MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

EIT-M
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
(COMMUNICATION AND ELECTRONICS STREAM)
SEMISTER PROJECT

TITLE: COMPARISON STUDY OF M-QAM ON DIGITAL RADIO

COMMUNICATION
PREPARED BY:

NAME ……………..………………………………….. ID NO.

ZELALEM GIRMA……………….……………………… 0627/04

FREHIWOT GEREZHER………………………………… 0653/04

ISMAEL DESALEGN ………………………………….…. 1838/03

TSION GEREZHER…………………………….…………..0413/04
Acknowledgement
We are very much great full to the almighty God, because he is always the first to each
our work.. We wishes also to express grateful thanks to our department of electrical and our
advisor Abraham who have provided assistance in this project.

In addition we would like to thank for our class met students and friends for giving
deferent facilities useful for our project.
Abstract
All type of signal in air is analog in nature, so we have to analysis this signal. This
means message signal travels with carrier frequencies that are analog in nature. So we have to
analysis the carrier frequencies parameter like amplitude, phase, and carrier frequencies that are
in analog nature. Knowing this, for the signal to transfer from transmitter part to the receiver it
has to be modulated. So QAM is a massive technology used for the transfer of data at high data
rate. So this project concerns on the comparison of M-QAM for the digital radio application. So
we mainly focus on digital QAM for high data transfer rate. We also went to see which type of
QAM modulation is applicable for a given area and conditions.
Table of contents
Acknowledgement.........................................................................................................I

Abstract..........................................................................................................................II

List of abbreviations………………………………………………….……….………III

List of Figures…………….............………………………………………………….IV

Chapter 1……………………………………………………...............……………..…1

Introduction……………………………………………………..……….1

1.1 Background ……………………………….………………………2

1.2 Literature reviews ………………………………………………...3

1.3 Statement of problem………………….…………………..……...4

1.4 Objective…………………………..………………………………5

1.5 Motivation………………………………………………………….9

Chapter 2…………………………………………………………..…………7

3.1 Methodology…………………………………………………….….7

Chapter 3……………………………………………………………………..4

3.1 Review of modulations……………………………………………...8

3.2 Types of QAM…………….……..………………………..………..10

3.3 QAM and other modulation techniques………....…………….……9

3.2 .1 Data rate…………….……………...….……………………….11

3.2.2 Efficiency……………………………………………………….11(2)

3.4QAM application…………………………………………………..…16

Chapter Four ………………………………………………………………

System model and analysis………………………………………..17

Chapter five……………………………………………………………………

result and discussion ………………………………………………………18

Chapter six………………………………………………………………….....19

Conclusion and recommendation ………….....………………………….19

Reference ………………………………………………………………………….20
List of figures
Fig 3.1………………………..Analog modulation

Fig 3.2………………………..Frequency modulation

Fig 3.3………………………..Phase modulation

Fig 4.1………………………..basic QAM modulator diagram

Fig 4.2……………………....... Basic QAM demodulator diagram

Fig 4.3………………………..Signal constellation diagram

Fig 4.4………………………..Noise variance

Fig 4.5……………………….. Scatter plot of 8QAM

Fig 4.6……………………….. Gray code signal constellation of 32-QAM

Fig 4.7………………………..bertool of 16 QAM

Fig 4.8………………………..performance of M-QAM for varying M

Fig 4.9………………………..BER comparison diagram

Fig 4.10.....................................Random symbols

list of abbreviations
 BER----------------------------bit error rate
 Eo/No-------------------------signal to noise ratio
 Pe------------------------------probability of error
 QAM---------------------------qadrature amplitude modulation
 OFDMA----------------------orthogonal frequency division multiple access
Chapter one
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back ground

There are different types of modulation techniques used in digital communication.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is one of those modulation techniques. which is
widely used for modulating data signals onto a carrier used for radio communications.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM is a signal in which two carriers shifted in phase by 90
degrees are modulated and the resultant output consists of both amplitude and phase variations.
In view of the fact that both amplitude and phase variations are present it may also be considered
as a mixture of amplitude and phase modulation. It is widely used because it offers advantages
over other forms of data modulation such as PSK, although many forms of data modulation
operate alongside each other. which is used to modulate both analog and digital data. Based on
its constellation points, it might be 4-QAM, 8-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, and 128-QAM.
4-QAM (QPSK) is the earliest technique and is used for low data rate applications as compared
to the other QAM techniques. Although QAM appears to increase the efficiency of transmission
for radio communication systems by utilizing both amplitude and phase variations, it also has
have some disadvantages that makes it less attractive to mobile communication like : the need
of linear filter which is less efficient and high power consumption and noise between points.

