multiple Authors ................................................................................................................................................... 12
Page Numbers..................................................................................................................................................... 12
Group or Organisation as Author ........................................................................................................................ 13
No Date ............................................................................................................................................................... 13
No Author ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
Multiple Sources by Different Authors ................................................................................................................. 14
Multiple Sources by the Same Author ................................................................................................................. 14
Secondary Source ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Personal Communication .................................................................................................................................... 15
Creative Works (dance performance, poetry reading, etc.) ................................................................................ 15
Appendices ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
Images, Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................................... 15
Reference List or Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 17
Legal Materials ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
Copyright and Fair Use ........................................................................................................................................... 17
Four Elements of a Reference.................................................................................................................................... 18
In-text Examples ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
How to Create a Reference When Information Is Missing ..................................................................................... 20
Abbreviations in References ....................................................................................................................................... 21
Referencing Examples................................................................................................................................................ 22
Australian College of Natural Medicine Pty Ltd trading as Endeavour College of Natural Health, FIAFitnation (National CRICOS #00231G, RTO #31489)
APA 7 Referencing Guideline Code GDL-026 Last modified: 13-Oct-2021
© Endeavour College of Natural Health Version: 11.0 Page 2 of 47

Journal Articles (periodicals) .................................................................................................................................. 24
Books and Reference Works .................................................................................................................................. 25
Books ................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Ebook................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Traditional Sources Released Online In Digital Form (eBook) ........................................................................... 26
Traditional Sources Republished Into an Ebook ................................................................................................. 26
Reference Work................................................................................................................................................... 26
Chapters of Edited Books and Entries in Reference Works................................................................................... 27
Translated Books .................................................................................................................................................... 27
Reports and Grey Literature (literature that has not been peer-reviewed) ............................................................ 28
Government Report ............................................................................................................................................. 28
Research Report / Discussion Paper .................................................................................................................. 28
Conference Sessions and Presentations ............................................................................................................... 29
Dissertations and Theses (published) .................................................................................................................... 30
Reviews .................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Data Sets ................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Computer Software, Mobile Applications, Apparatuses, and Equipment .............................................................. 33
Tests, Scales, and Inventories ............................................................................................................................... 34
Audiovisual Media................................................................................................................................................... 35
Film ...................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Webinar ............................................................................................................................................................... 36
TED Talk .............................................................................................................................................................. 36
Social Media ........................................................................................................................................................... 37
Webpages and Websites ........................................................................................................................................ 38
Dates ................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Legal Materials ....................................................................................................................................................... 39
Referencing Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................................ 41
Figure from a Website ............................................................................................................................................ 41
Reference ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
Infographics ............................................................................................................................................................ 42
Reference ............................................................................................................................................................ 42
Photographs ........................................................................................................................................................... 43
Reference ............................................................................................................................................................ 43
Stock Images & Clip Art .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Reference ............................................................................................................................................................ 44
Figure in a PowerPoint slide ................................................................................................................................... 45
Reference ............................................................................................................................................................ 45
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................ 46


This style guide is intended to assist in the preparation of all written assessment tasks for courses at Endeavour
College of Natural Health (Endeavour College). Presentation is an important aspect of the assessment process and
should be mastered by all students as soon as possible. Professional presentation gives credibility to the work and
creates a positive impression on the reader.
The following guidelines should be followed in all academic works unless otherwise directed via your assessment
instructions. Endeavour College has adopted the American Psychological Association (APA) style, 7th edition, as
its preferred referencing style (APA 7).
It is in your best interest to keep a copy of all submitted work. It is also recommended that you take note of any
comments/feedback that assessors provide and apply these to subsequent assessments.
The Presentation of Academic Works

Format of Assessments
Note: Lecturers may have specific requirements for the format and presentation of an assessment (consult the
subject outline or relevant assessment specifications).
Recommended Fonts Size 10 Lucida Sans Unicode or Computer Modern.

Size 11 Calibri, Arial, or Georgia.
Size 12 Times New Roman.
Margins and Spacing Have a margin of at least two centimetres on all sides.
Keep your lines double spaced.
Indenting See page 10 formatting rules for direct quotations.

Indent/tab the first line of each paragraph 1.5cm from the left margin.
Printing and collation Electronic submission of assessments via Turnitin is preferred. Please
check with your lecturer regarding the submission of paper assignments.
Word Count The title page, table of contents, figures, tables, note sections, reference
list and appendices are not included in the word count.
Illustrations Charts, graphs, illustrations, etc. should not flow over multiple pages as
they will become difficult to view. It is not necessary to double space these
elements.
Charts, graphs, and illustrations need to be referred to in-text.
If several illustrations are incorporated in your paper, it is preferred that
you include a ‘List of Illustrations’, with the page numbers, on a separate
page that follows the Table of Contents.

Cover Page Format
The title page for an assignment should include the following details:
Recommended Fonts Size 10 Lucida Sans Unicode or Computer Modern.

Size 11 Calibri, Arial, or Georgia.
Size 12 Times New Roman.
Indenting At least two centimetres on all sides.
Placement First page of the assignment.
Information to be included Title, author name(s), name of educational institution, course name and
number, name of instructor, due date of assignment.
Title page information Title should be in title case (each word capitalised), bold and centered.
Academic Style Guidelines

Note: Consult your assessment specifications for requirements
Formality and Expressions Formal vocabulary and expression.

Objective and cautious language.
No short-forms, short-hand, or slang.
Write in the third person (impersonal), unless it is a personal reflection (in
which case, write in the first person).
Structure Planned and logically organised.

Written in cohesive paragraphs.
Adheres to genre-specific guidelines (differs between essays, reports,
etc.).
Tense Use the appropriate tense for the assignment style.
Numbers One to nine should be spelt out in full. Use numerals for 10 and above.
Spell out simple fractions and hyphenate (e.g. one-quarter).
When commencing a sentence with a number, spell out the number in full
instead of using numerals.
When using numbers in headings, spell them out in full instead of using
numerals.
Acronyms When using an acronym, write the organisation name in full the first time,
followed by the acronym in brackets. The acronym can then be used on
its own throughout the rest of the work.
Edited and Proofread Free of grammatical, spelling and punctuation errors.

Spell words using Australian or UK English. Do not use the American
version of words. For example, you will need to spell “recognise” with a “s”
instead of with a “z”.
Referencing All sources cited in-text must be included in the list of references.
Include in-text references which are cited in accordance with the American
Psychological Association’s APA 7th Edition style, as outlined in this text.
Include a reference list at the end of the assignment in APA 7 format,
starting on a new page. The title “References” should be centred and bold.
Order the reference list alphabetically by author.
Double space (2.0 line spacing) the entire reference list.

