Medieval History of India Laxman Sen patronized the Vaishnav Poet

Jaidev, who composed the ‘Gita Govindam’

THE STRUGGLE OF THREE KINGDOMS
(Dashavtar).
 PALS OF BENGAL  Art & Culture during the Pal Empire
 Gopal (750-770):  Charyapada: Bengali Buddhist poems.
o The founder (elected by the nobles).  Islam appeared in Pal empire with Arab
o Son of Vapyata. merchants.
o Builder of Odantipuri monastery at Bihar.  Tantric Buddhism developed under Pals.
o Conqueror of Magadha & unifier of Bengal.  Atish Dipankar composed
‘Bodhipathapradipa’.
o A patron of Taranath, the Buddhist
 ‘Chikitsamgraha’, ‘Dravyaguna’ &
philosopher.
‘Sarvasamgrah’ by Chakrapani Dutt, King
 Dharmapal (770-810):
Nayapal’s physician.
o The golden age of Bengali history.
 Mandan Mishra: Mimamsa scholar defeated
o Defeated by Dhruva, the Rashtrakut, but,
by Shankaracharya in a debate.
later, he conquered a large portion of
 ‘Rug-vinischya’ by Madhavakar.
Northern India.
 Gaudapadacharya: ‘Mandukya Karika’ &
o Held an assembly of his vassals at Kannauj
‘Agam Shastra’.
in 790-800.
 Salama Dynasty of Assam (800-1000)
o Defeated by Nagabhata-I, the Gujar King, in
 Kamrupa or Pragyajyotishpur.
790-800.
 HaryaraVarman declared independence in 800
o Founded the Vikramshila monastery and
and established the Salama dynasty.
patronized Atish Dipankar.
 Capital: Harrupeshvara or Brahmaputra
o Founded the Sompura monastery.
(Lauhitya) river.
o Patronized Sankaritta, a Nalanda scholar.
o Donated 200 villages for upkeep of  GUJAR PRATIHARS
Nalanda.  Door keepers of Rama.
 Devapal (810-850):  Claimed their descent from Lakshman.
o Nalanda Copper plate inscription.  This dynasty was founded by a Brahmin
o Annexed Orrisa (Utkal) & Pragyajyotishpur. named Harichandra.
o ‘Lokeshvara Shatakam’ was compiled by  In the real sense it was founded by King Mihir
monk Vajradutt. Bhoga aka ‘Adivarah’ in 885.
o Suleiman called him Ruhimi or Ruhma  Nagabhat-I (730-760):
Dharma. o Resisted an Arab invasion of Sindh.
o Defeated Hunas, Gujar King Mihir Bhoja o Rashtrakut King Dhruva defeated him.
and Dravidas.  Vatsaraj (780-800):
o Appointed Vir Sena the head of Nalanda o Annexed Kannauj and made it his capital.
and granted it 5 villages on the request of o Defeated Dhammapal of Gaud.
Sailendra King Balaputradeva. o Defeated by Dhruva.
 Mahipal-I (977-1027):  Nagabhat-II (800-833):
o Restored the empire in late 10th century. o Rebuilt the Somnath temple.
o Rajendra Cholan invaded Bengal to take o Defeated Dharmapal, but was defeated by
Ganges’ water and defeated Mahipal in Govinda-III.
1021-23.  Mihir Bhoj (836-885):
 Rampal (1072-1126): o Most successful and popular Pratihar ruler.
o The last strong Pal ruler. o Defeated Pals & Rashtrakuts.
o Estd. control over Kamrup & Kaling. o His capital was at Kannauj (Mahodaya).
o Sandhyakar Nandi described Rampal’s o Varah copper plate inscriptions –
struggle against Kaivata tribesmen in his Skandhavarah = military camp.
‘Ramacharitam’. o Suleiman called him ‘Al-Juzr’.
 Madanpal: o Al-Massoudi called him ‘King Baura’, who
o The last strong Pal ruler.
had the best cavalry in India.
o Assassinated by Vijay Sena in 1095. o A Vaishnav who assumed the title of
 Sen Dynasty (1095-1194) ‘Adivarah’.
 They were originally Kannadigas.  Mahender Pal (885-910):
 Capital: Lakhnauti, Bengal. o The zenith of Gujar empire.
 oHis control extended from Sindh to Bengal o Brought a major portion of Karnataka and
and from Himalayas to Narmada. Konkan under his control.
o Lost territories in Punjab to a Kashmiri ruler. o The Kailashnath temple, the largest rock cut
o ‘He had no access to the sea’, according to temple & a UNESCO World Heritage site, at
Al-Massoudi. Ellora was built during his reign – at
o Adopted the title of ‘Maharajadhiraj of Satpura range.
Aryavrat’. o He shifted his capital to Ellora.
o Sanskrit Scholar Rajasekhar was his court  Dhruva (780-793):
poet. o Expanded his territory from Central India to
 Mahipal-I (913-944): Kaveri River.
o Rashtrakut ruler Indra-III invaded Kannauj o Defeated Nagabhatta-I & Dharampal.
and defeated him. He conquered Gujarat o Rashtrakuts became a pan-India power
Sea ports in 915-18. during his rule.
o Rajshekhar called him the ‘Maharajadhiraj  Govind-III (793-814):
of Aryavrat’. o Defeated Dhammapal.
o Al-Massoudi visited Gujarat in 915-16. o Defeated Nagbhat-II and annexed Malwa.