1.2 Literature review

Title Compression study of M-QAM for digital radio communication

Author(s) Chan Kyu Kim, Kwangchun Lee, and Yong Soo Cho

Publication IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics

(place & year if
book)

Volume no, Vol. 46, No.4, November 2000, page 1052

Month & Year,
pages

Problem being Problem of designing a M-QAM in digital radio communication operation for
addressed modulation/demodulation

Purpose Propose a high BER digital radio communication technique

Contributions Proposed a new adaptive beam forming technique for M-QAM

System / QAM, adaptive linear array antenna, M users, 16 QAM, QAM block size: 32,
technology used distance between adjacent elements: lambda/2,

Mathematical Derive the proposed algorithm by calculating the error signals between pilot
techniques symbols and the corresponding received signals in frequency domain,
used transforming the error signals into time-domain error signal, updating the
/methodology filter coefficients of adaptive beam former in the time domain in the
direction of increasing the BER . Investigate the convergence behavior and
performance improvement by computer simulation

Assumptions

Key Results Convergence behavior as function of step size and number of pilot symbols ,
BER performance as a function of number of antenna arrays

Conclusions Although it requires signal processing in both domain, it has similar

properties to the conventional beam forming algorithms (BER decrease with
the number of constellation points, data rate increases as number of symbol
increases.

Critique

1.3 Statement of problem

We know that there are different types of modulation techniques. But using Quadrature
amplitude modulation(QAM) for digital transmission for radio communications applications is
able to carry higher data rates than ordinary amplitude modulated schemes and phase
modulated schemes. The additional thing for the motivation of the use of quadrature amplitude
modulation comes from the fact that a straight amplitude modulated signal, i.e. double
sideband even with a suppressed carrier occupies twice the bandwidth of the modulating
signal. This is very wasteful of the available frequency spectrum. QAM restores the balance by
placing two independent double sideband suppressed carrier signals in the same spectrum as
one ordinary double sideband suppressed carrier signal.

1.4 Objective

1.4.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

The general objective of this project is to understand the comparison of the M-QAM on digital
radio communication and data application.

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

The specific objective of our project is to compare bit error rate on different noisy environment;

4-QAM

8-QAM

16-QAM

32-QAM

1.5 Motivation
The main reason to drop our eye on the comparison study of M-QAM is the greatest concern
of transmission systems on data rate. Since we need high data rate at efficient conditions QAM
is the main advantageous modulation technique. We also know that now a day's band
width(frequency spectrum) is the main concern in communication system. So the motivation for
the use of quadrature amplitude modulation comes from the fact that a straight amplitude
modulated signal, i.e. double sideband even with a suppressed carrier occupies twice the
bandwidth of the modulating signal. This is very wasteful of the available frequency spectrum.
QAM restores the balance by placing two independent double sideband suppressed carrier
signals in the same spectrum as one ordinary double sideband suppressed carrier signal. So QAM
reduces the frequency spectrum by placing two independent double sideband suppressed
carrier signals in the same spectrum as one ordinary double sideband suppressed carrier signal.
Chapter two
METHODOLOGY

The methodologies to be used to achieve objectives of the project are:

Conceptual survey: includes reading the concepts involved in the work.
Literature survey: Exploring the previous work done in this area and bringing connectivity to
the present work.
System modeling and simulation: includes mathematical modeling of the system and
simulating the modeled system using MATLAB.
Performance Evaluation: includes evaluating and comparing the performance of different
QAM modulation techniques.