Entries are formatted with a hanging indent, meaning that the first line of
each reference is aligned left and subsequent lines are indented
Foreign Languages All words in a foreign language used in-text are to be in italics.
Scientific names of botanical and zoological genus and species should be
italicised.
Names of All names of songs, films and performances used in-text should be in
songs/films/performances italics.
Glossary of Instruction Words in Assessment Task Descriptions

VERB DEFINITION
Account, State reasons for, report on, give an account of, or narrate a series of events or
Account for transactions.
Analyse Identify components and the relationships between them; draw out and relate implications.
Apply Use in a particular situation.
Appreciate Make a value judgement.
Assess Make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results, or size.
Calculate Determine from given facts, figures, or information.
Clarify Make clear or understandable.
Classify Arrange or include in classes or categories.
Compare Show how things are similar or related.
Emphasise differences between characteristics but also note similarities.
Construct Make; build; put together items or arguments.
Contrast Show how things are different or opposite.
Emphasise differences between characteristics while also noting similarities.
Critically Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge and understanding, logic,
(analyse/evaluate) questioning, reflection and quality to an analysis or evaluation.
Criticise Express your judgement about the truth or usefulness of views or factors. Use reliable
evidence to support your judgement.
Deduce Draw conclusions.
Define State meaning and identify essential qualities.
Give clear, concise, reliable meaning.
Demonstrate Show by example.
Describe Provide characteristics and features.
Recount; relate in a sequence; illustrate.
Discuss Identify issues and provide points for and/or against.
Consider various points of view or perspectives.
Distinguish Show/point out as being distinct or different from; note difference between items.

Evaluate Make a judgement based on criteria; determine the value of.
Give your viewpoint; cite limitations and advantages; provide reliable evidence to support
your views.
Examine Explore; question; investigate.
Explain Relate cause and effect; make the relationships between things evident; provide
explanations why and/or how; give reasons for differences of opinion or of results; clarify;
interpret.
Extract Choose relevant details.
Extrapolate Draw conclusions from what is known.
Identify Recognise and name.
Illustrate Use a diagram or example to clarify a point.
Interpret Draw conclusions.
Translate; give examples or comment on the topic; usually give your viewpoint.
Investigate Question and draw conclusions about a topic.
Justify Support an argument or conclusion.
Outline Explain idea in general terms; indicate the main features.
Give a description of the main elements and stress the arrangement or organisation.
Predict Suggest what may happen based on available information; use reliable evidence to
support your prediction.
Propose Present a point of view, idea, argument or suggestion for consideration or action.
Recall Present remembered ideals, facts, or experiences.
Recommend Suggest a course of action based on evidence and discussion.
Recount Retell a series of events.
Review Examine a subject critically; analyse a subject or comment on statements about it.
State Present main points in brief, clear sequence, usually omitting minor details and examples.
Summarise Concisely communicate the relevant details of a statement, omitting minor details and
illustrations.
Synthesise Put together various elements to make a whole; create links and connections between
ideas.
Note. Adapted from A glossary of key words, by Board of Studies, Teaching and Educations Standards NSW, 2012.
(http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/syllabus_hsc/glossary_keywords.html ). Copyright 2017 by Board of Studies,
Teaching and Educations Standards NSW.

Types of Assessments
Details may vary for each assessment. See your lecturer and subject outline for clarification.
BASIC STRUCTURES USED FOR
Essay Exploration of an issue.
Compare and Contrast Essay
Precis
Exam essays
Report Written account of an investigation, with a defined structure.
Lab report
Business report
Reflective writing Written account of what you have learnt from a particular practical
experience.
Summary A summary restates the essential contents of a text. A summary includes the
author’s thesis/overriding idea of the text, an overview of the content, and
any conclusions made by the author.
Literature review A review of the most relevant, recent, and scholarly work and literature on a
particular subject/topic area.
Case study A detailed study of a problem from many different viewpoints.
Research proposal A paper which focuses and defines research plans.
Research project A text that poses a question, evaluates the literature in terms of the question,
and describes and discusses an experiment used to answer the question.
Refer to the LMS enabling courses or the Library’s Study Skills Library Guide for information on assignment formats.
Use and Acknowledgement of Sources

As the writer of an academic work, you will need to consult a range of sources, including books, articles, reports, and
electronic resources, to support your own thoughts and ideas. Using a variety of sources that discuss different
perspectives and ideas about a topic will help you to write a well-informed paper.
Lecture notes are not considered appropriate sources of research material for assessments. Consult the references
in the lecture notes and slides, to find the original source in the Library collection or via an online database.
Plagiarism
It is imperative that you acknowledge sources within your academic work. If you do not acknowledge the author of a
source which you have used, it appears that you are presenting their ideas as your own. This is considered
‘plagiarism’.
The Academic Integrity Policy – Higher Education defines plagiarism as “presenting another person’s ideas, findings
or work as one’s own, either intentionally or unintentionally, and without acknowledgement of the original source”
(Endeavour College of Natural Health, 2018, p. 8). Submission of plagiarised work is taken very seriously and will
result in penalties that may lead to expulsion.

APA Style
Endeavour College has adopted the American Psychological Association (APA) style of referencing sources. The
APA style uses the author-date system – for example: (Smith, 2012) – to provide brief references wherever
information has been incorporated from another source. The full details of the sources are then provided at the end
of the assignment in the list of references.
American vs Australian Spelling

The spelling of titles in your reference list should be exactly as they appear in the source that you used. If they use
the American spelling of a word, then that is the spelling you are required to use.
In-text Referencing
Any time information from another source is used in your assignment, a short in-text citation to that source must be
provided. You need to place the citation at the exact point you are using the information, not at the end of a paragraph
or section, unless you have a long quote. If you use the same source later in your assignment, you will need to
acknowledge this every time you use it. You can incorporate an author’s findings, ideas, and work into your paper by
either:
Paraphrasing – in which an author’s work is expressed in your own words.

Direct quotations – in which an author’s work is quoted verbatim inside quotation marks or indented in a block
format.
Paraphrasing is usually preferred over direct quotations. In general, direct quotations should consist of no more than
ten percent of the entire text of your assignment.
Paraphrasing
To paraphrase means to write a piece of information, finding, or idea that is taken from a source in your own words.
Simply substituting synonyms for some of the words is not enough, as you need to indicate to your lecturer that you
understand what the author is saying. A good way of managing this is to read a paragraph and then, without referring
back to the source, write down your understanding of what the paragraph means.
When paraphrasing, you must acknowledge the author by including the author’s name and the date of publication in
parentheses. You are encouraged to provide the page number (or other location information) especially when it would
help the reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text (American Psychological Association, 2020, p.
269).
Example:
Many factors emerge in studying classroom behaviour (Jones, 1997).

Clinical studies to date have not included an in-depth investigation of Brahmi’s mechanism of action (Braun
& Cohen, 2010, p. 63).
When emphasising a particular author’s ideas, you may wish to use their name within the text followed by the year
of publication in parenthesis:
Example:
Jones (1997) claims that many factors emerge in studying classroom behaviour.
According to Green (2014) evidence-based medicine involves reading the most relevant papers at the
appropriate time and adjusting your conduct according to what you have learned (p. 2).

Direct Quotations
Direct quotations can be used:
When the author expresses an idea better than you could.