 Rajyapal (960-1018): o The Sanjan inscription states how his
o Krishna-III, the Rashtrakut, invaded North elephants drank from the icy-cold water of
India and defeated him. Himalayan stream.
o Muhammad Gazni invaded Kannauj in o He compared himself to Alexander &
1018-19, but he escaped. Arjuna.
o Treacherous Chandel ruler Vidhyadhar o Subjugated Pallavas of Kanchi & installed
murdered him. his puppet ruler at Vengi.
 Jaspal: o Received two idols from a ruler of Ceylon.
o The last ruler of Pratihar dynasty.  Amoghvarsha-I (814-878):
o Gadhavalas annexed Kannauj in 1090 and o Shifted his capital to Manyakhet.
replaced the Gujars. o Suleiman called him one of the four great
 Art and Culture under Pratihars rulers of the world.
 Rajshekhar: o Defeated invading Chalukyans and assumed
o ‘Karpuramanjari’ in Surseni Prakrit the title of ‘Virnarayan’.
dedicated to his wife Avantisundari, the o Built the Jain Narayan temple at
only such work. Pattadakkal and the Neminath Basedi in
o ‘Kavyamimasa’ – Poetic guide. Karnataka.
o ‘Balramayan’, ‘Balabharata’ & ‘Prapanch o A tolerant ruler aka ‘the Ashoka of South
Pandav’. India’.
 Bharoli temple complex. o Often compared to Vikramaditya, the Gupta
 Bateshvar temple complex. ruler.
 Maru-Gujar architecture. o An accomplished poet. He composed
 Khajuraho temple (built by feudatory ‘Kavirajmarga’ in Kannada 7 ‘Prashnottara
Chandels.) Ratanamalika’ in Sanskrit. The later was
 Feudatories: Chandels, Parmars, Kalachuris, translated into Tibetan.
Tomars, Chavdas, Chahamans & Shakambharis. o He was a disciple of Acharchya Jinsen, the
writer of ‘Adipuran’ & ‘Harivamsha’.
 RASHTRAKUTS o Mahaviracharya authored
 They were feudatories of the Chalukyas. ‘Ganitasarsamgraha’
 Migrated from Latur to Elichpur as one of their o Sakatayan compiled ‘Amoghavrtti’, a
rulers used the title of ‘Lalitpureshvar’. Sanskrit grammar.
 Capital: ‘Manyakhet’ & ‘Malkhed’ near o Chavundaraya wrote ‘Charitasara’.
Sholapur.  Indra-III (914-929):
 Dantidurga (733-756): o Defeated Mahipal-I & sacked Kannauj in
o The founder. 915.
o He was a son-in-law of the Pallava ruler o The grandson of Amoghvarsha.
Nandi Varman, who recovered Kanchi from  Krishna-III (939-967):
Chalukyans. o The ‘Tanjavurkonda’.
 Krishna-I (756-774): o The last great Rashtrakut ruler.
 o Defeated Prantaka Cholan at Takkolam in  Rashtra (province) was governed by a
949 and erected a Victory pillar at Rashtrapati.
Rameshvaram.  Mandal or Vishya (district) – Vishyapati.
o The conquer of Kachi & Tanjor.  Pattala (cluster of villages) – Bhojapati.
o His empire extended from Narmada to  Grama (village) – Grama Mahajan.
Kaveri in Toadaimandalam (North Tamil THE CHOLAN EMPIRE
Nadu).  The imperial Chola dynasty.
o Patronized Kannada Jain poet Shri Ponna.  A Tamil thalassocrat empire.
 Karak (972-973):  Vijayala:
o Chalukyan ruler Tailapa defeated him and  The founder, an earlier feudatory of Pallavas.
sacked Malkhed.  Seized Tanjavur, lower Kaveri, in 850.
 Indra-IV:  Defeated the Pallavas of Kanchi and the
o The last Rashtrakuta king. Pandayan.
o He committed Sallekhana at  Built the Vijayala Choleshvaran temple.
Shravanabelgola in Karnataka.  Aditya-I (871-907):
 Art and Culture during Rashtrakuts  Aided the Pallavas in the battle of
 Elephanta Caves: constructed by Kalachuris. Shripurambiyam against the Pandyans.
 Kannada Literature:  In 893, he killed Pallava ruler Aparajita and
o Jain poet Shri Ponna: annexed Todaimandalam (South Tamil Nadu).
 ‘Shantipuran’ in Champu style.  Annexed Kongudesha from Pandayas with the
 ‘Bhavanaika Ramabhyudaya’. help of Cheras.
 ‘Jinaksharmale’.  Conquered Talked, the capital of western
o Adikavi Pampa: Gangas.
 ‘Adipuran’.  Prantaka-I (907-953):
 Patronized by King Arikesari.  Captured Madurai and assumed the titles of
 ‘Vikramarjuna Vijaya’ – Kananda ‘Madurantaka’ & ‘Maduraikonda’.
Mahabharata.  Lost the battle of Tokkalam against Krishna-III
o Shivakoti: in 949.
 ‘Vaddaradhana’  Defeated a coalition of Ceylon & Pandayas.
o Ranna:  Prantaka-II (957-73):
 Partonized by Tailopa.  The Sundara Cholan.
 Works: ‘Ajithapurana’, ‘Rannakanda’,  Recovered territories seized by Rashtrakuts &
‘Parshruramcharite’, ‘Sahasbhimavijaya’ even invaded Ceylon.
& ‘Chakreshvaracharite’.  Uttama Chola:
o Digambara poet Asoga (Asoka):  Retrieved most of Todaimandala from the
 ‘Shantipuran’. Rashtrakuts.
