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    Photosynthesis in Higher Plants: Class: 11 Sub: Biology Chapter - 13

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    kuldeep kumar
    Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant leaves. There are two phases - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where sugars are synthesized. C3 and C4 plants differ in their first stable product and whether photorespiration occurs. Factors like light, carbon dioxide, temperature and water affect the rate of photosynthesis.

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    Photosynthesis in Higher Plants: Class: 11 Sub: Biology Chapter - 13

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    kuldeep kumar
    459 views7 pages
    Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant leaves. There are two phases - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where sugars are synthesized. C3 and C4 plants differ in their first stable product and whether photorespiration occurs. Factors like light, carbon dioxide, temperature and water affect the rate of photosynthesis.

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    Photosynthesis in the higher plants

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    Photosynthesis in higher plants

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    Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant leaves. There are two phases - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where sugars are synthesized. C3 and C4 plants differ in their first stable product and whether photorespiration occurs. Factors like light, carbon dioxide, temperature and water affect the rate of photosynthesis.

    Copyright:

    Public Domain
    459 views7 pages

    Photosynthesis in Higher Plants: Class: 11 Sub: Biology Chapter - 13

    Uploaded by

    kuldeep kumar
    Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant leaves. There are two phases - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where sugars are synthesized. C3 and C4 plants differ in their first stable product and whether photorespiration occurs. Factors like light, carbon dioxide, temperature and water affect the rate of photosynthesis.

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    of 7

    CLASS: 11 SUB: BIOLOGY CHAPTER -13

    PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS


    Photosynthesis is a physico-chemical process by which green plants use light energy to synthesize
    organic compounds (sugar).

    6CO2 +12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

    IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

    1) It is the primary source of all food in earth.


    2) Release of oxygen into the atmosphere.

    SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
     Photosynthesis occurs in mesophyll cell of the green leaves in a cell organelle called chloroplast.
     Within the chloroplast there is a membranous system consisting of grana, the stroma lamellae
    and the fluid stroma.
     The membrane system trap the light energy and synthesizes ATP and NADPH. This set of
    reaction reaction which depends on light is called light reaction.
     In stroma, enzymatic reactions incorporate CO2 into the plant leading to the synthesis of sugar
    which in turn forms starch. This set of reactions which are not directly dependent on light but
    are dependant on the products of light reactions. (ATP and NADPH) is called dark reaction.
    OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

    PIGMENTS INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS


    Four pigments are involved in photosynthesis
     Chlorophyll a is the main pigment .
     Pigments like chlorophyll b , xznthophylls and carotenoids are called accessory pigments.
     Accessory pigments absorb light and transport the energy to chlorophyll a.
    LIGHT REACTION (PHOTOCHEMICAL PHASE)
     Light reactions include light absorption, water splitting, oxygen release and the formation of
    high energy chemical intermediates, ATP and NADPH.
     The pigments are organized into two discrete photo chemical light harvesting complexes within
    the photosystem I (PS I) and photosystem II (PS II)
     In PS I the reaction centre chloroohyll a has an absorotion peak at 700 nm, hence is called P700
    while the PS II has an absorption peak at 680 nm and is called P680.
    THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT
     Absorption of light by PS II causes the electron to move to excited state.
     The excited electrons are picked up by an electron acceptor which passes them to an electron
    transport system consisting of cytochromes.
     The electrons are then passed on to photosystem I.
     Just like in photosystem II, absorption of light by PS I causes the electrons to move to excited
    state.
     The excited electrons are passed on to another cytochrome with greater electron affinity.
     The electrons are then passed on to energy rich molecules called NADP+ which after receiving
    the electrons gets reduced to NADPH + H+.
     Z scheme – This whole scheme of transfer of electrons from PS II to cytochrome to PS I to
    another cytochrome to NADP+ to form NADPH + H+ is called the Z scheme..

    SPLITTING OF WATER
     Water is split into hydrogen ion(H+), oxygen (o) and electrons
    2H2o 4H+ + o2 + 4e-
     The electrons released from splitting of water is used to replace the electrons lost by
    photosystem II.
    CYCLIC AND NON-CYCLIC PHOTO-PHOSPHORYLATION
     The process of formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (iP) in chloroplast in the
    presence of sun light is called photo-phosphorylation.
     Photo-phosphorylation is of two types :
    1. Non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation
    2. Cyclic photo-phosphorylation

    Non-cyclic photo-phorylation Cyclic photo-phosphorylation


    Both PSI and PSII are involved. Only PS I is involved.
    Electrons are not recycled. Electrons released by PS I is recycled by PS I.
    Both ATP and NADPH are produced. Only ATP is produced.
    Photolysis of water takes place. No photolysis
    Oxygen is released. No oxygen released.