When you want to stress the authority of the author.
As an ‘epigraph’. This is a direct quote found at the beginning of a book or chapter. While it relates to the theme
of the material that follows, it is not incorporated within the main text.
A direct quotation should be used to support your analysis or argument. Quotations are seldom self-explanatory and
usually need an introductory sentence to link them with the idea you want to illustrate. The quote is then generally
followed by an explanation that emphasises or analyses the key point(s). It should be obvious to the reader why a
quotation is included. In other words, it should be directly relevant to the point you are trying to make.
There are several steps to present quoted material in your academic work:
1. Use double quotations marks for quotes less than 40 words. Use indentation for quotes involving more than 40
words.
2. Note the author and date of the source within the sentence. Include a page number for material that is directly
quoted.
3. Document the details of the source in the list of references at the end of your assessment.
Formatting Rules for Direct Quotations

Rule 1:
Quotations must be written exactly as they are in the source. Use an ellipsis (three dots ...) to indicate that you have
omitted material from the original source.
Example:
“these works ... are not collected”.
Rule 2:
Use double quotation marks (“ ”) when quoting except in the following two cases:
When a quote is within a quote, use single quotation marks (‘ ’) for the second quoted material.
Example:
“Bernard Darwin writes that Ruskin’s famous line, ‘To make your children capable of honesty is the beginning
of education’, first appeared in Time and Tide”.
A quotation of 40 words or more requires no quotation marks. Instead, the quote should be indented (by one
centimetre) and ‘blocked’; that is, it stands out clearly from the rest of the text.
Example:
According to Greenberg (2001), two different criteria were proposed to determine brain death: the “higher-
brain” and the “whole-brain” concepts. He describes the higher-brain formulation as follows:
A brain-dead person is alleged to be dead because his neocortex, the seat of consciousness, has
been destroyed. He has thus lost the ability to think and feel – the capacity for personhood – that
makes us who we are, and our lives worth living. (pp. 37-38)
Rule 3:
A quotation of less than 40 words should be incorporated into the paragraph. Ensure that it makes grammatical sense
within the work.
Example:

However, as Gentile (1987) described it, the learner “does have a framework for organizing an effective
movement” (p. 119).
Rule 4:
The page number must always be included.
Example:
“Many factors emerge in studying classroom behaviour” (Jones, 1997, p. 20).
Rule 5:
Any words added by you to explain the quote or to complete its grammatical correctness must be placed in square
brackets.
Example:
“His [Smith’s] works ... are not collected”.
Referencing a Source Within Your Text

Multiple Authors
When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text.
Example:
As Nightlinger and Littlewood (1993) demonstrated...
Within the body of the sentence, join the names using the word ‘and’ – as shown above. In parenthetical citations,
and in the reference list, join the names with an ampersand (&).
Example:
... as has been shown (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1989).
When citing a work that has three or more authors, you only need to include the surname of the first author, followed
by et al. (not italicised and with a full stop after “al.”). Include the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a
paragraph..
Examples:
When citing Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, Cave, and Tang (1994), use the following:
Kosslyn et al. (1994) found that ... [use as a first citation within the text]
Kosslyn et al. also found that ... [omit year from subsequent citations within a paragraph after the first
citation]
However, include the year if the subsequent citation is in parentheses. Also include a comma after al. for all citations
in parentheses.
Example:
(Kosslyn et al., 1994)
Page Numbers
The conventions for using p., pp., are as follows:
p. is used when the quotation is from one page only.

Example:
p. 23.
pp. is used when the quotation runs on to the next page.
Example:
pp. 23-24.
For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number. Use the abbreviation ‘para.’,
and follow it with the number.
Example:
(Myers, 2000, para. 5).
If the work is broken up under headings, cite the heading or chapter and the number of the paragraph following it.
The idea is to direct the reader to the exact location of the material.
Example:
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion, para. 1).
Group or Organisation as Author

The name of a group or corporate body as an author is usually spelled out each time it appears in a text citation. This
would be used for all citations within the text of the assignment.
Example:
(Macquarie University, 2005).
However, if the name is long you may use an acronym in place of the name in the second and subsequent citations.
Examples:
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999) for the first in-text citation
Or
According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 1999) for the first in-text citation (NIMH, 1999)
for subsequent citations
No Date
When citing a source with no date, place “n.d.” where the year should be.
Example:
(Jones, n.d.).
No Author
When citing a source with no author, use the title. If the title is italicised in the reference, then also italicise the title in
your in-text reference. If the title is not italicised in the reference use quotation marks. Use title case for titles in text
(however in your reference list you follow sentence case).
Example: Book with no author.
(Olympic Games, 2007).
Example: Magazine or journal article, chapter, or webpage with no author.
(“Sydney Wins”, 1994).
If the title is particularly long, use a shortened form of the title within double quotation marks.

If, and only if, the work is signed “Anonymous” use “Anonymous” as the author.
Example:
(Anonymous. 2017).
Multiple Sources by Different Authors

When citing more than one study after a single idea (i.e. using multiple sources to support your point), separate each
reference with a semi-colon and list in alphabetical order.
Example:
(Jones, 1992; Smith, 1997).
In running text (not in parentheses), you can address studies in whatever order you wish. Only use the authors’
surnames unless the authors have the same last name and the sources are from the same year, in which case their
initials are also included.
Examples:
... (Smith, 1959; Smith, 1997).

Smith (1959) and Smith (1997) found that...
... (A. B. Smith, 1997; C. D. Smith, 1997).

A. B. Smith (1997) and C. D. Smith (1997) found that...
... (Smith & Mullins, 1997; Smith & Peterson, 1959).

Smith and Peterson (1959) and Smith and Mullins (1997)...
Multiple Sources by the Same Author

When citing more than one study published in the same year by the same author, add lower case letters after the
year, to help differentiate between the sources.
Example:
(Baggins, 1995a; 1995b).
The letters after the year should also appear in the reference list:
Example:
Baggins, B. (1995a). The theoretical bounds of limitless hobbits. Journal of the Propensity of Hobbits,
58(3), 37-65.
When citing multiple sources by the same author that do not have a known publication date, add lower case letters
after the initials “n.d.” to help differentiate between the sources.
Example:
(Sustainable Development Goals, n.d.-a; n.d.-b).
The letters after n.d. should also appear in the reference list:
Example:
Sustainable Development Goals. (n.d.-a). Sustainable development goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and
promote well-being for all at all ages. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg3

Secondary Source
A secondary source is a source that discusses and references information originally published elsewhere (the primary
source). Sometimes you will want to reference the information from the primary source, but you have only read about
it from a secondary source. When citing from a secondary source, cite both the primary and secondary source in the
text of your assignment, but list only the secondary source in the reference list. If the date is the same for the primary
and secondary source, only include the date once in-text.
Example:
Carini and Hogan’s study (as cited in Thibodeau & Patton, 2002) showed that...
If the date of the secondary source is different from the primary source, cite both dates in-text.
Example:
(Jones, 1992, as cited in Smith, 1997).
Personal Communication
Personal communication is usually information which is not recoverable or easily verified and includes (but is not
limited to) letters, email, personal interviews, and telephone conversations. Personal communication is only cited in
the text of the paper and not in the reference list. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator and
provide the date of the communication. Regardless of the topic or the medium of communication, use “personal
communication” as the title in your in-text citation.
Examples:
T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001) advised that...

... (V. G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1988).
Creative Works (dance performance, poetry reading, etc.)

Similar to personal communication, creative performances attended in person are only cited in the body of the text:
no reference list entry is needed. When citing a specific creative work, you need only to cite the name of the
performance in italics, and the location and date in parentheses.
Examples:
The work of the artistic director in Rhythms of the Orient (Sydney State Theatre, 2007) is to be commended...
Appendices
An appendix is a section that can come after the reference list or bibliography that includes supplementary content
that would be distracting or inappropriate to include in the main text, such as tables, infographics, checklists or
diagrams.
Format an appendix the same way you would start a reference list, with "Appendix" and the title in bold and centred
at the top of a new page. If there is more than one appendix, start each appendix on a new page. Include a capital
letter with the heading (Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C).

