Name:

Muhammad Kashif Nazir

Reg. No.:
BSCE02203020
Section:
A
Submitted To:
Sir Waqas Mushtak

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Lahore
 CONTENT TABLE
EXP. 1 LAYOUT OF ENGINEERING SURVEYING LAB

EXP. 2 TO STANDARIZE THE PLACE LENGTH OF PERSON

EXP. 3 MEASURMENT OF TRIANGULATION SCHEME WITH THE HELP

OF PACE LENGTH
EXP. 4 TO STUDY THE DIFFERENT TYPE OF MEASURING CHAINS

EXP. 5 MEASURMENT OF TRIA NGULATION SCHEME WITH THE HELP

OF DIFFERENT MEASURIMG CHAINS
EXP. 6 TO STUDY THE DIFFERENT TYPE OF MEASURING TAPES

EXP. 7 MEASURMENT OF TRIANGULATION SCEME WITH HELP OF

DIFFERENT MEASURING TAPES
EXP. 8 TO STUDY THE PRISMATIC COMPASS AND SURVEYOR’S
COMPASS BY FUNCTION
EXP. 9 TO DETERMINE MAGNETIC BEARING OF A TRAVERSE USING
PRISMATIC COMPASS
EXP. 10 TO FIX THE DIRECTION OF MAKKAH WITH THE HELP OF
PRISMATIC COMPASS IN THE FIELD
EXP. 11 TO STUDY AUTO LEVEL BY PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

EXP. 12 TO PERFORM THE PROFILE AND FLY LEVELING

EXP. 13 TO STUDY THE DIGITAL THEODOLITE AND ITS PART

EXP.14 TO PERFORM THEODOLITE TRANVERSING IN FIELD

EXP. 15 TO CONDUCT PLANE TABLE SURVEYING IN THE FIELD

 EXP # 1 LAYOUT OF ENGINEERING SURVEY LAB

INSTRUMENTS:

1. Theodolite:

It is small size telescope used for measuring angle in horizontal and vertical planes, used in
surveying purpose.
2. Total station:

It is an optical instrument used in modern surveying to determine the angle and distances from
the instruments to points to be surveyed.

3. Auto level:

A dumpy level, builder's auto level, leveling instrument or automatic level is an optical
instrument used in surveying to measure, or set horizontal levels.
4. Prism:

Prism is an optical instrument which is used in surveying .It is used to measure distances by
reflecting light.

5. Magnetic compass:

A Magnetic compass consists of a long, narrow rectangular box, covered with glass. Inside the
box, at its center, there is a magnetic needle resting on the pivot. It is used to find the direction;
it is used to find north direction.

6. Measuring Tapes:

Tape or measuring tape is a flexible ruler it consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fiber glass, or
metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool.
7. Alidade:

An alidade or a turning board is a device that allows one to sight a distant object and use the line
of sight to perform a task. This task can be, for example, to draw a line on a plane table in the
direction of the object or to measure the angle to the object from some reference point.

8. Abney’s level:

Abney level is an instrument used in surveying which consists of a fixed sighting tube, a
movable spirit level that is connected to a pointing arm and a protected scale, it gives precise
measurements.it is used for measuring elevations and slopes.

9. Level Staff:

A level staff is also called leveling rod is a graduated wooden or aluminum rod, which permits
the determination of differences in elevation.

10. Hand GPS:

GPS (Global Positioning System) device is a device that accurately calculates the geographical
locations by receiving information by GPS satellites, it gives us co-ordinates.
11. Measuring chains:

Chain is a measuring device used for land survey .Metric chain, Engineer chain,
Gunter chain are used for land surveying.

12. Tripod stand:

It is used to hold other instruments and equipment.

13. Ranging Rod:

Ranging rod is a surveying instrument used for marking the position of stations
and for sitting of those stations as well as ranging the straight lines.

8
 EXP # 2: To Standardize the Pace Length of a Person

OBJECTIVE/SIGNIFICANCE:
The main significance of this job is to find
the pace length of the individual person. With the help of pace length, a
person can measure the approximate length and width of the given
area without using any chain and tape.
APPARATUS:
 Two ranging rods
 One measuring tape

PROCEDURE:
 Mark two non distance point A and B as there length must be
20m, 30m etc.
 Put ranging on the point A and B with known length.
 Walk along the length in a straight path from point A to B and
count the number of steps.