 ‘Vardhaman Charita’, in Sanskrit.  Raja Raja-I or Arunmoli Varman (985-1014):
 ‘Alocatamka-prastavana’.  The greatest Cholan ruler.
 ‘Adi Samhita’.  The ‘Ulagalanda Perumal’.
 Sanskrit Literature:  Destroyed Chera navy at Trivandrum and
o ‘Dhaval’ & ‘Adharval’ by Virsen. imprisoned a Pandayan king.
o ‘Yasastilaka-Champu’ & ‘Nitivakyamitra’ by  Invaded the Shailendra Empire and established
Somadev Suri. trade link with China.
o ‘Rajavrachtika’, ‘Nyayavinishchaya’, &  Renamed Northern Ceylon to Mummadi
Cholanmandalam.
‘Laghiyastaya’ by Akalanka Bhatt.
 Built the Brihadeshvar temple at Tenjavur in
o ‘Kalyankaraka’ by Ugraditya (medicinal
1010 – aka the Rajaraja temple.
work).
 Rajendra Chola-I (1014-1044):
 Prakrit Literature:
 Aka the ‘Pandita Cholan’.
o ‘Jasaurachariu’ & ‘Nyakumarachriu’ by
 An aggressive expansionist.
Pushpadanta.
 Conquered Southern Ceylon & brought King
o ‘Paumchariu’, ‘Rithunemichariu’ &
Mahinda-I to Tenjavur.
‘Swayambhu Chandas’ by Jain poet
 Ruled Ceylon for 50 years.
Swayambhu.
 North India expedition:
 Rashtrakut Administration:
o Objective: Pilgrimage to Gange
 Law & order was maintained by Koshthpal or
Kotwal.
 o Followed the exact opposite of the route  ‘Ulakalanda Perumal’ – The one who
used by Samudra Gupta to invade South measured the earth like Vishnu. A title used by
India. Cholan monarchs.
o Defeated Mahipal-I of Gaur and reached  Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant, who came
Ganges. to India in 1292 via the Coromandel coast
o He assumed the title of ‘Gagaikonda mentioned the self-immolation of Keralan
Cholan’ and founded his new capital at guards on their monarch’s funeral pyre.
‘Gangaikondacholapuram’, near the mouth  The empire (Rajyam or Rashtram) was divided
of Kaveri River. into 8 Mandalam (provinces) each governed
o Built a Shiva temple and filled a tank with by a governor or viceroy.
the water of Ganges sent by Mahipal-I on  Administrative division:
ships through the Bay of Bengal. o Kottam or Velanadu > Nandu (district) >
 Allowed a Shailendra ruler to build a Buddhist Autonomous villages (local self-
monastery at Nagapatam. governments).
 His strong navy converted the Bay of Bengal o Nattar – an assembly of noblemen.
into a Chola lake. o Nagarattam/Nagaram – Merchant guilds.
 Led an expedition against the Sri Vijaya Empire o Trade guilds = Shreni or pugas.
and conquered its capital Kadam, Malay o Samaya = Corporate organization. It follows
peninsula and Sumatra. ethical codes of conduct collectively called
 Rajadhiraja (1044-1054): ‘Banaju-Dharma’.
 The ‘Jayamkonda Cholan’. o Super regional merchants’ association:
 A great leader and warrior.  Ayyavole (the Five Hundred) – estd. at
 Invade Chalukyan capital at Kalyani & erected Aihole in Karnataka.
a victory pillar at Yadgir.  Manigramam (a subordinate of
 The Cholans kings were famous for massacring Ayyavole) – Located in Tamil Nadu.
the people they have conquered.  Cholan Village Administration:
 He died in the battel of Koppam against the  Local self-government model. Perhaps, the
western Chalukyan ruler Someshvaran. earliest model of Panchayat-Raj system.
 The Cholan ruler who died on the back of an  Urr – A general assembly of local residents of
elephant. non-Brahmins or Vellavagai villages.
 Rajendra-II (1054-1063):  Sabha or Mahasabha – Exclusive assembly of
 Crowned on the battlefield, killed Brahmins in the Agraharas (tax-free Brahmin
Someshvaran & erected a victory pillar at villages). 2 inscriptions from Uttaramerur
Kohlapur. testifies close relation of Cholan rulers with
 Vidyaraja (1063-1067): such Brahmin assemblies.
 Defeated Someshvaran-II & established a  The villages assemblies were the real owners
Sanskrit college. of land and the collected 1/6th of the produce
 Athirajendra (19067-1070): as tax on behalf of the emperor.
 Died while suppressing a revolt.  Women too held prominent positions in such
 Kolluthunga (1070-1122): village assemblies.
 The ‘Shungamtvrtta’.  Cholan Society:
 Sent a 70-member embassy to China in 1077.  Periyar = Untouchable = Chandalas.
 United eastern Chalukya of Vengi with his  Vellals = Farmers = Shudras.
kingdom.  Garvares = Merchants = Vaishyas.
 Patronized Tamil poet Kamban, the translator  Kayasthas = Scribes or Accountants.
of Ramayana into Tamil.  Siama = Thailand.
 Krimikantha Cholan (Kolathunga-II):  Art & Literature of under Cholas
 Persecuted Vaishnav philosopher Ramanujan.  Dravida Architecture (gates = gopurams).
 ‘Chakravartin’ Koluthunga-III:  Agrahatta = Persian Wheels.
 The last Cholan ruler (1218).  Chalukyan Architecture = Vesara style, a
 Administration of the Cholan Empire: mixture of Nagara and Dravida styles.