Images, Figures and Tables
In the APA referencing style, any type of illustration other than a table is called a figure. A figure may be a chart,
graph, photograph, drawing, digital image, or other depiction.
All figures and tables should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals throughout the article in the order in
which they are first mentioned in-text (i.e., Figure 1, Figure 2; Table 1, Table 2). In the text of your assignment, refer
to figures and tables by their numbers, e.g. (see Figure 1). The heading ‘Figure X’ should be above the figure title
and figure, and be in bold type set (see example on the next page for formatting figure headings).
Examples:
As shown in Figure 2, the relationships are...

Children with pre-training (see Table 5)...
When including multiple tables or figures within an appendix, label them with the letter corresponding to the appendix
and the Arabic numeral so that they are systematically numbered through the appendix (for example, Appendix A
will contain Table A1, Table A2 etc.; Appendix B will contain Table B1, B2 etc). In the text of your assignment refer
to either the appendix or table using one of these appropriate terms: (see Appendix A) or (see Table A1). If there is
only one table or figure in an appendix, it is simply referred to the appendix heading rather than the figure or table
heading (for example, see Appendix A rather than see Figure A1). Refer to Library FAQs via the LMS Library menu for
detailed examples of appendices.
All figures and tables must also be given a descriptive caption or title. The caption is capitalised and in italics and
appears directly under the table/figure number above the table/figure (see example on next page). A caption serves
as both an explanation and as title.
If the figure or table is copied or adapted from another source, you must also include a note giving credit to the
original author as well as to the copyright holder. The note is placed under the table/figure and should be in font size
10 to identify it from the general text. If the table or figure has been changed from the original, include ‘Adapted from’
in the note. The citation details are set out differently in a note that they are in the reference list (see next page). The
word Note is italicised.
If your work is to be published, permission is required for the reprinting of figures and tables and this should also be
included in the note, by adding the words: Reprinted with permission. However, if you are reproducing a figure or
table in an assignment, educational licences in Australia mean that you do not need to obtain permission if your use
is considered “fair”.
Format (for a figure/table reproduced from a journal article):

Figure 1/Table 1
Descriptive Caption or Title
[Figure/Table]
Note. Adapted/Retrieved/Reprinted from "Title of Article" by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname,
Year, Journal Title, Volume(issue), page(s). Copyright Year by the Name of Copyright Holder.
Example:
Note. Adapted from “Social media: A Contextual Framework to Guide Research and Practice,” by L. A.
McFarland and R. E. Ployhart, 2015, Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(6), p. 1656. Copyright 2015 by the
American Psychological Association.
Format (figure/table reproduced from a book):

Figure 1/Table 1
[Figure/Table]

Note. From or Adapted from Title of Book (page number), by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Year,
Publisher. Copyright Year by the Name of Copyright Holder.
Example:
Note. Adapted from Managing Therapy-Interfering Behavior: Strategies From Dialectical Behavior Therapy
(p. 172), by A. L. Chapman and M. Z. Rosenthal, 2016, American Psychological Association. Copyright 2016
by the American Psychological Association.
Format (figure/table reproduced from a webpage):

Figure 1/Table 1
[Figure/Table]
Note. From or Adapted from Title of Webpage, by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Year, Site Name
(URL). Copyright year by Name of Copyright Holder or Creative Commons license.
(When the author is same as the website name, omit the site name)
Example:
Note. Adapted from Evidence-based Practice in Health, by M. Turner, 2014, Evidence-Based Practice in
Health (https://canberra.libguides.com/c.php?g=599346&p=4149722). CC BY-SA 4.0.
If you have used data or information from multiple sources, it may be more appropriate to use standard in-text
citations within the table. However, if you are extracting rows and columns from previously published tables and
presenting them in a single table, you will need to include a note for each source beneath the table. To do this, simply
list the references in alphabetical order (as per the reference list) and separate using a semi-colon.
A reference list entry is also required for each source for a figure or table. Refer to the Library FAQs via the LMS
Library menu for more detailed instructions on how to reference figures or tables, using reference management
software..
Reference List or Bibliography

All references cited within the text are listed with more detail in the reference list at the end of the paper. Only
references cited within the text are included in the reference list.
For some assignments, students may be asked to provide a bibliography instead of a reference list. A bibliography
is a list compiled at the end of a paper and includes all sources consulted.
You will only need to provide a reference list or a bibliography, not both. Do not provide a bibliography unless
instructed to in assessment guidelines.
In APA referencing style, both the reference list and the bibliography should be double spaced (within and between
entries using 2.0 line spacing) and in alphabetical order. Entries are formatted with a hanging indent, meaning that
the first line of each reference is aligned left and subsequent lines are indented. The heading for the reference list
should be ‘References’, the heading should be centred and bold.
Legal Materials
For information on how to reference legal materials, please see the Australian Guide to Legal Citation 4th Edition
(AGLC4) via the University of Melbourne website: https://www.mulr.com.au/aglc/AGLC4-June-2020-v2.pdf
Copyright and Fair Use

Under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), you can copy for the purposes of research or study, provided your use is “fair”.
According to the Australian Copyright Council (2014, p. 2), a reasonable portion is deemed:

10% of the number of pages or one chapter.
10% of the number of words, if produced in electronic form.
One article from a journal, or more than one article if required for the same research or course of study.
When copying an image from an electronic source (CD ROM, database, or internet) you need to check the licence
or copyright statement. License agreements over-ride the copyright law; even if an image is free on the internet you
still should provide a detailed reference, including the (live) link.

Four Elements of a Reference
A reference must be able to answer four different questions:
1. Who is the author?

2. When was it published?
3. What is this work’s title?
4. From which source was this work retrieved from?
In-text Examples
TYPE OF FIRST SUBSEQUEN FIRST SUBSEQUENT REFERENCE LIST
CITATION NARRATIVE T NARRATIVE PARENTHETICA PARENTHETICA
CITATION CITATIONS L CITATION IN- L SUBSEQUENT
IN-TEXT IN-TEXT TEXT CITATIONS IN-
TEXT
One work Gaby Gaby (2011) (Gaby, 2011) (Gaby, 2011) Gaby, A. R. (2011). Nutritional medicine. Fritz Perlberg Publishing.
by one (2011)
author
One work Talley and Talley and (Talley & (Talley & Talley, N. J., & O’Connor, S. (2010). Examination medicine (6th ed.). Churchill
by two O’Connor O’Connor O’Connor, 2010) O’Connor, 2010) Livingstone.
authors (2010) (2010)
One work De Nobile et De Nobile et (De Nobile et (De Nobile et De Nobile, J., Lyons, G. & Arthur-Kelly, M. (2017). Positive learning environments:
by 3 to 20 al. (2017) al. (2017) al., 2017) al., 2017) Creating and maintaining productive classrooms. Cengage.
authors
One work Taheri et al. Taheri et al. (Taheri et al., (Taheri et al., Taheri, S., Chagoury, O., Zaghloul, H., Elhadad, S., Ahmed, S. H., Omar, O., Payra,
by 21 or (2018) (2018) 2018) 2018) S., Ahmed, S., El Khatib, N., Amona, R. A., El Nahas, K., Bolton, M., Chaar,
more H., Suleiman, N., Jayyousi, A., Zirie, M., Janahi, I., Elhag, W., Alnaama, A., …
authors Abou-Samra, A. B. (2018). Diabetes Intervention Accentuating Diet and
Enhancing Metabolism (DIADEM-I): A randomised controlled trial to examine
the impact of an intensive lifestyle intervention consisting of a low-energy diet
and physical activity on body weight and metabolism in early type 2 diabetes