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  Similarly, walk back on the same path from point B to A and
count the number of step.
 Take out the mean value of steps counted on the same path.
 Calculate the pace length by dividing the known length with
mean step.
OBSERVATION:
Length taken along the ground= 20 meters
Numbers of steps along the length (A to B) =S1= 22 steps
Numbers of steps along the length (B to A) =S2= 23 steps
Mean steps =S = (S1 + S2/2)=(22+23/2)=22.5 steps
Pace length = (length/mean steps) =20/22.5=0.888meters
RESULTS:
Personal Pace Length = 0.888 meters or 3.05 ft
PRECAUTION:
 Heal of shoe should start from initial point of a line or zero of the
tape.
 Keep your eyes perpendicular to the other point and moves
straight to the other point.
 Tape should be straight on the measuring path.
COMMENTS:
This Job is the easiest method to find the pace length of a
person. The only disadvantage is that it can be in accurate by personal
error.

10
11
EXP # 3: Measurement of Triangulation Scheme with
the Help of Pace Length

OBJECTIVE/SIGNIFICANCE:
In this job, we uses the pace length of the person. The main
significance of this job is to measure the approximate length of given
triangulation scheme without using chain and tape.
APPARATUS:
 Two ranging rods
 One measuring tape

ADVANTAGES:
 Easy
 Quick and time saving
 No need of any instrument or apparatus
DISADVANTAGES:
 Not a accurate method
 More chance of error

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PROCEDURE:
 In the triangulation scheme, place the ranging rods at the end of
the fixed points.
 Start walking from one of a line to other end of line(Line AB).
 Count number of steps from A to B and B to A and take average of
number of steps.
 Calculate the length of line AB by multiplying mean number of
steps with your already determined pace length.
 Similarly, calculate all the steps twice in between each two points
of the triangulation scheme.
NEAT LABEL SKETCH OF TRIANGULATION SCHEME:

A
B

C A
D

E H

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:

13
Pace Length=0.888 m
MEAN OF LINE LENGTH(FT0
LINE NO. OF STEPS L=Meanx Pace Length
STEPS
AB 29
29 25.75
BA 29
BC 27
26 23.09
CB 25
CD 22
23 20.42
DC 24
DE 25
24 21.31
ED 23
EF 28
27.5 24.42
FE 27
FG 28
27 23.97
GF 26
AD 47
47 41.74
DA 49
BD 41
41 36.41
DB 41
FD 38
38 33.74
DF 38
GD 47
48 42.62
DG 49
GA 38
37 32.86
AG 36

PRECAUTIONS:

14
  Heal of shoe should start from initial point of a line or zero
of the tape.
 Tape should be straight on measuring path.
 Move straight from one point to other point by keeping
eyes perpendicular to ranging rods.
COMMENTS:
In this method we can find the area of irregular
field by dividing that field into triangles. Very easy method, only
issue is the personal error.

15
 EXP # 4: To Study Different Types of Measuring Chains

PURPOSE:
This study will help us in identifying different types of
chains in the field. It also tells us about least count, length of
one link and other features of the chain due to which errors can
occur in the field.
CHAIN & CHAIN SURVEYING:
Chain surveying is the simplest method of
surveying in which only linear measurements are made and no
angular measurements are taken. The area to be surveyed is
divided into a number of triangles and the sides of the triangles
are directly measured in the field. Since the triangle is a simple
plane geometrical figure, it can be plotted from the measured
length of its sides alone.
TYPES OF MEASURING CHAINS:
1) Metric Chain:
Purpose:
 This chain is suitable for measuring distances along
fairly level ground.
 Length of Chain = 30m (5 m, 10 m, 20 m and 30 m)
 Number of links in the chain = 120 links
 Length of each link = 0.25m

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  Tallies are provided after every 4 links or 1 m.
 Suitable for measuring distances along fairly ground
level.

2) Engineer’s Chain:
Purpose:
 This chain is used for engineering surveys
 Length of Chain = 100ft
 Number of links in the chain = 100 links
 Length of each link = 1ft
 Tallies are provided after every 10 links or 10ft.