Analysis and Interpretation of the results: which modulation technique has a high bit error
rate on the basis of noise will be explain based on the result.
 Chapter three
3.1 Review of modulations
Modulation is defined process by which some characteristics of carrier signal varied
according with modulating signal. Here characteristics of carrier signal like phase, angle,
amplitude and frequency. And the modulating signal means the massage signal which in
binary form. Digital modulation techniques, consider digital to analog conversion. And the
demodulation or detection analog to digital conversion. The modulation of digital signal
information can be transmitted by using cable, microwave system, satellite at different
frequencies. As per practical implement approach several type of delay, noise in
analogous waveform which is transmitted. All type of modulation techniques, as concern
with practical approach considering baseband signal and carrier frequency.

Generally there are two types of modulation

Analog modulation- Analog signal is to be modulated. It can be

 Amplitude modulation(AM): As the name implies, this form of modulation

involves modulating the amplitude or intensity of the signal.

Fig.3.1
Amplitude modulation was the first form of modulation to be used to broadcast sound, and
although other forms of modulation are being increasingly used, amplitude modulation is still in
widespread use.

 Frequency modulation,(FM):This form of modulation varies the frequency in line

with the modulating signal.

FIG 3.2

Frequency modulation has the advantage that, as amplitude variations do not carry any
information on the signal, it can be limited within the receiver to remove signal strength
variations and noise. As a result is form of modulation has been used for many applications
including high quality analogue sound broadcasting.

 Phase modulation,(PM):   As the name indicates, phase modulation varies the phase
of the carrier in line with the modulating signal.
FIG 3.3

Phase modulation and frequency modulation have many similarities and are linked - one is the
differential of the other. However phase modulation lends itself to data transmissions, and as a
result its use has grown rapidly over recent years.

Digital modulation-digital signal is to be modulated which is less susceptible to noise.

Digital modulation can be classified as

1.Binary phase shift keying (BPSK)-is also called 2-QAM in which the phase of the RF
carrier is shifted 180 degree in accordance with a digital bit stream. A “one” causes a phase
transition, and a “zero” does not produce a transition. In BPSK modulator, phase of carrier is
varied represent binary 1 or 0. Both peak amplitude remains constant as phase changes. For
example, if we start a phase of o degree to represent binary „1‟, then we can change the phase
to 180 degree to send binary ‘0’.

2. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)- It is also called 4-QAM. In this type of
modulation the binary bit stream or massage signal is pass through line coding like bipolar NRZ
signal represent at binary values 0 and 1 respectively then multiplied with two term real
and imaginary carrier signal carry the information bit stream.

3. Amplitude shift keying (ASK)-In ASK modulator level of amplitude can be used to
represent binary logic 0s and 1s.Wecan think of carrier signal as an ON or OFF Switch. In
modulated signal logic 0 is represented by the absence of carrier, thus giving

OFF/ON keying operation and hence the name given mathematically equation of ASK.

4. Frequency shift keying (FSK) -In frequency shift keying, the frequency of carriers shifted
according to the binary symbol. The phase of carrier is unaffected. That is we have to different
frequency signals according to binary symbols. Let there be a frequency shift by ohms. In this
figure we show here the two frequencies are use carry the symbol or binary bit .
suppose, we consider here the one frequency that ids carry binary bit „1‟ and second
frequency carry the symbol the „0‟.input bits that in form of 0 and 1 carry the both frequencies
without any interference and get modulated .carrier signal carry the signals in phase.

QAM is also a special type of amplitude modulation ,i.e. double sideband even with a
suppressed carrier occupies twice the bandwidth of the modulating signal. This is very wasteful
of the available frequency spectrum. QAM restores the balance by placing two independent
double sideband suppressed carrier signals in the same spectrum as one ordinary double
sideband suppressed carrier signal. In digital communications this arrangement is popular. It is
used because of its bandwidth conserving (and other) properties.

QAM is a signal in which two carriers shifted in phase by 90 degrees are modulated and the
resultant output consists of both amplitude and phase variations. In view of the fact that both
amplitude and phase variations are present it may also be considered as a mixture of amplitude
and phase modulation.

