Biology Module 5 - Animal Organ Systems

Animal Organ Systems
Anatomy and Physiology

Fundamentals of Life
 All living things are made up of cells.

 Cells are the most basic structure of life.
 Cells need oxygen, food/energy, and
water to survive.
Natural Hierarchy
 Cells are the most basic and simple.

 Cells that are all alike work together to form
tissues which perform tasks.
 Tissues that are alike work together to form
organs which complete jobs.
 Organs work together in organ systems to
carry out processes.
 Organ systems work together to support the
life of an organism.
How do we study animals?
 We look at the outside of them – the

outer physical structures.
 We look inside of dead animals – the
internal physical structures.
 We look at the tissues under a
microscope – microscopic structures.
 We study the chemical reactions
between cells, tissues, and organs.
Anatomy
 The study of the form, shape, and

appearance of an animal – its structures
both internal and external.
 Gross anatomy is the study of the
structures – internal and external – that we
can see with the naked eye.
 Microscopic anatomy is the structures that
can only be seen under magnification
Physiology
 The study of the functions of the cells,

tissues, and organs of the animal.
 Biochemistry
 How cells, tissues and organs work
together to complete a task…digestion.
Why study anatomy and physiology?
 Efficient production of livestock requires
understanding the anatomy and
physiology related to Production.
 Production is muscle gain, milk or egg production,
and hair or wool production.
 Raising animals requires an
understanding of the requires needed for
animal wellbeing.
 Animal wellbeing is caring for animals so that their
basic needs are met and they do not suffer.
Mammals vs Non-mammals
 Most of our livestock are mammals.

 i.e. – vertebrate that has hair, gives birth to
live young, produces milk, & maintains
constant body temperature.
 Cattle, horses, pigs, goats & sheep, etc.
 Exceptions are poultry & aquacrops.
 Poultry – birds – ducks, chickens, turkeys, etc.
 Aquacrops – fish, shrimp, etc.
Organ Systems
 Skeletal  Excretory
 Muscular  Digestive
 Nervous  Endocrine
 Circulatory  Integumentary
 Respiratory  Reproductive
Skeletal
 Bones
 50% water, 26% minerals (Ca & P),
20% protein, 4% fat
 Core is soft and spongy – called marrow
 Marrow makes new red blood cells for body.
 Cartilage
 Soft, tough tissue found between bones
that cushions joints
 Ligaments
 Long stretchy tissue that holds joints
together
Skeletal
 Gives structure and support
 Protects internal organs
 Makes locomotion/movement possible

Muscular
 Muscles
 Fibrous cells that are design to contract and relax in
pairs
 Voluntary – under the organisms conscious control –
triceps
 Involuntary – automatically move to regulate body
functions – heart and diaphragm
 Tendons
 Long, thin, stretchy tissues that attach muscles to
bones.
 Muscles pull against bone when they contract which
causes movement.
Muscular
 Primary function is movement.

 External & internal
 Also protect delicate organs
 Muscles make up about half our
livestock animals’ weight.
 Muscles are the meat of the animal.
 Composed mostly of protien.
A=Rhomboideus capitis
B=Splenius
C=Levator scapulae ventralis
D=Supraspinatus
E=Infraspinatus
F=Teres major
G=Serratus dorsalis
H=Longissimus dorsi
I=Multifidae spinae
J=Clavotrapezius
K=Clavobrachialis
L=Acromiodeltoid
M=Spinodeltoid
N=Acromiotrapezius
O=Spinotrapezius
P=Spinalis dorsalis
Q=Latissimus dorsi
R=Rhomboideus
Nervous
 Brain
 Soft tissues that coordinates
all aspects of animal function
 Spinal Cord
 Main “highway” for nerve
impulses to travel from brain
to rest of body
 Nerves
 Branch out and reach rest of
body
Nervous
 Uses electrical impulses to send

messages from brain throughout body.
 Controls activity, learning, memory
 Central Nervous System and Peripheral
Nervous System
Circulatory
 Heart
 Technically a muscle
 Pumps blood with 4 chambers and 2 valves
 Arteries
 Carry oxygen rich blood from lungs and heart
to tissues
 Veins
 Carry blood back from tissues to lungs and
heart.
Circulatory
 Blood
 Plasma
 Liquid part of blood
 red blood cells
 Carries O2 and carbohydrates (glucose)
 white blood cells
 Fights pathogens
 Platelets
 Makes blood clot
Circulatory
 Also includes the Lymph Glands

 Secrete disease fighting materials
 Moves materials throughout the body

Respiratory
 Nose
 External opening of the body
 Pharynx & Larynx
 Pharynx connects the esophagus and trachea
 Larynx is the “voice box”
 Trachea
 Wind pipe that connects nasal passages with lungs
 Lungs
 “bags” that expand and contract to bring in fresh air
and expel old air
Respiratory
 Function is to bring oxygen
into the body and expel
carbon dioxide.
 Exchange of gasses
happens inside the lungs in
the alveoli.
 Lungs expand and contract
due to the movement of the
diaphragm.
Excretory
 Also referred to as the urinary system.
 Kidneys
 Remove waste materials from blood
 Bladder
 Holds liquid wastes - urine
 Ureters
 Connect bladder to urethra
 Urethra
 Empties urine to the exterior of the animal
Digestive
 Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small

intestine, cecum, large intestine, rectum,
anus
 Breaks down food into usable energy
 Removes unusable food from body
Endocrine
 Ductless glands in the body

 hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, liver,
thyroid, adrenal
 Secrete hormones that chemically
regulate certain functions of the body
 Play a large role in reproduction,
digestion, growth, etc.
Integumentary
 Skin, hair, hooves, horns, etc

 Keeps out pathogens, regulates body
temp, gives shape and color, protects
internal organs
 System made almost entirely out of protein
 Animal skin is called the hide
 Most animal hides made into leather
Reproductive System
 Most complex system in animals

 Allows for reproduction of animals and
the continuation of the species
 Different structures between male and
female
 Most animals fundamentally have the
same system, just varies in structure
between species.

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Animal Organ Systems

Anatomy and Physiology

 All living things are made up of cells.

 Cells are the most basic and simple.

 We look at the outside of them – the

 The study of the form, shape, and

 The study of the functions of the cells,

 Most of our livestock are mammals.

 Gives structure and support

 Protects internal organs

 Makes locomotion/movement possible

 Primary function is movement.

 Uses electrical impulses to send

 Also includes the Lymph Glands

 Moves materials throughout the body

 Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small

 Ductless glands in the body

 Skin, hair, hooves, horns, etc

 Most complex system in animals

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