 King – Ko, Peromal Adigal, Rajadhiraja & Ko-  Gomateshvar temple at Sarvanabelagola –
Konmai Kondan. Bahubali, the son of Rishabhanath.
 Kings were patrons of Vedic Dharma &  Nataraja – The bronze figure of dancing Shiva.
claimed to be the ‘protectors of varnashrama’  Kailashnath temple - Kanchipuram.
& the ‘destroyers of the evils of Kaliyuga’.  Brihadeshvara temple - Tanjavur.
 Two Brahmins introduced cotton to Japan.
  Brahmpurishvara temple. o Ghuri defeated him in the 2nd battle of
 Uma Maheshvara temple. Tarain in 1192 and made him a Ghurid
 ‘Kalingathuparani’ by Jayamkonder. vassal for a while. Later Chauhan was
 ‘Koluthunga Cholan Ola’ by Ottakuttam. executed for treason against the Ghurids.
 ‘Periyapuranam’ by Sekkilar. o 2 poems are dedicated to him:
 Airavateshvara temple at Dvar Samudra  ‘Prithviraj Raso’ by Chandrabardai.
(UNESCO).  ‘Prithviraj Vijaya’ by Jayanka.
 Decline of the Cholan Dynasty  Hariraja (1193-1194):
 The Cholas were succeeded by: o Ghuri made Govind, the son of Prithviraj, his
o Pandayans of Madurai. vassal.
o Hoyasalas of Dvar Samudram (UNESCO). o Hariraja, Prithvi’s brother, removed Govind
THE RAJPUT PERIOD from the throne & seized Ajmer.
 647-1200 ad. o Govinda estd. a branch of Chauhan family
 Descended from association of Shudra women at Ranastambhpur (Ranthambore).
with Shakas, Kushanas & Hunas men. o Qutb-ab-Din Aibak defeated him and took
 Many Shudra tribes started calling themselves over Ajmer in 1192.
Rajputs.  Allaudin Khilji annexed Ranthambore in 1301
 Rajputs aren’t a part of the ancient Kshatriya & supplanted the last Chauhan stronghold.
lineage.  Chandels of Bundelkhand:
 According to Rajput myths of Agnikula, the sage  Famous for their Nagara architecture:
Vashishta performed the Agnikula fire sacrifice at o Laxman temple (930-950).
Mount Abu & the fire altar produced different o Visvanatha temple (999-1002).
Rajput clans, Pratihars, Chauhans of Ajmer, o Kandriya Mahadev temple (1030).
Chandels of Bundelkhand & Parmars of Malwa. o Jayapura Durga = Modern Ajaygarh.
 Chauhans/Chamahans of Ajmer: o Kalanjara = Modern Kalinjr.
 Chauhans of Shakambhari (Sambhar) ruled o Mahotsavnagar = Modern Mahoba.
Rajasthan.  Nanuka or Chandra Varman (831-845):
 Their original capital was at Shakambhari. o The founder of Chandel dynasty.
 They were vassals of Pratihars. o His capital was at Khajuravahaka
 Simharaja (944-971): (Khajuraho).
o The founder of Chauhan dynasty. o A vassal of the Pratihars.
o ‘Maharaja Dhiraj’.  Vakpati (845-865):
 Vigraharaj-II (971-998): o Defeated several foes.
o Invaded Gujarat & defeated Mularaja-I.  Jayashkti & Vijayshakti (865-885):
o Annexed Chittor. o Jayashati = Jaya (Jayabhukti, mentioned in
 Ajayaraj (1110-998): Mahoba inscription = Chandel territory).
o Seized the Parmar capital of Ujjain. o Vijayshakti = Vija.
o Estd. the city of Ajaymeru (Ajmer) in 1113.  Rahila (885-905).
 Vigraharaj-IV:  Shri Harsha (905-925):
o Aka ‘Vasudev’. o Restored Pratihar ruler Mahipal after Indra-
o Shifted his capital from Shakambhari to III’s invasion.
Ajmer.  YashoVarman (925-950):
o Struggle against the Parmar king Bhoj of o Annexed Kalinjr fort – Khajuraho inscription
Ujjain. (954).
o Composed the famous play ‘Hrikeli Nataka’. o The beginning of Chandel style of
o Built the structure that later became the architecture.
Adhai Din ka Jompra mosque. o Commissioned the Laxmana temple at
 Prithviraj-III (1177-1192): Khajuraho.
o He’s called Rai Pithora in Folklores. o Sifted his capital to Mahoba.
o Defeated the Chandel ruler Paramardi,  Dhanga Dev (950-999):
Chalukya ruler Bhima-II and Gahadhavala o The 1st Chandel ruler to assume the
ruler Jayachandra. ‘Maharajadhiraj’ title.
o Invaded Bundelkhand and killed the twin o Khajuraho inscription.
Chandel warriors Alha & Udal. o Commissioned Vishwanatha temple at
o Defeated Muhammad of Ghur in the first Khajuraho.
Battle of Tarain in 1190-91.  Gandha Dev (999-1002):
  Vidyadhar (1003-1035): o Subjugated Konkan that was under Shilhar
o Killed Pratihar King Rajyapal for fleeing his dynasty in 1018-20.
kingdom when Gazni invaded Kannauj in o Helped Rajendra Chola & Gageya Deva
1018. Kalachuri against Kalyani Chalukyan King
o Mahmud Ghazni besieged Gwalior fort Jayasimha-II.
(Gopadri), which was controlled by a o Jaiyasimha’s son Someshvar-I invaded
Chandel feudatory Kachchapaghat, in Malwa in 1042 & sacked Dhara.