It is not used for multiplexing two independent messages. Given an input binary sequence
(message) at the rate of n bit/s, two sequences may be obtained by splitting the bit stream into
two paths, each of n/2 bit/s. This is akin to a serial-to-parallel conversion. Because of the halved
rate the bits in the I and Q paths are stretched to twice the input sequence bit clock period. The
two messages are recombined at the receiver, which uses a QAM-type demodulator. The two
bit streams would typically be band limited and/or pulse shaped before reaching the
modulator.

TYPES OF QAM
QAM can be classified into two

I. ANALOG QAM
II. DIGITAL QAM
QAM is both an analog and a digital modulation scheme. It conveys two analog message signals,
or two digital messages, by changing (modulating) the amplitudes of two carrier waves, using the
amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital modulation scheme or amplitude modulation (AM) analog
modulation scheme. The two carrier waves, usually sinusoids, are out of phase with each other
by 90° and are thus called quadrature carriers or quadrature components, hence the name of the
scheme. The modulated waves are summed, and the final waveform is a combination of both
phase-shift keying (PSK) and amplitude-shift keying (ASK), or in the analog case is a
combination of phase modulation (PM) and amplitude modulation. In the digital QAM case, a
finite number of at least two phases and at least two amplitudes are used. PSK modulators are
often designed using the QAM principle, but are not considered as QAM since the amplitude of
the modulated carrier signal is constant. QAM is used extensively as a modulation scheme for
digital telecommunication systems. Arbitrarily high spectral efficiencies can be achieved with
QAM by setting a suitable constellation size, limited only by the noise level and linearity of the
communications channel.

1) Analog QAM
The analogue versions of QAM are typically used to allow multiple analogue signals to be
carried on a single carrier. For example it is used in PAL and NTSC television systems, where
the different channels provided by QAM enable it to carry the components of chroma or color
information. In radio applications a system known as C-QUAM is used for AM stereo radio.
Here the different channels enable the two channels required for stereo to be carried on the single
carrier.

Fig 3.4

2) Digital QAM
Digital formats of QAM are often referred to as "Quantized QAM" and they are being
increasingly used for data communications often within radio communications systems. when
used for digital transmission for radio communications applications is able to carry higher data
rates than ordinary amplitude modulated schemes and phase modulated schemes. As with
phase shift keying, etc, the number of points at which the signal can rest, i.e. the number of
points on the constellation is indicated in the modulation format description, e.g. 16QAM uses a
16 point constellation. Radio communications systems ranging from cellular technology as in
the case of LTE through wireless systems including WiMAX, and Wi use a variety of forms of
QAM, and the use of QAM will only increase within the field of radio communications.
QAM and other Modulation Techniques
When using QAM, the constellation points are normally arranged in a square grid with equal
vertical and horizontal spacing and as a result the most common forms of QAM use a
constellation with the number of points equal to a power of 2 i.e. 4, 16, 64. As there are
advantages and disadvantages of using QAM it is necessary to compare QAM with other
modulation techniques modes. Some radio communications systems dynamically change the
modulation scheme dependent upon the link conditions and requirements - signal level, noise,
data rate required, etc.

3.3 Performance measurement of modulation techniques

As maintained above the main reason QAM is needed is its high data rate. By using higher order
modulation formats, i.e. more points on the constellation, it is possible to transmit more bits per
symbol. However the points are closer together and they are therefore more susceptible to noise
and data errors. Normally a QAM constellation is square and therefore the most common forms
of QAM 16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM.The advantage of moving to the higher order formats is
that there are more points within the constellation and therefore it is possible to transmit more
bits per symbol. The downside is that the constellation points are closer together and therefore
the link is more susceptible to noise. As a result, higher order versions of QAM are only used
when there is a sufficiently high signal to noise ratio.

3.3.1 Data rate

Since the data rate has directly relationship with the number of constellation points the system
with high constellation points will have high the higher data rate. To achieve high data rate high
BW will be needed. High frequency spectrum(BW) also cause high interference on the signal. So
to increase the data rate we have to achieve the error probability low.

3.3.2 BER

The most widely used performance measures for performance evaluation is the bit error
rate(BER). In digital transmission the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a
data stream over a communication that have been altered due to noise, interference distortion bit
or synchronization errors. The BER can be estimated from following Equation. The BER gives
the upper limit for the signal because some degradation occurs at the receiver end.