mellitus: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 19(1), Article
284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2660-1
Note: Include the first 19 names, … final author’s name.
Groups World WHO (2020) (World Health (WHO, 2020) World Health Organization. (2020, April 22). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
as Health Organization situation report (Report No. 93). https://www.who.int/docs/default-
authors Organizatio [WHO], 2020) source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200422-sitrep-93-covid-
n (WHO, 19.pdf?sfvrsn=35cf80d7_4
2020)
Author of Lowe Lowe (2011) (Lowe, 2011, p. (Lowe, 2011, p. Lowe, I. (2011). Environment, sustainability and health. In H. Keleher & C.
a chapter (2011) 178) 178) MacDougall (Eds.), Understanding health (3rd ed., pp. 171-181). Oxford
in an University Press.
edited
book
Author is Researcher Researchers (Researchers (Researchers Researchers replicate famous marshmallow test, make new observations. (2018, May
missing – s replicate replicate replicate replicate 25). Medical Xpress. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-05-replicate-
Use a famous famous famous, 2018) famous, 2018) famous-
shortene (2018) (2018) marshmallow.html?utm_source=tabs&utm_medium=link&utm _campaig
d form of n=
the title in
the “22 New “22 New
(“22 New apple (“22 New apple
citation if apple apple “22 New apple varieties.” (1997). Food
varieties,” 1997) varieties,” 1997)
necessar varieties,” varieties,” Magazine. https://foodmag.com/article/1997/22-new-apple-varietites
y (1997) (1997)
No date Bo (n.d.) Bo (n.d.) (Bo, n.d.) (Bo, n.d.) Bo, P. (Ed.). (n.d.). Traditional Chinese internal medicine. People’s Medical
- Use n.d. Publishing House.
Including Robinson Robinson (Robinson, (Robinson, Robinson, M. J. (2010). Sport club management. Human Kinetics.
a page (2010, p. 7) (2010, p. 7) 2010, p. 7) 2010, p. 7)
number

How to Create a Reference When Information Is Missing
Unfortunately, you will sometimes be unable to provide all the information required to reference a work normally. If some information is missing, use this table to figure out
how to construct a reference using the information you have available.
MISSING ELEMENT SOLUTION REFERENCE LIST ENTRY IN-TEXT CITATION
Nothing Provide the author, date, title and source of Author. (Date). Title. Source. (Author, year) OR Author (year)
the work.
Author Provide the title, date, and source Title. (Date). Source. (Title, year) OR Title (year)
Date Provide the author, write n.d. for no date Author. (n.d.). Title. Source. (Author, n.d.) OR Author (n.d.)
Title Provide the author and date, describe the Author. (Date). [Description of work]. Source. (Author, year) OR Author (year)
work in square brackets, and then provide
the source.
Author and date Provide the title, write “n.d.” for “no date,” Title. (n.d.). Source. (Title, n.d.) OR Title (n.d.)
and then provide the source.
Author and title Describe the work in square brackets, and [Description of work]. (Date). Source. ([Description of work], year) OR
then provide the date and source. [Description of work] (year)
Date and title Provide the author, write “n.d.” for “no date,” Author. (n.d.). [Description of work]. Source. (Author, n.d.) OR Author (n.d.)
describe the work in square brackets, and
then provide the source.
Author, date, and title Describe the work in square brackets, write [Description of work]. (n.d.). Source. ([Description of work], n.d.) OR
“n.d.” for “no date,” and then provide the [Description of work] (n.d.)
source.

Abbreviations in References
Some texts may feature abbreviations in the reference list to save space. The following table details some of the more common examples of abbreviations that may be
utilised in reference lists:
ABBREVIATION MEANING
ed. Edition
Rev. ed. Revised edition
2nd ed. Second edition
Ed. (Eds.) Editor (editors)
Trans. Translator(s)
Narr. (Narrs.) Narrator (narrators)
n.d. No date
p. (pp.) Page (pages)
para. (paras.) Paragraph (paragraphs)
Vol. (Vols.) Volume (volumes)
No. Number
Pt. Part
Tech. Rep. Technical report
Suppl. Supplement

Referencing Examples


Journal Articles (periodicals)
AUTHOR DATE TITLE SOURCE: PERIODICAL INFORMATION SOURCE: DOI OR URL
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, 34(2), 5-14. https://doi.org/xxxx
Name of Group. (Year, Month). Title of Periodical, 2(1-2), Article 12. https://xxxxx
Author, C. C. [username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of Periodical.
Username.
Periodicals include newspapers, magazines, and academic journals.

Remember to italicise the name of the periodical, not the title of the article.
Include a DOI number in the form of a URL if one is available.
If no DOI is available for a journal article from the College’s subscribed databases, like EBSCO and ProQuest, then you do not need to include a URL in your reference.
Only include a URL if a journal article does not have a DOI and was not provided by the Endeavour Library databases.
Heraghty, J., & Cummins, R. (2012). A layered approach to raising public awareness of macular degeneration in Australia. American Journal of Public Health, 102(9),
1655-1659. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300657
Parenthetical Citations: (Heraghty & Cummins, 2012)
Narrative Citations: Heraghty and Cummins (2012)

Books and Reference Works
AUTHOR OR EDITOR DATE TITLE SOURCE: PUBLISHER INFORMATION SOURCE: DOI OR URL
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book. Publisher Name. https://doi.org/xxxxx
Name of Group. Title of book (2nd ed., Vol. 4). First Publisher Name; Second Publisher https://xxxxx
Name.
Editor, E. E. (Ed.). Title of book [Audiobook].
(Original work published *Year*).
Editor, E. E., & Editor, F. F. Title of book (E. E. Editor, Ed.).
(Eds.).
Title of book (T. Translator, Trans.; N. Narrator, Narr.).
You do not need to include the format (such as Kindle). The only exception is for an audiobook, which is written as [Audiobook].Including the location where a text was
published is also no longer a necessary element when referencing in APA.
When a source passes out of copyright, it can be published openly. Most of the College’s traditional sources fall into this category. Be sure to check whether the source
has been republished (by a publishing house) or simply released online, as it will change the way the source is referenced.
If a source has been republished by a publishing house, you need to include both the original publication date and the new publication date.
If a source is only released online, you use the original publication date.
Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless of whether you used the online version or the print version.
If a print work does not have a DOI, do not include any DOI or URL in the reference.
If an online work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI.
For an online work with no DOI, only include a URL if the work is not from an Endeavour library database. If the work is from an Endeavour library database, and there is
no DOI, the reference should be the same as the reference for a print version of the work, with no URL provided.
Books
Robinson, M. J. (2010). Sport club management. Human Kinetics.
Parenthetical Citations: (Robinson, 2010)
Narrative Citations: Robinson (2010)

Ebook
Summers, J., & Smith, B. (2014). Communication skills handbook (4th ed.). Wiley.
Parenthical Citations: (Summers & Smith, 2014)
Narrative Citations: Summers and Smith (2014)
Traditional Sources Released Online In Digital Form (eBook)

Lindlahr, H. (1913). Nature cure: Philosophy and practice based on the unity of disease and cure. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4273
Parenthetical Citations: (Lindlahr, 1913)
Narrative Citations: Lindlahr (1913)
Traditional Sources Republished Into an Ebook

Freud, S. (2010). The interpretation of dreams: The complete and definitive text (J. Strachey, Ed. & Trans.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1900)
Parenthical Citations: (Freud, 1900/2010)
Narrative Citations: Freud (1900/2010)
Reference Work
Harris, P., Nagy, S., & Vardaxis, N. (Eds.). (2010). Mosby’s dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions (2nd ed.). Mosby.
Parenthetical Citations: (Harris et al., 2010)
Narrative Citations: Harris et al. (2010)