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3) Gunter’s Chain OR Surveyor,s Chain:
The chain is a unit of distance formerly used by
surveyors. The traditional British surveyor's chain, also called
Gunter's chain because it was introduced by the English
mathematician Edmund Gunter in 1620.that's equal to exactly
1/80 mile, 1/10 furlong, 22 yards, or 66 feet.
Purpose:
 It was used previously for measuring distances in
miles and furlongs
 Length of Chain = 66ft
 Number of links in the chain = 100 links
 Length of each link = 0.66 ft
 Tallies are provided after every 10 links or 6.6 ft.

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4) Revenue Chain;
Purpose:
 It is mainly used in cadastral survey
 Length of Chain = 33ft
 Number of links in the chain = 16 links
 Length of each link = 2.0625 ft

5) Steel Band OR Band Chain:

Purpose:
 The steel band is used in projects where more
accuracy is required.
 Length of Chain = 20 or 30m
 Length of each link = 0.2m
 Brass tallies are fixed at every 5m length of the
band.

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ADVANTAGES:
 Chain survey is simplest and commonest method used in
surveying exercises
 The equipment used to conduct chain survey are simple to use
 The equipment used in chain survey can easily be replaced. For
example measuring rods can be replaced with measuring tape.
 This method does not involve complicated mathematical
calculation
 In chain survey few people are needed to conduct the survey.
Normally chain survey team has three people Booker, leader and
follower.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Simple chain survey cannot be conducted in built up areas and
large areas
 Simple chain survey is subject to several chances of errors of
accumulation which may cause by problem of chain. The chain

20
 linkage may fail to stretch up properly and result in inaccurate
data. Also clogging of chain may read to error in reading.
 It is time consuming
 It may not be conducted in areas with steep slopes or water
logged areas. Chain survey is usually conducted in dry areas with
gentle slopes. It becomes more complicated when survey is
conducted in areas that are too wet.
 Chain survey becomes more complicated method when there are
raised points (obstacles) in between areas to be surveyed
ERROR IN CHAIN SURVEYING:
Error in chain surveying classified as:
1. Personal Error
2. Compensating errors
3. Cumulating errors

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EXP # 5 MEASUREMENT OF TRIANGULATION SCHEME
WITH THE HELP OF DIFFERENT MEASURING CHAIN

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose is to prepare the map of the field. This work
is done to have an idea about the method by which we take the
length and to check the accuracy of our measurement of scheme
with the help of pace length
APPARATUS:
 Metric Chain
 Engineering Chain
 Gunter Chain
 Two Ranging Rod
PROCEDURE:
Take the readings of the length of lines of triangulation
scheme and record these readings in the table given below.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
Metric Chain
Line Length (m) Length (ft)
AB 27.94 91.66
BC 25.51 83.69
CD 21.06 69.09
DE 22.27 73.07
EF 25.11 82.38
AG 27.13 89.00
GA 35.23 115.58
DB 38.47 126.39
DA 44.14 144.83
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DG 45.36 148.82
DF 36.85 120.90

Engineering Chain:

Line Length (ft) Length (ft)

AB 94
BC 75 28.66
CD 65 22.86
DE 69 19.82
EA 77 21.04
AD 83 23.47
BD 91 25

Gunter Chain:

Line Length (ft) Length (ft) LINK

AB 83.16 126
BC 110 167
CD 66 117
DE 68 103
EA 110 167

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 Line Length(Pace Length) Length (Chain) Length (Tape)
m m m
AB 27.94 26.50 26.00
BC 25.51 22.91 22.50
CD 21.06 20.10 20.00
DE 22.27 21.00 20.50
EF 25.11 23.75 23.00
FG 27.13 25.35 26.00
GA 44.14 34.00 33.75
BD 38.47 34.10 34.00
AD 36.85 43.00 42.50
GD 45.36 44.00 43.75
FD 35.23 39.00 38.00
Area(m^2) 2279.97 2059.74 2009.58

Precautions:
 Survey lines should be as few as possible.
 Sides of the larger triangles should pass as close to the
boundary lines as possible.
 Obstacles to ranging and chaining should be avoided.