The bit error rate or bit error ratio (BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number
of transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unit less performance measure, often
expressed as a percentage
The bit error probability (Pe) is the expectation value of the BER.The BER can be considered as
an approximate estimate of the bit error probability. This estimate is accurate for a long time
interval and a high number of bit errors. In a communication system, the receiver side BER may
be affected by transmission channel noise interference, distortion, bit synchronization
problems, attenuation, wireless multipath fading, etc. In a noisy channel, the BER is often
expressed as a function of the normalized carrier-to-noise ratio measure denoted Eb/N0, (energy
per bit to noise power spectral density ratio), or Es/N (energy per modulation symbol to noise
spectral density).
The table below compares various forms of modulation:

Modulation Bits per symbol Error margin Complexity

OOK 1 1/2 0.5 Low

BPSK 1 1 1 Medium

QPSK 2 1 / √2 0.71 Medium

16 QAM 4 √2 / 6 0.23 High

64QAM 6 √2 / 14 0.1 High

Table 1

QAM application

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation has been adopted by most wireless communication standards
such as WiMAX and LTE. It provides higher bit rates and consequently higher spectral
efficiencies. It is usually used in conjunction with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) which provides a simple technique to overcome the time varying frequency selective
channel. Eg. 256 QAM is used in DVB(digital video broadcasting) and 4096 QAM may be used
as C2(cable two).
CHAPTER FOUR
System model and analysis

4.1System model
The QAM modulator and QAM demodulator are key elements within any quadrature amplitude
modulation system. The modulator and demodulator are used to encode the signal, often data,
onto the radio frequency carrier that is to be transmitted. Then the demodulator is used at the
remote end to extract the signal from the RF carrier so that it can used at the remote end. As
quadrature amplitude modulation is a complex signal, specialized QAM modulators and
demodulators are required.
QAM modulator basics
The QAM modulator essentially follows the idea that can be seen from the basic QAM theory
where there are two carrier signals with a phase shift of 90° between them. These are then
amplitude modulated with the two data streams known as the I or In-phase and the Q or
quadrature data streams. These are generated in the baseband processing area.

FIG 4.1

The two resultant signals are summed and then processed as required in the RF signal chain,
typically converting them in frequency to the required final frequency and amplifying them as
required. It is worth noting that as the amplitude of the signal varies any RF amplifiers must be
linear to preserve the integrity of the signal. Any non-linearities will alter the relative levels of
the signals and alter the phase difference, thereby distorting he signal and introducing the
possibility of data errors.
QAM demodulator basics
The QAM demodulator is very much the reverse of the QAM modulator. The signals enter the
system, they are split and each side is applied to a mixer. One half has the in-phase local
oscillator applied and the other half has the quadrature oscillator signal applied.

Fig 4.2

The basic modulator assumes that the two quadrature signals remain exactly in quadrature.A
further requirement is to derive a local oscillator signal for the demodulation that is exactly on
the required frequency for the signal. Any frequency offset will be a change in the phase of the
local oscillator signal with respect to the two double sideband suppressed carrier constituents of
the overall signal.
Recovering the phase of the carrier is important otherwise the bit error rate for the data will be
compromised.
4.2 System analysis

Constellation
The Signal constellation parameter defines the constellation by listing its points in a length-M
vector of complex numbers. constellation diagram can be rectangular or non rectangular.

Let's have the demodulator part of M-QAM

FIG 4.3

The noise variance can also be shown

 FIG 4.4

Note in the figures above, M represents the size of the Signal constellation .

To modulate a signal using quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM):

1. Define and set up your QAM modulator object.

2. Call step to modulate a signal according to the properties of
comm.GeneralQAMModulator. The behavior of step is specific to each object in the toolbox.
Construction

H = comm.GeneralQAMModulator creates a modulator System object,H. This object modulates

the input signal using a general quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) method.

H = comm.GeneralQAMModulator(Name,Value) creates a QAM modulator object, H, with each

specified property set to the specified value. You can specify additional name-value pair
arguments in any order as (Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN).

