Unit Two - Tiempos Perfectos, Parafraseo y Resumen

The Perfect Tenses - Paraphrasing and Summarising
The Perfect Tenses
The Present Perfect

The Formation of the Present Perfect
Auxiliary verb to have (have/has) + Participle II
(The present tense of the verb to have + the past participle of the main verb.)
(Verb Contractions: I have = I’ve; he has = he’s; she has = she’s; it has = it’s;
we have = we’ve; you have = you’ve; they have = they’ve)
The Present Perfect denotes:
1) A completed action closely connected with the present when the time of the
action is indefinite.
Key example:
Mr. Smith has finished his work. He can rest now.
For study:
1. Smith had laid the table. The family are having dinner.

2. Granny has prepared a surprise. Everybody is looking forward to it.
3. Granny has baked a layer cake. The family are enjoying it.
4. Jane has cleared the table. She can do her lessons now.
5. Little Kate has gone for a walk. It is quiet in the house.
Note: - The Present Perfect is not used when the time of the action in the past
is definite, e.g.: I finished my work at 8 o’clock.

2) An action performed within a period of time which has not yet ended. The
period may be indicated by such words as this month, this year, never, yet, etc.
Key example:
Annie has written an article this year.
For study:
1. Samuel has been to London this month.

2. Sarah has studied abroad this year.
3. She has taken the post-graduate course this year.
4. She has never failed in in her exams.
5. She has already got a place at the hostel.
3) The beginning of the period is often indicated by the conjunction since which

denotes “from some definite moment in the past till now”.
Key example:
Samuel has known me since he was twelve.
For study:
1. Samuel has lived in Hanbury Street since he moved to London.

2. Sarah has studied abroad since she graduated from college.
3. We have been friends with Samuel since 2005.
4. Annie has worked as a hospital pharmacist since she graduated from
the University.
The Present Perfect Continuous
The Formation of the Present Perfect

Auxiliary verb to have (have/has) + been + present participle
(The present tense of the verb to have + been + present participle of the main

verb.)
The present perfect continuous (also called present perfect progressive) is

a verb tense which is used to show that an action started in the past and has
continued up to the present moment. The present perfect continuous usually
emphasizes duration, or the amount of time that an action has been taking
place. Read on for detailed descriptions, examples, and present perfect
continuous exercises.
The Present Perfect Continuous Forms

The present perfect continuous is formed using has/have + been + present
participle. Questions are indicated by inverting the subject and has/have.
Negatives are made with not.
Statement: You have been waiting here for two hours.
Question: Have you been waiting here for two hours?
Negative: You have not been waiting here for two hours.

The Present Perfect Continuous Uses

USE 1 - Duration from the Past until Now
We use the present perfect continuous to show that something started in the
past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and
"since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the present perfect
continuous.
Examples:
1. They have been talking for the last hour.

2. She has been working at that company for three years.
3. What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
4. James has been teaching at the university since June.
5. We have been waiting here for over two hours!
6. Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
USE 2 - Recently, Lately
You can also use the present perfect continuous WITHOUT a duration such as
"for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of
"lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this
meaning.
Examples:
1. Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

2. She has been watching too much television lately.
3. Have you been exercising lately?
4. Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
5. Lisa has not been practicing her English.
6. What have you been doing?
IMPORTANT: Remember that the present perfect continuous has the meaning

of "lately" or "recently." If you use the present perfect continuous in a question
such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks
sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest
that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests
you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult
someone by using this tense incorrectly.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that non-continuous verbs cannot be used in any
continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for mixed
verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using present perfect
continuous with these verbs, you must use present perfect.
Examples:
- Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct
- Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
The Past Perfect
The Formation of the Past Perfect

Auxiliary verb had + Participle II
(The past tense of the verb to have + the past participle of the main verb.)
The Past Perfect denotes an action completed before a certain moment in the
past.
Key example:
He told us that he had passed his exams.
For study:
1. They told us that John had gone to the dentist.

2. I had come to the station before the train arrived.
3. I had seen my friend before the train stopped.
4. I had called her before she saw me.
5. I had run up to her carriage before she got off.
6.
The Past Perfect Continuous

The Formation of the Past Perfect
Auxiliary verb had + been + present participle
(The past tense of the verb to have + been + present participle of the main

verb.)
The past perfect continuous (also called past perfect progressive) is a verb
tense which is used to show that an action started in the past and continued up
to another point in the past. Read on for detailed descriptions, examples, and
present perfect continuous exercises.