Chapters of Edited Books and Entries in Reference Works
CHAPTER DATE CHAPTER TITLE SOURCE: EDITED BOOK INFORMATION SOURCE: DOI OR
AUTHOR URL
Author, A. A., & (Year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. 3-13). Publisher Name. https://doi.org/xxxx
Author, B. B.
Name of Group. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 212-255). Publisher Name. https://xxxxx
Lowe, I. (2011). Environment, sustainability and health. In H. Keleher & C. MacDougall (Eds.), Understanding health (3rd ed., pp. 171-181). Oxford University Press.
Parenthetical Citations: (Lowe, 2011, p. 172)
Narrative Citations: Lowe (2011)
Translated Books
AUTHOR OR DATE TITLE TRANSLATOR PUBLISHER INFORMATION ORIGINAL PUBLICATION
TRANSLATOR INFORMATION INFORMATION
Author, A. (Year). Title of book (A. B. Last Name, Publisher name. (Original work published in
Trans.). year)
Zhang, Z. (1999). Shang han lun: On cold damage (C. Mitchell, F. Ye & N. Wiseman, Trans.). Paradigm Publications. (Original work published in ca. 196)
Parenthetical Citations: (Zhang, ca. 196/1999, p. 138)
Narrative Citations: Zhang (ca. 196/1999) states that…

Reports and Grey Literature (literature that has not been peer-reviewed)
AUTHOR DATE TITLE SOURCE: PUBLISHER INFORMATION SOURCE: DOI OR URL
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of report. Publisher Name. https://doi.org/xxxx
Name of Group. (Year, Month Day). Title of report (Report No. 123). https://xxxxx
Title of grey literature [Description].
Reports include government reports, technical reports and research reports.

Grey literature includes press releases, codes of ethics, grants and briefs. These can be described with square brackets after the title (American Psychological Association,
2020, p. 329).
Government Report
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, & The Bureau of Meteorology. (2018). State of climate 2018. http://www.bom.gov.au/state-of-the-
climate/State-of-the-Climate-2018.pdf
Parenthetical Citations: (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [CSIRO], & The Bureau of Meteorology [BOM], 2018)
Subsequent Citations: (CSIRO & BOM, 2018)
Narrative Citations: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), & The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM, 2018)
Subsequent Citations: CSIRO & BOM (2018)
Research Report / Discussion Paper

Ruel, M. T., Quisumbing, A. R., & Balagamwala, M. (2017). Nutrition-sensitive agriculture: What have we learned and where do we go from here? (IFPRI Discussion Paper
01681). International Food Policy Research Institute. http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/131461/filename/131673.pdf
Parenthetical Citations: (Ruel et al., 2017)
Narrative Citations: Ruel et al. (2017)

Conference Sessions and Presentations
AUTHOR DATE TITLE SOURCE: CONFERENCE INFORMATION SOURCE: DOI OR URL
Presenter, A. A., & Presenter, B. B. (Year, Month Day-Day). Title of contribution [Type of Conference Name, Location. https://doi.org/xxxx
contribution].
Contributor, A. A., & Contributor, B. B. (Year, Month Day-Month In C. C. Chairperson (Chair), Title of https://xxxxx
Day). Title of contribution. symposium [Symposium]. Conference
Name, Location.
Use these formats for paper presentations, poster sessions, keynote addresses and symposium contributions.
Describe the type after the title.

Include all authors listed as contributing to the presentation, even if they are not present.
Use the date(s) of the full conference.
Include the location of the conference (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 332).
Booker, A., Fitzgerald, M., Heinrich, P. M. & Scheid, V. (2018, August). Complexity in Chinese herbal medicine supply chains [Conference presentation]. 66th International
Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) jointly with the 11th Shanghai TCM conference, Shanghai,
People’s Republic of China
https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/download/c2bc8da4612e8a58b4b718a9846eb130def7e7fb68ef8bb51bb362def1d118af/4119416/Complexity%20in
%20Supply%20Chains%20%20GA%202108%20Confernce-1.pdf
Parenthetical Citations: (Booker et al., 2018)
Narrative Citations: Booker et al. (2018)

Dissertations and Theses (published)
AUTHOR DATE TITLE SOURCE: DATABASE OR ARCHIVE NAME SOURCE: URL
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation (Publication No. xxxxx) [Doctoral dissertation, Database Name. https://xxxxx
Name of Institution Awarding the Degree].
https://doi.org/xxxxx
Title of thesis (Publication No. xxxxx) [Master’s thesis, Name of Archive Name.
Institution Awarding the Degree].
A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global or PDQT Open, an institutional
repository, or an archive.
If the database assigns publication numbers to dissertations and theses, include the publication number in parentheses after the title of the dissertation or thesis without
italics.
Include a DOI if one is available. If there is no DOI, include a URL only if the work is not from an Endeavour library database.
If the database or archive requires users to log in before they can view the dissertation or thesis, meaning the URL will not work for readers, end the reference with the
database name.
Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Publication
No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global .
Bridgett, R. J. (2019). The use of cupping by manual therapy practitioners on the athletic population in Australia [Honour’s thesis, Endeavour College of Natural Health].
https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2017.0191
Parenthetical Citations: (Bridgett, 2019)
Narrative Citations: Bridgett (2019)

Reviews
AUTHOR DATE REVIEW TITLE DETAILS OF REVIEWED WORK SOURCE: PERIODICAL INFORMATION SOURCE: DOI OR URL
Reviewer, A. A. (Year). Title of review [Review of the book Book title, by A. A. Author]. Periodical Title, 34(2), 14-15. https://doi.org/xxxxx
(Year, [Review of the book Book title, by E. E. Editor, Blog Title. https://xxxxxx
Month Day). Ed.].
[Review of the film Film title, by D. D. Director,

Dir.].
[Review of the TV series episode “Episode title,”

by W. W. Writer, Writer, & D. D. Director, Dir.].
Since book reviews are published in a variety of formats, the reference format of a review should be the same as the format for the type of content appearing within that
source, with the addition of information about the item being reviewed in square brackets after the review title (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 334).
Pope, C. (2019). The business of healing, 3rd edition [Review of the book The business of healing, by R. Medhurst]. Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society,
25(2), 104.
Parenthetical Citations: (Pope, 2019)
Narrative Citations: Pope (2019)

Data Sets
AUTHOR DATE TITLE SOURCE: PUBLISHER SOURCE: DOI OR URL
Author, A. A., & (Year). Title of data set (Version 1.2) [Data set]. Publisher Name. https://doi.org/xxxxx
Author, B. B.
(Year-Year). Title of data set [Unpublished raw data]. Source of Unpublished Data. https://xxxxxx
Name of Group.
[Description of untitled data set] [Unpublished Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxxx
raw data].
Use the year of publication for published data sets.