H = comm.GeneralQAMModulator(CONST,Name,Value) creates a General QAM modulator

object, H. This object has the Constellation property set to CONST, and the other specified
properties set to the specified values.

Constellation Signal constellation

Specify the constellation points as a vector of real or complex double-

precision data type. The length of the vector determines the modulation order.
 The step method inputs requires integers between 0 and M–1, where M
indicates the length of this property vector. The object maps an input integer
mto the (m+1)st value in the Constellation vector.
OutputDataType Data type of output

Specify the output data type as one of double | single | Custom. The default is
double.

Let's see the signal constellation of M-QAM for any value of M with (M=2^n).

The signal gray code constellation of 8 QAM is illustrated below.

% Create 8-QAM Gray encoded modulator

hMod = modem.qammod('M',8,'SymbolOrder','Gray');

% Create a scatter plot

scatterPlot = commscope.ScatterPlot('SamplesPerSymbol',1,...

'Constellation',hMod.Constellation);

% Show constellation

scatterPlot.PlotSettings.Constellation = 'on';

scatterPlot.PlotSettings.ConstellationStyle = '.';

title('constellation for Gray coded 8-QAM ');

xlable('In-phase');

ylable('Quadriture');

hold on;

k=log2(hMod.M);

forjj=1:hMod.M

text(real(hMod.Constellation(jj))+0.15,...,

imag(hMod.Constellation(jj)),...

dec2base(hMod.SymbolMapping(jj),2,k));

end
hold off;

fig4.5

when we create a 32-QAM scatter plot for example the constellation points will increase to
32.Which is complex than the previous. But it will have higher data rate. let's see its signal
constellation.

% Create 32-QAM modulator

hMod = modem.qammod(32);
% Create a scatter plot
scatterPlot = commscope.ScatterPlot('SamplesPerSymbol',1,...
'Constellation',hMod.Constellation);
scatterPlot.PlotSettings.Constellation = 'on';% Shows constellation

scatterPlot.PlotSettings.ConstellationStyle = 'rd';
title('Scatter plot');

xlable('In-phase');

ylable('Quadriture');
hold on;
forjj=1:hMod.M
text(real(hMod.Constellation(jj)),imag(hMod.Constellation(jj)),...
[' ' num2str(hMod.SymbolMapping(jj))]);
end
hold off;
fig 4.6

During constellation of M-QAM as the number of constellation points increases the error
probability will also increase under noisy environment.

Let's use a BERTool to run simulations random signal to be modulated using QAM by using
commdoc_gray.m.This is used to see the effect of single constellation error (BER) with respect
to noise (EbNo).

editcommdoc_gray
editbertooltemplate

%Save the BERTool template (bertooltemplate) under the filename my_commdoc_bertool to

avoid overwriting the original template.copythecommdoc_bertool file, replace

% use the Set up parameters. i.e. copy setup code

% the users code is to be inserted
% Setup
% Define parameters.
M = 16; % Size of signal constellation
k = log2(M); % Number of bits per symbol
n = 1000; % Number of bits to process
nsamp = 1; % Oversampling rate
% In the my_commdoc_bertool file, replace(copy simulation)
% use the simulation

totErr=rand(1);

%update totErr and numBits.

n=1000;
totErr=rand(1);
totErr = totErr + number_of_errors;% Update totErr
numBits = numBits + n;% Update No of bitts;
xlable('Eb/No');
ylable(BER);
EbNo = 10; % In dB which isdirect assignment of EbNo
%save simulation resultinmy_commdoc_bertool

bertool % open BERtool

Then by clicking Monte Carlo tab we can enter the parameters in MATLAB. By running the
project we get the following:

Fig 4.7
Let's also have a random signal so that it computes the BER for integer values of EbNo between
0 and 7. BER Tool solves the problem by managing a series of simulations with different values
of Eb/N0, collecting the results, and creating a plot. You provide the core of the simulation, which
in this case is a minor modification of the example in .modulating random signal.