The Past Perfect Continuous Forms
The past perfect continuous is formed using had + been + present participle.
Questions are indicated by inverting the subject and had. Negatives are made
with not
Statement: You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she
finally arrived.
Question: Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she

finally arrived?
Negative: You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she
finally arrived.
The Past Perfect Continuous Uses

USE 1 - Duration Before Something in the Past
We use the past perfect continuous to show that something started in the past
and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two
weeks" are both durations which can be used with the past perfect continuous.
Notice that this is related to the present perfect continuous; however, the
duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.
Examples:
1.- They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
2.- She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of
business.
3.- How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
4.- Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
5.- James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he
left for Asia.
6.- A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?
B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.
USE 2 - Cause of Something in the Past
Using the past perfect continuous before another action in the past is a good
way to show cause and effect.
Examples:
Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.
Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous

If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or
"since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the past continuous rather
than the past perfect continuous. Be careful because this can change the
meaning of the sentence. Past continuous emphasizes interrupted actions,
whereas past perfect continuous emphasizes a duration of time before
something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference.
Examples:
1. He was tired because he was exercising so hard. (This sentence emphasizes

that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment.)
2. He was tired because he had been exercising so hard. (This sentence
emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of
time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had
just finished.)
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-continuous verbs cannot be used in any
continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for mixed
verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using past perfect
continuous with these verbs, you must use past perfect.
Examples:
- The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought
it. Not Correct
- The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought

it. Correct
Paraphrasing and Summarising

Writing information in your own words is a highly acceptable way to include
the ideas of other people in your writing. There are two ways you can do this:
paraphrasing and summarising. It is very important, however, to paraphrase
and summarise correctly because there is a fine balance
between acceptable and unacceptable paraphrasing and summarising
(plagiarism).
1.- To paraphrase information

To paraphrase is to rewrite something using different words without changing
the original meaning. This is what is usually meant by the phrase ‘in your own
words’. The paraphrase should be clearer and more easily understood than the
original and is often about the same length.
Paraphrases are a good alternative to using direct quotations. In your writing,

you may make a paraphrase of:
 Short sections of text (e.g. phrases, sentences)

 Longer sections of text (e.g. a paragraph)
 Information that explains tables or
Steps for paraphrasing
1. Read the text carefully. Underline, or note, any important subject-specific

2. Look up any difficult words, and find synonyms for
3. Find different ways of expressing the information in the groups of
words (phrases).
4. Rewrite Simplify the sentence structure and the vocabulary without changing
the meaning.
5. Put your text out of sight and write your paraphrase from
6. Revise your paraphrase and compare to the original. Is it written and clearly in
your own words?
7. Do not forget to use an in-text reference (or footnote) at the start or end of
your
For APA referencing subjects, APA requires NO page or paragraph numbers for
paraphrases EXCEPT for Business & Linguistic degrees, where students must
use page or paragraph numbers for ALL direct quotations AND paraphrases

Example of correctly Paraphrased Information
Assess your paraphrase
o The MEANING is the

o Most of the words have been
o The sentences have been significantly
o This is about the same length as the original writing
o The information is correctly referenced
2.- To summarise information

Many assignments are accompanied by a compulsory and/or suggested
reading list. No doubt you have often wondered how your 2000 or so word
assignment could possibly incorporate all those resources that are meant to
inform your writing. Summaries of material can give an overview of the work of
one or more authors, so they are much shorter than the original text. Because
they are very brief outlines of arguments made, they are very useful when you
want to indicate the support given for and/or against some position you are
taking in your argument.
In your writing, you make a summary from:
 one or more paragraphs

 an entire article, chapter or complete work
 a combination of readings with similar ideas. (synthesizing information)
Example of correctly Summarised Information

Assess your summary
o The MEANING is the

o The summary keeps the degree of certainty of the
o This is a much shorter version of the original
o The source/s of information is/are clearly

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The Perfect Tenses - Paraphrasing and Summarising

The Perfect Tenses

The Present Perfect

The Present Perfect denotes:

Mr. Smith has finished his work. He can rest now.

1. Smith had laid the table. The family are having dinner.

Annie has written an article this year.

1. Samuel has been to London this month.

3) The beginning of the period is often indicated by the conjunction since which

Samuel has known me since he was twelve.

1. Samuel has lived in Hanbury Street since he moved to London.

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Formation of the Present Perfect

(The present tense of the verb to have + been + present participle of the main

The present perfect continuous (also called present perfect progressive) is

The Present Perfect Continuous Forms

Statement: You have been waiting here for two hours.

Question: Have you been waiting here for two hours?

Negative: You have not been waiting here for two hours.

The Present Perfect Continuous Uses

1. They have been talking for the last hour.

USE 2 - Recently, Lately

1. Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

IMPORTANT: Remember that the present perfect continuous has the meaning

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

- Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct

- Sam has had his car for two years. Correct

The Past Perfect

The Formation of the Past Perfect

He told us that he had passed his exams.

1. They told us that John had gone to the dentist.

The Past Perfect Continuous

(The past tense of the verb to have + been + present participle of the main

Question: Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she

The Past Perfect Continuous Uses

1.- They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.

3.- How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?

6.- A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?

B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.

USE 2 - Cause of Something in the Past

Jason was tired because he had been jogging.

Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.

Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous

1. He was tired because he was exercising so hard. (This sentence emphasizes

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

- The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought

Paraphrasing and Summarising

1.- To paraphrase information

Paraphrases are a good alternative to using direct quotations. In your writing,

 Short sections of text (e.g. phrases, sentences)

Steps for paraphrasing

1. Read the text carefully. Underline, or note, any important subject-specific

Assess your paraphrase

o The MEANING is the

2.- To summarise information

In your writing, you make a summary from:

 one or more paragraphs

Example of correctly Summarised Information

o The MEANING is the