1022. Ghazni besieged Kalinjr and forced o His southernmost boundary shifted from
him to pay tributes.Meanwhile, the Godavari to Narmada.
Kalachuri King Gangeya Deva seized o Killed Viryaram Chauhan of Shakambhari.
eastern Chandel territories. o Adopted the title of ‘Parmareshvara
o He commissioned the Kandriya Mahadev Parambhattrka Bhoja’ (Param Dev).
temple. o Aided Hindu Shahi ruler Anand Pal against
 Vijayapal (1035-1050): the Ghaznavid.
o Defeated Gangeya Deva. o Helped his neighbors in expelling Mahmud’s
o Decline of Chandel started during his reign. governors from Hansi, Thanesvar & nearby
 Parmal Dev (1165-1203): regions.
o The last strong Chandel ruler. o A great patron of learning:
o Prithviraj sacked Mahoba in 1183,  Estd. Bhojshala Sanskrit College & a
according to Madanpur stone inscription, Sarasvati Temple at Dhar.
and killed Alha & Udal. o Estd. the city of Bhojpur, built the
o Qutb-al-Din Aibuk defeated him in 1203. Bhojeshvar temple & wrote 84 Sanskrit
 Sher Shah Suri ended the Kalinjr branch of texts.
Chandels in 1545.  Jayasimha-I (1055-1070):
 Parmars of Malwa: o He sought help from Chalukyans of Kalyani
 Parmars = Slayers of enemies. against a joint invasion by Kalachuris &
 Upendra: Solankies, according to Bhilana.
o Was made the governor of Deccan by  Laxman Dev (1086-1094):
Govind-III, the Rashtrakuta, in 9th century. o The Nagpur Prashasti inscription, 1105.
o Estd. his capital at Dhara (MP) & founded  Mahakal Deva:
the Parmar dynasty. o The last Parmar ruler.
o Pratihars annexed Malwa, but in 10th o Allaudin Khilji killed him in 1305 & annexed
century Virsimha-II liberated it. western Malwa.
 Siyaka-II or Siyaka Harsh (948-972):  Contribution of Ujjain:
o Harsola copper plate inscription, 949. o Halayudh:
o In 972, he declared his independence from  The first person who came up with the
Rashtrakuts & defeated King Khottiga at idea of Pascal’s triangle which he called
Kalighat near Narmada River, he sacked the staircase of Mt. Meru.
Manyakhet in the same year.  A mathematician of Rashtrakut Emperor
 Manuja or Utpal or Vakpati Raja (972-990): Krishna-III.
o Tailapa-II, the western Chalukya, defeated  He migrated to Ujjain & King Munja
him and annexed Parmar territories south patronized him. He dedicated his
of Narmada. ‘Mrtasanjivani’, a commentary of
o He adopted titles of ‘Amoghvarsha’, Pingala’s Chandsastra, to Munja.
‘Prithvivallabh’, & ‘Srivallabh’.  ‘Kavyarahasyam’ – dedicated to Krishna-
 Sindhu Raja (990-1010): III.
o Brother of Manuja -defeated W. Chalukyan  ‘Abhidhana Ratna’ – A lexicon.
King Satyashraya & recovered territories  ‘Halayudhakosha’ – A dictionary.
lost to Tailopa-II. o Bhaskaracharya (1114-1185):
o His court poet Padmagupta composed  He was born in Karnataka, but died at
‘Nava-Shashanka-Charita’. Ujjain.
 Bhoj (1010-1055):  ‘Sidhantshuromani’ – Lilavati, Bijaganita,
o The zenith of Parmars. Grahaganita etc.
o The most famous Parmar ruler. o Bhaskara-II:
o Defeated the Chalukyans of Lata (Gujarat)  ‘Karan Kautuhala’.
around 1018.  His work on calculus predated Newton &
Leibniz.
 Solankis of Gujarat: o After 1292, the Vaghelas became vassals of
 The Chalukyans of Gujarat (950-1300). Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Devgiri in
 They never used the word Chalukya to describe Deccan.
themselves. o Allaudin Khalji seized Gujarat in 1297 &
 The Lata branch of Chalukyas was founded by ended the Seuna dynasty.
Barappa at Bhrigukachcha (Baroch).  Art & Culture under Solankis:
 Another branch in Gujarat, with its capital at o Luna Vashi temple at Dilwara – Neminath.
Anahilapataka (Pattan) was estd. by Mula It was built by two brothers Vastupal &
Raja-I (940-995): Tejpal (ministers of Vaghela ruler Virdhaval)
o Led expedition against Saurashtras, Kutch & in 1230.
Abhiras.  Tomars:
o Defeated by Parmars & took refuge under  Earlier feudatories of Pratiharas.
the Rashtrakuta King Dhruva.  They ruled Haryana with their capital at
o Patronized Jainism and built: Dhilika (Delhi).
 Mulavastika temple for Digambaras.  Medieval bards called them ‘Taurs’.
 Mulanath Jindeva temple for  According to the Mehrauli inscription (11th
Shvetambars. century), the city of Delhi was estd. by
 Bhima-I (1022-1064): Anandpal Tomar, aka Shri Samant Dev, in 736.
o During his reign Mahmud Ghazni invaded  Mahipal Tomar captured Thanesar, Hansi &
Gujarat & plundered Somnath temple in Nagarkot in 1043.