COMMENTS:
By the help of different chain we can easily find
the area of irregular field. Different chain has different
method to operate.

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 EXP # 6 TO STUDY DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEASURING
TAPE

PURPOSE:
This study will help us in identifying different types of tapes
used in the field. By this study, we’ll also know about the use of suitable
tapes under different (weather) conditions to minimize the error during
measurement.
MEASURING TAPE:
A measuring tape is a flexible ruler and used to measure
distance. It is a common measuring tool. It consists of a ribbon of cloth,
plastic, fiber glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings.
TYPES OF MEASURING TAPE:
Following are the types of measuring tape:
 Fiber Glass Tape
 Linen or Cloth Tape
 Steel Tape
 Metallic tape
 Invar Tape

FIBER GLASS TAPE:

 Also known as synthetic tape
 It consists of a ribbon of fiber glass with PVC coating.
 Length of tape = 30m or 100 feet.
 Least count in SI units = 0.002m or 2mm.

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  Least count in FPS units = (1/96) feet or (1/8) inch or
1 soother

LINEN OR CLOTH TAPE:

 It is made of linen cloth with brass handle at zero end
whose length is included in the tape length.
 It is very light and handy, but cannot withstand much
wear and tear. So, it cannot be used for accurate
work.
 It is little used in surveying except for taking secondary
measurements like offsets.

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  It consists of a varnished strip of woven linen 12 to 16
mm wide.
 It is generally available in lengths of 10, 20, 30 and 50
meters.

STEEL TAPE:
 It is made of steel ribbon varying in width from 6 mm to
16 mm.
 It is available in lengths of 1, 2, 10, 20, 30 and 50
meters.

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  It cannot withstand rough usage and therefore it
should be used with great care.
 Length of tape = 30m or 100feet.
 Least Count in SI units = 0.001m or 1mm
 Least Count in FPS units = (1/96 feet)

METALIC TAPE;
 The tape is reinforced with copper wires to prevent stretching
or twisting of fibers and is then called as metallic tape.
 The metallic tapes are manufactured in lengths of 2, 5, 10, 20,
30 and 50 meters but tapes of 20 m and 30 m are more
commonly used.
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  This tape is used for all survey works.

INVAR TAPE:
 It is made of an (Invar) alloy of steel (64%) and nickel (36%)
which is notable for its uniquely low coefficient of thermal
expansion.
 The name, Invar, comes from the word invariable, referring to
its lack of expansion or contraction with temperature changes.
 It is 6 mm wide and is available in lengths of 30 m, 50 m and
100 m.

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 It is costly and delicate and should be thus handled with great
care.

30
 EXP # 7 MEASUREMENTOF TRIANGULATION SCHEME
WITH THE HELP OF DIFFERENT MEASURING TAPE

PURPOSE
The purpose is to prepare map of the field. This work is done
to have an idea about the method by which we take the length (as well
as offsets for different features in the field).

APPARATUS:

 Fiber Glass Tape

 Linen Tape
 Invar Tape
PROCEDURE:
Take the readings of the length of lines of triangulation
scheme and (offsets of different features present near about and)
record these readings in the table given below.

31
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

FIBER GLASS TAPE

Line Length (ft) Length (m)
AB 82.2 25.97
BC 75.1 22.89
CD 65 19.83
DE 65.6 20
EF 77 23.47
FG 82.8 25.24
GA 111 33.84
DB 93 28.35
DA 128 39.02
DG 152.5 46.49
DF 116.4 35.49

STEEL TAPE
Line Length (ft) Length (m)
AB 82.2 25.97
BC 75.1 22.89
CD 65 19.83
DE 65.6 20
EF 77 23.47
FG 82.8 25.24
GA 111 33.84
DB 93 28.35
DA 128 39.02
DG 152.5 46.49
DF 116.4 35.49

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INVAR TAPE
Line Length (ft) Length (m)
AB 82.2 25.97
BC 75.1 22.89
CD 65 19.83
DE 65.6 20
EF 77 23.47
FG 82.8 25.24
GA 111 33.84
DB 93 28.35
DA 128 39.02
DG 152.5 46.49
DF 116.4 35.49

PRECAUTIONS:
 We should use the tape carefully to avoid any change.
 We should read the reading carefully.
COMMENTS:
Tape makes the triangulation scheme method to find the
area of irregular field easier. Very less chance of error by using tapes.