Use the year(s) of collection as the date for unpublished data sets.
When referencing an untitled data set, provide a description in square brackets to replace the title of the reference (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 338).
Economist Intelligence Unit. (2019). Global Food Security Index (Final_GFSI_model_2019.xlsb) [Data set]. https://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Index
Parenthetical Citations: (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2019)
Narrative Citations: Economist Intelligence Unit (2019)

Computer Software, Mobile Applications, Apparatuses, and Equipment
AUTHOR DATE TITLE SOURCE: PUBLISHER SOURCE: URL
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of work (Version XX) [Computer software]. Publisher. https://xxxxxx
Name of Group. Title of work (Version XX) [Mobile app]. App store.
Name of apparatus (Model number) [Apparatus]. Google Play Store.
Name of equipment (Model number) [Equipment].
'Common' or well-known software programs (such as Microsoft Office or Zotero) do not need to be referenced. Give the proper name of the software program or application
along with the version number in the text.
If your audience is unlikely to be familiar with software or apps of limited distribution, provide in-text citations and reference list entries.
When referencing manuals and handbooks, use the same referencing rules that you would use for a regular book
If the publisher is the same as the author you may omit it (American Psychological Association, 2020, pp. 338-339).
Wei-Fieg, D. (2010). QiFood (Version 2.6.5) [Mobile app]. App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/qifood/id389510267
Parenthetical Citations: (Wei-Fieg, 2010).
Narrative Citations: Wei-Fieg (2010).

Tests, Scales, and Inventories
AUTHOR DATE TITLE SOURCE: DATABASE SOURCE: URL
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the Test. Test Database Name. https://xxxxxx
Title of the Test Database Record [Database record].
To cite a test, scale, or inventory, provide a citation for its supporting literature (such as its manual, which may be an authoured or edited book, or the journal article in
which it was published).
If supporting literature is not available, you may cite and reference either a database record of the test or the test itself.
The title of a test, a scale, or an inventory should be capitalised whenever it appears in the paper (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 340).
NERIS Analytics Limited. (2020). Free Personalities Test. NERIS Type Explorer. https://www.16personalities.com/free-personality-test
Parenthetical Citations: (NERIS Analytics Limited, 2020)
Narrative Citations: NERIS Analytics Limited (2020)

Audiovisual Media
AUTHOR DATE TITLE SOURCE: PUBLISHER SOURCE: URL
Director, D. D. (Director). (Year). Title of work [Description]. Production Company. https://xxxxxx
Producer, P. P. (Executive Producer). (Year-present). Label.
Host, H. H. (Host). (Year-Year). Museum Name, Museum Location.
Artist, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Department Name, University Name.
Uploader, U. U.
For additional examples refer view our FAQs
Film
The director should be credited as the author of the film.
If no director is known, someone in a similar role can be credited instead to aid readers with finding the work (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 343).
Mitsch, J. (Director). (2008). In the mind of plants [Video]. Magellan TV.
Parenthetical Citations: (Mitsch, 2008)
Narrative Citations: Mitsch (2008)

Webinar
Use this format only for recorded, retrievable webinars (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 344).
Carroll, A. (2020). The secret lives of mitochondria [Webinar]. Endeavour College of Natural Health. https://www.endeavour.edu.au/careers-service/webinar-
recordings/natural-health/
Parenthetical Citations: (Carroll, 2020)
Narrative Citations: Carroll (2020)
TED Talk
When the TED Talk is on YouTube, list the name of the YouTube account ( as the author to aid in retrieval.
Provide as specific a date as possible.
Include the description “[Video]” in square brackets after the title of the talk.
TEDx Talks. (2014). Muscle matters: Dr Brendan Egan at TEDxUCD [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkXwfTsqQgQ
Parenthetical Citations: (TEDx Talks, 2014)
Narrative Citations: According to Dr. Egan in TEDx Talks (2014)

Social Media
AUTHOR DATE TITLE SOURCE: SOCIAL MEDIA SOURCE: URL
SITE NAME
Twitter and Instagram: (n.d.). Content of the post up to the first 20 Site Name. https://xxxxxx
Author, A. A. [@username]. words.
Retrieved Month Day, Year, from

Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Content of the post up to the first 20 https://xxxxxxx
words [Description of audiovisuals].
[Description of audiovisuals].
Facebook and others:
Author, A. A.
Name of Group.
Name of Group [Username].
Username.
Social media posts may include text, images, and audio-visual content.
Do not alter the spelling and capitalisation in a social media reference.
Retain hashtags, links and emojis if possible.
If you cannot create the emoji, provide the name of the emoji in square brackets e.g. [face with tears of joy emoji]. The full list of names can be found on the Unicode
Consortium's website (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 348).

World Health Organization [@WHO]. (2020, April 21). NEW: WHO guidelines help health workers to detect #IronDeficiency early and protect brain development in early
childhood [Image of World Health Organization personnel providing medical care to children outdoors]. Twitter. Retrieved April 22, 2020, from
https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1252390837243113473
Parenthetical Citations: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2020)
Subsequent Citations: (WHO, 2020)
Narrative Citations: World Health Organization (WHO, 2020)
Subsequent Citations: WHO (2020)
Webpages and Websites

AUTHOR DATE TITLE SOURCE: WEBSITE NAME SOURCE: URL
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of work. Site Name. https://xxxxxx
(Year, Month).
Name of Group. (Year, Month Day). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxxx
(n.d.).
When the name of the author and the name of the website are the same, omit the website name in the reference.
Dates
Specific Date: Provide the most specific date possible.
Retrieval Date: Include a retrieval date only when the content is designed to change over time and the page is not archived e.g. survey data for an ongoing project, or a
sports league’s page that updates its schedule and results as the season proceeds.
Last Updated: If a webpage includes a "last updated" date, use the date for the reference.
Copyright: Do not use a copyright date from a webpage or website footer because this date may not indicate when the content on the site was published. You may use
the copyright date applied to the content that you are citing.
No Date: If no date is indicated for the work on the webpage, treat the work as having no date (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 289).
Mayo Clinic. (2020, June 13). Cough. https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/definition/sym-20050846

Parenthetical Citations: (Mayo Clinic, 2020)
Narrative Citations: Mayo Clinic (2020)
Legal Materials
Legislation includes Acts, Bills, Regulations, Orders and Rules. Refer to the below examples for the correct reference required for an Act (whole), Act (section), or Bill.
Titles should have all major words capitalised.

The year is from when the Act was originally passed.
Note the differing italicisation between Acts and Bills.
The section number is optional. If you are referring to the Act as a whole, omit the section number. If you are referring to a particular section, include the section number(s).
If you have already cited an Act, the next time you refer to that Act you can omit the year and jurisdiction.
ACT (WHOLE) DATE JURISDICTION SOURCE
Short Title of the Act-Italicised Year. Italicised (Jurisdiction abbreviation) (Country abbreviation URL/web address if applicable
if not evident from the context).
Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 No 21 (Cth) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2021C00092
Narrative in-text citation

…requests about quality of the medicine. s 22G (1b) of The Therapeutic Goods Administration Act 1989 (Cth) states ...
Parenthetical in-text citation

(Therapeutic Goods Act, 1989).

ACT (SECTION) DATE JURISDICTION SOURCE
Short Title of the Act-Italicised Year. Italicised (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s. Section Number URL/web address if applicable
(Country abbreviation if not evident from the
context).
Scientific Advice about Aspects of Quality, Safety or Efficacy of Medicine 1989 (Cth) s 22G (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2021C00092

… refer to Scientific Advice about the Quality, Safety or Efficacy of Medicine (1989) … when goods have been tampered with

(Scientific Advice about Aspects of Quality, Safety or Efficacy of Medicine, 1989)
BILL DATE JURISDICTION SOURCE
Bill name Year. (Jurisdiction abbreviation) (Country abbreviation if URL/web address if applicable
not evident from the context).
Australian National Preventative Health Agency (Health and Ageing) Bill 2010 (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2010B00237
… the initiatives used originated in the Australian National Preventative Health Agency (Health and Ageing) Bill (2010) …
(Australian National Preventative Health Agency [Health and Ageing] Bill, 2010).