1025.  Anandpal-II founded the Lalkot citadel in
o Built the Sun temple in at Modhera. Mehrauli & built the Anandpal lake.
o His wife Udyamati buit the Rani-ki-Vav  The Surajkul reservoir was built by Suraj Pal
(UNESCO) in his memory. Tomar.
o Hi minister Vimlasha built 5 Dilwara  The Chauhans captured Dehli in 12th century &
temples & a Vimal Vashi temple (dedicated the Tomars became their vassals.
to Rishabnath) in 1031.  Gahadavalas:
 Karan (1065-1091):  The Rathore of Kannauj (1090-1194).
o Defeated a Bhil warlord & estd. Karnavati  Kanyakubja = Kannauj.
(today’s Ahmadabad).  Chandra Dev:
 Jai Simha Siddharaja (1092-1142): o The founder (1090).
o He annexed Saurashtra, Kutch & Malwa. He o Annexed Delhi from Pratihars &
besieged the Junagarh fort & captured Rashtrakuts.
Ranakdevi, the wife of Rana Rakhengar.  Jaya Chandra (1170-1194):
The woman committed sutti & Jayasimha o The last great Rathore ruler of Kannauj.
built the Ranakdevi temple to honor her at o Ghurid General Aibuk invaded Kannauj &
Wadhwan. killed him in the Battle of Chanawar in
o He patronized Jain monk Hemchandra. 1194.
o The Rudra Mahakal temple at Siddhpur was o Another source states that he committed
built during his reign. suicide by drawing in the Ganges River.
 Kumarpal (1142-1171): o His son Harishchandra became a Ghurid
o The zenith of Gujarat’s prosperity. vassal.
o A patron of Jain monk Hemchandra.  Rao Siha escaped to Mewar in 13th century &
o Rebuilt the Somnath temple. estd. a new branch of Rathore dynasty.
 Bhima-II (1177-1240):  The Gahadavala dynasty ended with the
o Repelled Muhammad Ghuri at the Battle of invasion of Iltutmish in 1233.
Kayadara in 1178.  Sisodia Dynasty of Mewar:
o Aibuk invaded Gujarat in 1195-97, but  Estd. by Guhila King Rana Simha, but the
Bhima-II defeated him & adopted the title lineage ended when Khilji besieged Chittorgarh
of ‘Abhinav Shiddharaja’. in 1303.
 Decline of Solankis:  Guhila dynasty was estd. by Bapa Rawal in
o The Valghelas of Dholka replaced the 728.
Solankis after 1243 & ruled Gujarat for 76  Rana Kumbha built Vijay Stambha at Chittor in
years. 1448 to commemorate his victory over
Mehmud Khilji.
 Reestablished by Hamir Singh Guhila in 1326.
  Allaudin Khilji defeated Rawal Rattan Singh of  Belonged to the Khasa tribe.
Mewar in 1307.  Estd. by Sangamraja after murdering Tunga,
 Rana Sanga (1482-1528): the herdsman paramour of Didda.
o Babur, despite of losing 1526’s Battle of  Harsha of Kashmir (1089-1101):
Bayana, defeated him in the Battle of o Harshadeva was murdered by Damara
Khanwa in March 1527. landlords.
o Real name: Maharana Sangram Singh. o Claimed to be the ‘Devotpatana Nayaka’
 Maharana Pratap: – the destroyed of gods – after destroyed
o Lost the Battle of Haldighati on 18 June many Hindu & Buddhist shrines.
1576 against Akbar. o Kalhana calls him ‘that Turushka’ as he
o Defeated Akbar in the Battle of Dewair in behaved like the Turks.
September 1582.  In 1320, Dalucha (Zulju), a Turkic warlord
invaded Kashmir & Suhadeva, the last king of
KASHMIR & NORTH WESTERN KINGDOMS Lohara dynasty, left his kingdom. He was
 Karkota Dynasty (625-855): murdered by Shamshudeen Shah in 1339.
 Durbalbha Vardhan:  Rishi Sufi saints of Kashmir combine Sufism
o The founder. with Shaivism. Shaik Nuruddin Nurain was
o Reigned from 598 to 634. called ‘Nund Rishi’.
o Aka. Prajnaditya.  Kota Rani (1323-1339) was the last ruler of
o Xuan Tsang visited Kashmir during his the Hindu Lohara Dynasty.
reign.  Hindu Shahi Dynasty of Northwest India:
o Capital – Parishapura.  Kallar (890-95):
 Lalitaditya Muktipada: o A Brahmin.
o Reigned from 697 to 733. o The founder.
o Defeated King Yashovarman of Kannauj. o Shifted his capital from Kabul to
o Built the Martand Sun Temple, the Udabhanda (Rawalpindi) in 870 after
oldest, in Anantnag. being defeated by the Arabs.
 Vajraditya (734-741):  Jayapal (964-1001):
o During his reign Arabs started raiding o Died after signing a treaty with the
Kashmir. Ghaznavids in 1010.
 Jayapida (745-776): o Historians compared him to Puros for
o Imposed heavy taxes on the advice of struggling against Mahmud Ghazni, son
Kayasthas. of Sabuktigin.
 Utapala Dynasty:  Trilochan Pal (1010-1022):
 Avanti Varman (855-883): o Annexed Rai Sharwa’s territories in the
o Estd. the Utapala dynasty in 855. Shivalik hills. His kingdom extended from
o Estd. control over Damras landlords. Indus to Ganges.
o Mahapadma Lake = Wular Lake. o Rebelled against the Ghaznavids, but
o Founded the cities of Avantipur was assassinated by Rai Sharwa.
(Avantishvara & Avantiswari Temples) & o The last Punjabi ruler of Punjab,
Suryapur. according to folklores.