33
 EXP # 8 TO STUDY THE PRISMATIC COMPASS AND
SURVEYOR COMPASS BY FUNCTIONS AND PARTS

PURPOSE:
The purpose of this job is to know about the prismatic
compass and surveyor's compass, the names of different parts and
function of these parts.
Related Theory:
COMPASS SURVEYING:
Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which
the directions of surveying lines are determined with a magnetic
compass, and the length of the surveying lines are measured with a
tape or chain or laser finder.
PRISMATIC COMPASS:
o A prismatic compass is navigation and surveying instrument which
is extensively used to find out the bearing of the traversing and
included angles between them, waypoints and direction.
o Prismatic Compass is used to find the whole circle bearing of lines.
o The compass is generally used to run a traverse line. The compass
calculates bearings of lines with respect to magnetic north. The
included angles can then be calculated using suitable formulas in
case of clockwise and anti-clockwise traverse respectively.
o For each survey line in the traverse, surveyors take two bearings
that are fore bearing and back bearing which should exactly differ
by 180° if local attraction is negligible.

34
 o The name Prismatic compass is given to it because it essentially
consists of a prism which is used for taking observations more
accurately. The least count of compass is normally 30 minutes.

This compass is used to measure whole circle bearing of lines. Different

parts and their functions are listed b below.
1. Compass Box
The compass box is circular metallic box of
diameter 8 to 10cm.A pivot with a sharp point is provided at
the center of the box
2. Magnetic Needle And Graduated Rings
The magnetized needle is made of a board,
magnetized iron bar. The bar is pointed at both ends. The
magnetic needle is attached with a graduated ring. Ring is
graduated from 0° to 360° clockwise, and graduations begin
from south end of the needle. The degrees are again
subdivided into half-degrees. The figures are written upside
down.
3. Sight Vane and Prism
The sight vane and the reflecting prism are
fixed (diametrically) opposite to box. The sight vane is hinged
with the metal box and consists of horse-hair at the center.
The prism consists of slighting slit at the top and two small
circular holes, one at the top of the prism and other at the
side of observer's eye.
4. Dark Glasses
Two dark glasses are provided with the prism. The
red glasses meant for sighting luminous objects at night and
blue glass for reducing strain on the observer's eye.

35
5. Adjustable Mirror
A mirror is provided with the sight vane. The
mirror can be lowered or raised, and can be inclined. If any
object is too low or too high with respect to the line of sight.
The mirror can be adjusted to observe it through reflection.
6. Brake Pin
The brake pin is provided just at the base of sight
vane. If pressed gently, it stops the oscillation of the ring.
7. Lifting pin
A lifting pin is provided just below the sight vane.
When the sight vane is folded, it presses the lifting pin. The
lifting pin then lifts the magnetic needle out of the pivot point
to prevent damage of the pivot point.
8. Glass Cover
A glass cover is provided on top of box to protect the
aluminum ring from dust.

36
Prismatic Compass Sectional View with Labeling:

37
SURVEYOR's COMPASS:
The surveyor's compass is similar to the prismatic
compass except for the following points:
o Surveyor's compass is used to find the quadrant bearing of lines.
o There is no prism on it. Readings are taken from naked eye.
o It consists of an eye vane with a fine slight slit.
o The graduated aluminum ring is attached to the circular box. It is
not fixed to the magnetic needle.
o The magnetic needle moves freely over the pivot. The needle
shows the reading on the graduated ring.
o The ring is graduated from 0° to 90° in four quadrants. 0° is
marked at the north and south, and 90° at the East and West. The
letter E (east) and W (west) are interchanged from their true
position. The figures are written the right way up.
o No mirror is attached to the object vane.

38
 ITEMS Prismatic Compass Surveyor’s Compass

The Graduation circle is The graduation circle is

fixed to broad needle. It fixed to box and rotates
does not rotate with with line of sight.
line of sight.
There is a prism at No prism only slit.
Graduated Card viewing end.
The graduations are in The graduations are in
WCB system. QB system.
The graduations are The graduations are
marked inverted. marked directly.
Magnetic needle does Magnetic needle acts as
Magnetic Needle not act as index. index.