Referencing Figures and Tables
In APA, all images (other than tables) are considered figures.
Figures should be numbered in the order in which they appear in the document.
If an image is being reproduced for inclusion in a work which is being published, you must seek permission
from the copyright holder. This permission must also be included in the caption.
When using your own photograph or drawing, known as a figure, label the figure and include a caption in italics
(for example, Sage from My Garden). For figures that are your own, you are not required to provide a note section
or a reference list entry.
The name of a figure or table should be both capitalised and italicised. It should appear above the figure or table
itself, but beneath the figure or table number. If a figure or table does not have a name associated with it, you will
need to create a brief title that describes what it depicts.
A note should be included beneath the figure. The purpose of the note section is to provide information about the
source of the figure or table. Note sections use a different format to reference entries.
Include the full reference in the reference list.
When citing and referencing images, use the same rules for citing and referencing figures. The Note section beneath
the image should follow the format featured in the section on figures and tables at the start of the guide.
Figure from a Website

Figure 1
Illustrations of Various Plants
Note. From The botanic garden, volume 8, by Biodiversity Heritage Library, 2018, Flickr
(https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/39624416980/in/album-72157667760690338/). CC BY 2.0.
In-text Citation
(Biodiversity Heritage Library, 2018).
Biodiversity Heritage Library (2018) demonstrates that…
Reference
Biodiversity Heritage Library. (2018). The botanic garden, volume
8. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/39624416980/in/album-72157667760690338/

Infographics
Figure 1
Ageing and Health Infographic
Note. From Ageing and life course infographics, by The World Health Organization, n.d.
(https://www.who.int/ageing/media/infographics/en/). Copyright 2020 by World Health Organization.
In-text citation
(World Health Organization, n.d.)
The World Health Organization (n.d.) showed that…
Reference
World Health Organization. (n.d.) Ageing and health. [Infographic]. World Health Organization.
https://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-report-2015-launch/healthy-ageing-infographic.jpg?ua=1

Photographs
Figure 1
Guinean Anthropologist, David Niabalamou
Note. From How learning to talk the talk is saving lives in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, by The World
Health Organization, 2020 (https://www.afro.who.int/news/how-learning-talk-talk-saving-lives-democratic-republic-
congo). Copyright 2020 by World Health Organization.
In-text citation
(World Health Organization, 2020.)
The World Health Organization (2020) explains that…
Reference
World Health Organization. (2020). Guinean anthropologist, David Niabalamou [Photograph]. World Health
Organization. https://www.afro.who.int/news/how-learning-talk-talk-saving-lives-democratic-republic-congo

Stock Images & Clip Art
Figure 1
Stock Photograph of a Doctor Examining the Results of an X-ray Exam
Note. From Doctor man with X-ray of lungs, fluorography, roentgen isolated on white background. Healthcare
personnel, medicine concept, by Sokor Space, n.d., Shutterstock (https://www.shutterstock.com/image-
photo/doctor-man-xray-lungs-fluorography-roentgen-1681291549). Copyright 2020 by Shutterstock.
In-text citation
(Sokor Space, n.d.)
Sokor Space (n.d.)
Reference
Sokor Space. (n.d.). Doctor man with X-ray of lungs, fluorography, roentgen isolated on white background.
Healthcare personnel, medicine concept [Stock image]. Shutterstock. https://www.shutterstock.com/image-
photo/doctor-man-xray-lungs-fluorography-roentgen-1681291549

Figure in a PowerPoint slide
Figure 1
This is a Microscopic Photo of Onions Cells.
Note. From This is a microscopic photo of onion cells, by Kaibara87, 2012, Wikimedia
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onion_Cells.jpg). In the public domain.
Reference
Kiabara87. (2012). This is a microscopic photo of onion cells [Photograph]. Wikimedia.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onion_Cells.jpg

Bibliography
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th
ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
American Psychological Association. (2020). Reference examples. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/references/examples/
American Psychological Association. (2020). Student paper formatting checklist.
https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/concise-guide-formatting-checklist.pdf
American Psychological Association. (2020). Student title page guide. https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-
aids/student-title-page-guide.pdf
American Psychological Association. (2020). Quick reference guide. https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-
aids/reference-guide.pdf
Auckland University of Technology. (2020, July 3). APA 7th referencing style guide.
https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com/APA7th
Australian Copyright Council. (2014). Research or study: Information sheet GO53v09.
http://www.copyright.org.au/acc_prod/ACC/Information_Sheets/Research_or_Study.aspx?WebsiteKey=8a
471e74-3f78-4994-9023-316f0ecef4ef
Board of Studies, Teaching and Educations Standards. (2017). A glossary of key words.
https://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/syllabus_hsc/glossary_keywords.html
Endeavour College of Natural Health-. (2016). Academic integrity policy – higher education [Unpublished
manuscript]. Australian College of Natural Medicine Pty Ltd.
Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc. & Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc. (2020). Australian
guide to legal citation (4th ed.).
https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/2877782/AGLC3.pdf
The University of Queensland. (2020, May 29). APA 7th referencing style. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from
https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/referencing/apa7
Victoria University. (2020, May 29). APA 7th referencing. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from
https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing

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What are the main sections covered in the referencing guide?

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Table of Contents

The Presentation of Academic Works .......................................................................................................................... 5

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The Presentation of Academic Works

Recommended Fonts Size 10 Lucida Sans Unicode or Computer Modern.

Indenting See page 10 formatting rules for direct quotations.

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Recommended Fonts Size 10 Lucida Sans Unicode or Computer Modern.

Indenting At least two centimetres on all sides.

Placement First page of the assignment.

Academic Style Guidelines

Formality and Expressions Formal vocabulary and expression.

Structure Planned and logically organised.

Tense Use the appropriate tense for the assignment style.

Edited and Proofread Free of grammatical, spelling and punctuation errors.

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Glossary of Instruction Words in Assessment Task Descriptions

Apply Use in a particular situation.

Appreciate Make a value judgement.

Assess Make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results, or size.

Calculate Determine from given facts, figures, or information.

Clarify Make clear or understandable.

Classify Arrange or include in classes or categories.

Compare Show how things are similar or related.

Emphasise differences between characteristics but also note similarities.

Construct Make; build; put together items or arguments.

Contrast Show how things are different or opposite.

Emphasise differences between characteristics while also noting similarities.

Deduce Draw conclusions.

Define State meaning and identify essential qualities.

Give clear, concise, reliable meaning.

Demonstrate Show by example.

Describe Provide characteristics and features.

Recount; relate in a sequence; illustrate.

Discuss Identify issues and provide points for and/or against.

Consider various points of view or perspectives.

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Examine Explore; question; investigate.

Extract Choose relevant details.

Extrapolate Draw conclusions from what is known.

Identify Recognise and name.

Illustrate Use a diagram or example to clarify a point.

Interpret Draw conclusions.

Investigate Question and draw conclusions about a topic.

Justify Support an argument or conclusion.

Outline Explain idea in general terms; indicate the main features.

Recall Present remembered ideals, facts, or experiences.

Recommend Suggest a course of action based on evidence and discussion.

Recount Retell a series of events.

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BASIC STRUCTURES USED FOR

Essay Exploration of an issue.

Compare and Contrast Essay

Report Written account of an investigation, with a defined structure.