    CHEMIOSMOTIC HYPOTHESIS:
     The theory which explains how ATP is synthesized in the chloroplast is chemiostic hypothesis.
     ATP is produced due to the proton gradient created across the membrane.The essential
    components required for chemiosmosis are proton pump,proton gradient and ATP synthase.
    DARK REACTION ( Biosynthetic phase)

    This process occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts. The following cycles are involved in the
    process:

    CALVIN CYCLE: This cycle involves the following steps:

    Carboxylation: Ribulose -1,5 bisphosphate combines with carbon dioxide to form 3-carbon
    compound 3-phosphoglyceric acid. The enzyme RuBisCO is involved in the process.

    Reduction: Reduction is series of reaction that leads to formation of glucose. Two molecule of
    ATP and two molecules NADPH are required for reduction of one molecules of CO2. Six turn of
    this cycle are required for removal of one molecule of glucose from pathway.

    Regeneration: Regeneration is the generation of RUBP molecules for the continuation of cycle.
    This process requires one molecule of ATP.

    IN OUT
    SIX CO2 One glucose
    18 ATP 18 ADP
    12 NADPH 12 NADP
    Sucrose,
    Starch

    Fig : Calvin Cycle

    C4 PATHWAY/ HATCH AND SLACK PATHWAY:

     This pathway is operational in plants growing in dry tropical region like Maize, Sugarcane,
    Sorghum etc.
     The first stable product is a 4-carbon compound Oxaloacetic acid (OAA).
     The primary CO2 acceptor is 3C Phosphoenol pyruvate(PEP) present in mesophyll cell and
    enzyme involved is PEP carboxylase.
     OAA is converted to Malic acid which is transported to bundle sheath cells.
     In bundle sheath cell, it is broken into CO2 and a 3C molecule.
     The 3C molecule is transported back to the mesophyll where is converted to PEP again, thus
    completing the cycle.
     The CO2 released in the bundle sheath cells enters the Calvin cycle, where enzyme RuBisCO is
    present that forms sugar.
    C3 PLANTS C4 PLANTS
    The leaves do not have kranz anatomy. The leaves show Kranz anatomy.
    RUBP is the first acceptor of CO2. PEP is the first acceptor of CO2.
    PGA is the first stable product. OAA is the first stable product.
    Photosynthesis occurs in mesophyll cells. Photosynthesis occurs in both mesophyll cells and
    bundle sheath cells.
    Photorespiration occurs. Photorespiration does not occur.

    PHOTORESPIRATION:

    Photorespiration is a process that lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 plants. In these


    plants, oxygen binds with RuBisCO during photosynthesis, which results in reduced carbon
    dioxide fixation. Additionally, this process does not result in the synthesis of sugars nor ATP or
    NADPH.
    FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
    1. Light
    2. Carbon dioxide concentration
    3. Temperature
    4. Water
    MODEL QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER

    Q1. Photosynthesis occurs in :


    a) Chloroplast b) Nucleus c) Mitochondria d) Golgi body
    Ans: a) Chloroplast
    Q2. Kranz anatomy is found in the leaves of:
    a) C3 Plants b) C4 Plants c) both d) none
    Ans: b) C4 Plants
    Q3. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is represented by the range of wavelength of :
    a) 350-450 nm b) 400-700 nm c) 500-600 nm d) 450-950 nm
    Ans: b) 400-700 nm
    Q4 Where does light reaction take place:
    a) Grana b) Stroma c) Cytoplasm d) Ribosome
    Ans: a) Grana
    Q5 Non-cyclic photophosphorylation results in the formation of :
    a) ATP b) ATP and NADPH c) NADPH d) None

    Ans: b) ATP and NADPH

    Q6 Where does dark reaction take place:


    a) Grana b) Stroma lamellae c) Stroma d) all
    Ans: c) Stroma
    Q7 The first acceptor of CO2 in C4 plants is :
    a) Malic acid b) Oxaloacetic acid c) Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
    d) Aspartic acid
    Ans: C) Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
    Q8 The first stable product of C3 cycle is :
    a) PGA b) OAA c) PEP d) RUBP
    Ans : a) PGA
    Q9 Rubisco enzyme in C4 plant is found in :
    a) Mesophyll cell b) Mitochondria c) Peroxisome
    d) Bundle Sheath cell
    Ans: d) Bundle Sheath cell
    Q10 In PS II the reaction centre is :
    a) P 700 b) P 680 c) P 400 d) P 650
    Ans: b) P 680
    Q11 Which is the primary acceptor of CO2 in C3 plants:
    a) RUBP b) PEP c) OAA d)PGA
    Ans: a) RUBP
    Q12 Photorespiration occurs in :
    a) C4 plants b)C3 plants c) Both d) None
    Ans : C3 plants
    Q13 During photosynthesis oxygen is evolved from :
    a) Water b) Sunlight c) CO2 d)Chlorophyll
    Ans: a) water
    Q14 Which element is required for photolysis of water:
    a) Mg b) Mn c) Fe d) Zn
    Ans: B) Mn
    Q15 Law of limiting factor was proposed by:
    a) Blackman b) Hill c) Arnold d) Engelman
    Ans: a) Blackman
    Prepared by
    Dolly Dey
    PGT Biology
    S S +2 High School Patamda
    East Singhbhum

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