 Sankara Varman (883-902):  Bhim Pal (1022-1026):
o Led military campaign against Punjab & o The last ruler of Hindu Shahi dynasty.
Gujarat. o Mahmud Ghazni ended this dynasty &
o Plundered Delhi. annexed Punjab in 1021.
 Yashaskara Dynasty: o Ghazni plundered Somnath temple in
 Queen Didda (958-1033): 1026.
o A disgusting adulteress, who killed her  Other Medieval Dynasties:
own sons & grandsons for power. She  The Chedies of Tripura:
was a wife of King Kshemagupta. o Estd. by Kakkala-I in 845.
o Kalahana was in great disapproval of her o Yuvraja: Rajshekhara composed
rule. ‘Viddasalabhanjika’ to commemorate his
o Estd. Diddapur & Kanakpur. victory against Rajashekara.
o Installed her nephew Sangamraja Lohara o Gangeya-deva: ‘Trikanga Adhipati’.
on the throne of Kashmir. o The last ruler: Vijayasimha (1211).
 Lohara dynasty (1003-1320):  Sens of Bengal:
 oEstd. by Viajya Sena in 1095. o Invaded India 17 times b/w 1000-1027 to
 Shriharsha composed ‘Vijayaprashasti’ in loot wealth from India & to spread Islam.
his honour. o He first invaded Afghanistan & Pakistan
o Balhal Sena: in 1000 & defeated Jayapala in the
 Consolidated the Kingdom. Battle of Wahind.
 Capital: Nabadveep. o Defeated Jayapala’s son, Anandpal, in
 Revived Kulin Dharma in Bengal. Second Battle of Wahind in 1008.
 Wrote ‘Danasagara’ & ‘Adbhutsagara’. o Annexed Thanesar & plundered Mathura
o Laxman Sena: in 1014.
 The zenith of the Sena empire. o In 1018, he sacked Kannauj & killed
 Defeated Jai Chand of Gahadhavalas. Vidyadhar Chandel. He annexed Lahore
 The first Bengali ruler to expand his & Rahib by killing Trilochan Pal & his son
kingdom beyond Benares. Bhimpal.
 Poet Halayudha, the composer of o He plundered Somnath temple in
‘Adbhutsarga’, was his minister. Kathiawar-Saurashtra in 1025. He
 Patronized Vaishnav poet Jaya Deva, the retreated to Ghazn when Bhima-I
writer of ‘Geeta Govindam’. (Gujarat Chalukya) had assembled an
 Other poets: Dhyohi & Umapati Dhar. army to face him. Bhima-I then repaired
o Bakhtiyar Khalji annexed Bengal & Bihar in the temple.
1203-4. o In 1026 he invaded Indian again &
 The Gangas/Chodagangas of Orissa: punished Jat tribes for revolting against
o Estd. by King AnantaVarman Chodagang in him.
1076. o He patronized Persian historian Al-
 The Trikalinga Adhipati – Kalinga Biruni, who visited India in 11th century &
(South), Utkal (north) & Kosala (West). wrote ‘Kitab-al-Hind’ & translated
 He constructed the Jaganath Puri ‘Vrihatsamhita’.
temple. o Poet Firdausi wrote ‘Shahnamah’ in
o Narsimhadeva: Persian.
 Constructed the Konark Sun temple, a o His court historian Utbi wrote ‘Kitab-ud-
UNESCO world heritage site, in 13th Yamani’.
century. o He was the first Turk to invade India.
o Mahmud Ghazni was more successful
THE ISLAMIC CONQUEST OF THE NORTHERN INDIA than Muhammad Ghori as he never lost
 Foundation of the Islamic Cult: any battle in India & Central Asia.
 Muhammad estd. Islam in 604.
o He declared himself to be a prophet in 613. THE GHURID DYNASTY
o Battle of Bar: The first Islamic conquest of  They were vassals of Ghaznavids.
Arabia.  Muhammad of Ghor (1149-1206):
 Ummayid Caliphate (611-650):  The founder of Islamic empire in India.
 The first Islamic invasion of India.  His conquest on India was more impactful than
 General Muhammad Bin Qassim invaded Ghazni’s.
Sindh in 712 & defeated King Dahir. He was  Annexed Multan in 1175 & Uchch Sindh from
sent by governor Hajjaj of Iraq. Bhatti Rajputs in 1178.
 ‘Chachanama’ by Abu Bakr Kufi in Persian.  Defeated Solanki ruler Bhima-II in the Battle
 Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258). of Kayadara in 1178.
 Samanids (10th century):  Annexed Peshawar in 1179, Sindh in 1182 and
 Alptagin: The governor of Balkh. Punjab & Lahore in 1190 from the Ghaznavids.
 Subuktagin:  First battle of Tarain (1191):
o Alptagin’s son-in-law. o Fought near Karnal in Haryana.
o He conquered Ghazn & estd. the Ghaznavid o Conflict over ‘Tabarhinda’ (Bhatinda).
dynasty in 977. o Prithviraj defeated him & annexed
o His son Mahmud of Ghazn (997-1030) was Bhatinda.
the first ruler to assume the title of Sultan.  Second battle of Tarain (1192) aka ‘the
 Mahmud of Ghazn: turning point of Indian history’:
o The Butshikan. o Prithvi was caught near Sarasvati & he was
o He was a patron of Persian poet Firdausi. made a Ghurid vassal.
 o Prithvi struck coins in Muhammad’s name, asylum by Iltutmish. Thus, he prevented any
but he was executed for conspiring against conflict with the Mongols.
the Ghurids. o His son Nasiruddin Muhammad conquered
 Battle of Chandawar (1194): Bihar & Bengal in 1125.
o Ghuri defeated Jaichandra & annexed o Annexed Ramthambore in 1226 & by 1231
Kanauj. he subjugated Mandore, Jalore, Bangana &
 Ghurid General Aibuk annexed Aligarh, Gwalior.