Tripod may not be The instrument cannot

provided; the be used without tripod.
Tripod instrument can be used
even by holding suitably
in hand.
The reading is taken The readings are taken
Reading with the help of a prism by directly seeing
provided at the eyes slit. through the top of glass.

39
COMMENTS:

this job is about to study the different part of Prismatic compass

and describe the different parts of compass and difference between whole circle and reduced bearing

40
 EXP # 9 TO DETERMINNE MAGNETIC BEARING OF A
TRAVERSE USING PRISMATIC COMPASS

PURPOSE:
The significance of this job is to determine the fore bearing
and back bearing of the connected lines. We find internal angle of the
given scheme. We also apply correction if needed.
APPARATUS:
 Prismatic Compass with Tripod

 Metallic Tape
 Plump Bob
 Ranging Rod

41
 Related Theory:

Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to

establish control networks OR It is a series of consecutive lines whose
lengths and directions have been determined from field measurements.
Traverse networks involve placing survey stations along a line or path of
travel, and then using the previously surveyed points as a base for
observing the next point.

There can be a close traverse or open traverse.

 Close Traverse
The lines either return to the starting point
or close on a point of known position.
 Open Traverse
The lines do not end at a point of known
position.

The act of establishing traverse stations and making the necessary

measurements is known as Traversing.

There are three main methods of traversing:

1) Compass Traversing
2) Theodolite Traversing
3) Total Station Traversing

The Principle of Compass Surveying is traversing and is performed

when
 A large area is to be surveyed and area is crowded with
many details.
 The course of a river or coast line is to be surveyed.

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Compass surveying is not recommended for areas where local
attraction is suspected due to presence of magnetic substances like
steel structures, iron ore deposits, electric cables conveying current etc.
PROCEDURE:
 Select the stations at the appropriate position so that maximum
information can be collected from the area.
 Measure the distance b/w the two stations by metallic tape or
chain.
 Place the compass with tripod stand over the main stations by
performing centering, leveling and adjustment of prism.
 After adjustment of compass, measure the fore bearing and back
bearing of the traverse.
 Note all these things in the field boo

43
 Observed Corrected
Line Correction Remarks
FB BB FB BB
AB 305⁰00’ 125⁰ 30’ 1⁰ 00’at A 306⁰ 126⁰
BC 75⁰30’ 254⁰30’ 0⁰30’at B 76⁰ 256⁰
CD 115⁰30’ 297⁰30’ 1⁰30’at C 117⁰ 297⁰
Station D
and E is
DE 165⁰30’ 345⁰30’ 0⁰ at D 165⁰30’ 345⁰30’
free
from L.A
EA 225⁰30’ 44⁰00’ 1⁰ at A 225⁰ 45⁰

PRECAUTIONS:
 Site should be free from local attraction to avoid any error
 Centering and leveling of instrument should be done carefully.
 Readings should be noted accurately.
COMMENTS:
Local attraction at a place can be detected by observing
bearings, from both ends, of a line in the area

44
EXP # 10 TO FIX DIRECTION OF MAKKAH WITH THE HELP
OF PRISMATIC COMPASS

PURPOSE:
The objective of this job is to determine the direction of
Makkah (Qibla) from our location (Lahore) with the help of Prismatic
Compass. For this job, the bearing of the desired location should be
known.
APPARATUS:
 Prismatic Compass with Tripod stand
 Ranging Rod
PROCEDURE:
 A suitable point is selected on the ground with respect to which
we have to determine the direction of Makkah.
 Adjust the compass above your selected point, then centering and
leveling is done accurately.
 Place a ranging rod at a bearing showing the direction of Makkah
which is 259”30’ for Lahore and meet point with the ranging rod.
 In this way, the direction of Makkah is fixed from our selected
point.
PRECAUTIONS:
 The ranging rod should be placed vertical.
 The angle should be observed carefully.
 No local attraction should be present.

45
COMMENTS:
determine the direction of (Qibla) from our location with the
help of Prismatic Compass.

46