%% Range of variables
Mvec = [4 8 16 32];% the values of M to consider;
EbNovec=[0:7];% values of EbNo to consider
%% Preallocate space for results.
number_of_errors = zeros(length(Mvec),length(EbNovec));
bit_error_rate = zeros(length(Mvec),length(EbNovec));
%% Simulation loops
foridxM = 1:length(Mvec)
foridxEbNo = 1:length(EbNovec)
x=[4 8 16 32];
z=rand(1,6);%random error computation
Mvec=16;
EbNovec=7;
end % End of loop over EbNo values
end % End of loop over M values
M = Mvec(idxM); % Size of signal constellation
EbNo = EbNovec(idxEbNo); % In dB
%% BER Computation
biterr(x,z)=x-z;% Comparison of x and z to obtain the number of errors and
% the bit error rate.
[number_of_errors(idxM,idxEbNo),bit_error_rate(idxM,idxEbNo)] =biterr(x,z);
markerchoice = '.xo*';%%to Plot the Curve.
plotsym = [markerchoice(idxM) '-']; % Plotting style for this curve
semilogy(EbNovec,bit_error_rate(idxM,:),plotsym); % Plot one curve.
drawnow; % Update the plot instead of waiting until the end.
hold on; % Make sure next iteration does not remove this curve.
markerchoice = '.xo*';%%to Plot the Curve.
plotsym = [markerchoice(idxM) '-'];% plotting style for the second curve;
semilogy(EbNovec,bit_error_rate(idxM,:),plotsym);% plot the second curve
drawnow; % Update the plot instead of waiting until the end.
hold on; % Make sure next iteration does not remove this curve.
markerchoice = '.xo*';%%to Plot the Curve.
plotsym = [markerchoice(idxM) '-'];% plotting style for the third curve ;
semilogy(EbNovec,bit_error_rate(idxM,:),plotsym);% plot the third curve
drawnow; % Update the plot instead of waiting until the end.
hold on; % Make sure next iteration does not remove this curve.
markerchoice = '.xo*';%%to Plot the Curve.

plotsym = [markerchoice(idxM) '-'];% plotting style for the fourth curve ;

semilogy(EbNovec,bit_error_rate(idxM,:),plotsym);% plot the fourth curve
drawnow; % Update the plot instead of waiting until the end.
title('Performance of M-QAM for Varying M');
xlabel('EbNo (dB)'); ylabel('BER');
legend('M = 4','M = 8','M = 16','M = 32',...

By running the above in MATLAB we obtain

Fig 4.8

As declared above the two controversial ideas in modulation are noise and data rate. Let's have
the program to compute the BER of QAM in MATLAB. Since we are considering a noisy
environment as the number of constellation points increases the error probability also increases.

% Generate a random binary data stream

% Define parameters.
M = 16; % Size of signal constellation
k = log2(M); % Number of bits per symbol
n = 3e4; % Number of bits to process
nsamp = 1; % Oversampling rate
hMod = modem.qammod(M); % Create a 16-QAM modulator
%% Signal Source
% Create a binary data stream as a column vector.
x = randint(n,1); % Random binary data stream
% Plot first 40 bits in a stem plot.
stem(x(1:40),'filled');
title('Random Bits');
xlabel('Bit Index');
ylabel('Binary Value');
% prepare to modulate;
%% Bit-to-Symbol Mapping
% Convert the bits in x into k-bit symbols.
xsym = bi2de(reshape(x,k,length(x)/k).','left-msb');
%% Stem Plot of Symbols
% Plot first 10 symbols in a stem plot.
stem(x(1:10),'filled');

figure; % Create new figure window.

stem(xsym(1:10));
title('Random Symbols');
xlabel('Symbol Index'); ylabel('Integer Value');
%To modulate using 16-QAM;
y = modulate(modem.qammod(M),xsym); % Modulate using 16-QAM
% Add white Gaussian noise ;

noise=rand(1);

% Transmitted Signal
ytx = y;

%% Channel
% Send signal over an AWGN channel.
EbNo = 10; % In dB
snr = EbNo + 10*log10(k) - 10*log10(nsamp);
ynoisy = awgn(ytx,snr,'noise');
%% Received Signal
yrx = ynoisy;
% Create a scatter plot;

% Create scatter plot of noisy signal and transmitted

% signal on the same axes.
h = scatterplot(yrx(1:nsamp*5e3),nsamp,0,'g.');
hold on;
scatterplot(ytx(1:5e3),1,0,'k*',h);
title('Received Signal');
legend('Received Signal','Signal Constellation');
axis([-5 5 -5 5]); % Set axis ranges.
hold off;
% Demodulate signal using 16-QAM.
zsym = demodulate(modem.qamdemod(M),yrx);
%% Symbol-to-Bit Mapping
% Undo the bit-to-symbol mapping performed earlier.
z = de2bi(zsym,'left-msb'); % Convert integers to bits.
% Convert z from a matrix to a vector.
z = reshape(z.',numel(z),1);
%% BER Computation
% Compare x and z to obtain the number of errors and
% the bit error rate.
[number_of_errors,bit_error_rate] = biterr(x,z)

Her is the result from MATLAB witch shows as the BER from of the M-QAM.

FIG 4.9
FIG 4.10
Chapter five

Result and discussion

In moving to a higher order QAM constellation (higher data rate and mode) in hostile RF
/micro wave QAM application environments, such as in broadcasting or telecommunication ,
multipath interference typically increases. There is a spreading of the spots in the constellation,
decreasing the separation between adjacent states, making it difficult for the receiver to decode
the signal appropriately. In other words, there is reduced noise immunity. There are several test
parameter measurements which help determine an optimal QAM mode for a specific operating
environment. The following three are most significant:

 carrier/interference ratio
 carrier to noise ratio
 Threshold-to-noise ratio

So in using M-QAM choosing constellation points is a key concept in modulation under noisy
environment. choosing 'M' depends on the environment and data rate. Under air turbulenced
environment using high order QAM will cause high interference because the constellation
points are close to each other. The closeness of the constellation points causes to the discarded
frames even if due to one bit error. So if the environment is highly turbulenced using lower
order QAM will be profitable for digital radio communications. But if the medium is highly
sustainable to environment using high order QAM will give us a high data rate transmission
with suitable BER. Her is the BER compression of M-QAM.
As we can see from the above the BER increases with order(M) assuming minimum air
turbulenced environment. Since Digital radio uses digital modulation using high order QAM will
give us a high data rate in a given EbNo.
Chapter six

Conclusion and recommendation

This project presents a performance evaluation approach using the BERTool module provided
under Matlab/Simulink software package. It compares different Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM) techniques at different bit rates (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256) based on the Bit
Error Rate (BER) versus the Ratio of Bit Energy to Noise Power Spectral Density (Eb/No). The
paper provides a detailed model built in Simulink to simulate the QAM techniques along with
the results of the performance analysis. Analysis of the impact of variations in the different
model parameters on the resulting error rate in the transmitted data has been conducted as well.
The motivation for this paper is to review, model, and simulate the QAM technique at its various
bit rates using the Matlab/Simulink. Also, this paper serves an educational purpose for
researchers in the wireless communication field or related topics by illustrating a step-by-step
approach to build the model and simulate the system using the Matlab/Simulink in conjunction
with the BERTool used for performance analysis to evaluate different QAM wireless
communication techniques. The Monte Carlo simulation is utilized by the BERTool to conduct
the performance analysis. The resulting bit error rate from the simulation at the different QAM
transmission rates (8 to 256) showed the variation of the error values for each bit rate versus
different noise power spectral densities (Eb/No). Also, the results show a comparison between
the resulting transmission errors in the received signal at different noise or Eb/No levels. Since
Eb/N0 is defined as the ratio of bit energy per symbol to noise power spectral density, in decibels,
then increasing this ratio should result in less overall transmission errors and decreasing this ratio
should result in higher transmission error. This illustrates how the model captures the variation
of the signal power to the power of the applied noise during the transmission process. Also, the
model simu- ates the impact of changing the power of the transmitted signal on the generated
Noise Variance by the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) generator. The simulation
illustrates that as the power of the transmitted signal increases, the error rate increases too as a
result of the logic implemented in the AWGN generator which in turn increases the noise
component imposed to the transmitted signal.
Chapter seven

Reference
 Ion pool
 Digital communication fundamentals second edition
 USA UVA communications links
 John G.proakis Digital communications, third edition