Ranthambore, Bundelkhand & Gujarat in o He was defeated by the Chalukyas of
1195. Gujarat.
 General Bakhtiyar Khilji captured Bihar in 1197 o He introduced Iqtedari System in which
and Bengal in 1202. He destroyed Vikramshila transferable land was granted in lieu of
& Nalanda monasteries. salary.
 Khokhar Revolt: Ghuri himself came to India o Stopped an invasion led by Genghis Khan in
to suppress this revolt by Pujabi Khokhar tribe 1221.
in 1205. o He set up a council, called Turkan-i-
 Ghuri was assassinated near Jhelum in 1206. Chahalgani, of 40 Turkic noblemen.
DEHLI/ILBARI/MAMLUK SULTANATE o He was sent a Mansur, a latter of
 Mamluk means slave or owned in Arabic. recognition, by the Abbasid Caliphate of
 The Qutbi Dynasty (1206-1211): Baghdad in 1229.
 Qutbdin Aibuk o Issued the first Arabic coins, silver Tankas &
o became the Sultan of Delhi in 1206 and copper Jittals, in India.
ruled from his capital at Lahore. o Known as the father of tomb building for
o Defeated Yalduz & ended all relations with completing the Qutb Minar, a 238 ft tower.
Ghazni. o He patronized historian Minhas-ul-Siraj
o Built the Qutb-al-Islam Mosque, the first who wrote the ‘Tahaqut-i-Nasuri’.
mosque in India, at Delhi. It was originally a o Declared his daughter Razia to be his heir.
Vishnu temple.  Ruknudin Firuz Shah (1236):
 The first Islamic monument in India. o He was enthroned by the councils of Turkish
 It was completed by Iltutmish after nobles, but the govt. was controlled by his
Aibuk’s death. maid Shah Turkan.
o Converted a Hindu monument at Ajmer to o Was a generous ruler who frequented his
the ‘Adhai-din-ka-Jhopdi’ mosque. subjects on an elephant.
o Patronized Hasan Nizami (‘Taj-ur-Musir’) & o Razia murdered both Firuz & Shah Turkan.
Fakhurdin (‘Tariqi-e-Musbarakshahi’).  Razia Sultan (1236-1239):
o Was called ‘Lakh Baksh’ for his generosity. o The first & only female Islamic ruler of
o Died playing chaugan or polo in 1210. medieval India.
 Aramshah (1210): o Her rule was disapproved by the Chahalgani
o Aibuk’s incapable son, who was overthrown nobles.
by Iltutmish (Aibku’s son-in-law) in 1210. o She was killed by her brother Behram Khan.
 First Ilbari Dynasty (1210-1236):  Second Ibari Dynasty (1266-1290):
 Iltumish:  Ulugh Khan Balban (1266-1286):
o The founder. o The founder.
o Belonged to the Ilbari tribe. o He poisoned Nasruddin, his son-in-law.
o Started his career as the governor of o The policy of blood & iron.
Badayun, but ended up being the Sultan of o Introduce the Persian festival of Nauruz and
Delhi. customs of sijda (prostration) & paibos.
o The real consolidator of Turkish rule in o A strict ruler concerned with the moral
India. welfare of his subjects.
o He shifted capital from Lahore to Delhi. o Prohibited drinking, singing, dancing & even
o Defeated Yalduz in 1215 & Qubacha of laughing in the court.
Multan in 1215; both of these men were o Spied on nobles.
Ghurid governors. o He was a Turkic elitist & was disgusted by
o Temujin Genghis Khan destroyed non-Turks.
Khwarazm empire in 1220 & the Khwarazm o Separated finance (Unzarat) department
prince Jalauddin Mangburni was denied from military (Arz) department.
 o The first ruler to establish a separate o Introduced market price control policy:
military dept. Sehna-i-Mandi.
o An autocrat – centralized all power in his o Collected revenue in cash.
own hands. o Abolished the Iqtadari system.
o Called himself the right-hand man of the o Paid salaries in cash.
Caliph.  Military expeditions of Allaudin Khilji in North
o His son, Muhammad, died in a battle India:
against the Mongols. o Gujarat – Rai Karan of Vaghela dynasty
o Kayumars, the last Mamluk ruler, was (Allaudin married his wife Kamala Devi) –
murdered by Jalal-ud-din Khalzi (Firuz) in General Ulugh Khan & Nusrat Khan. Karna
1290. escaped to Balgaon in Deccan.
o Ranthambore – Hamirdeva (punished for
KHILJI DYNASTY (1920-1320) giving shelter to Mongol soldiers).
 Pashtunized Huns. o Chittor (Allaudin renamed it to Khizrabad
 Jalaludin Khilji (1290-1296): after his son Khizr Khan) – 1303 – Rai Ratan
 The founder. Singh – Queen Padmavati – Malik
 The first Sultan to adopt a tolerant policy Muhammad Jayasi wrote ‘Padmavat’ in
towards his Hindu subjects. 1540 in Awadhi.
 Married his daughter to the Mongol warlord o Malwa - 1305.
Ulugh Khan. o Siwana - 1331 – Raja Sheetal Dev.
 His nephew Allaudin Khilji (Ali Gurshap) o Jalore – 1311.
murdered him in July 1296 near Kara (UP).  His expedition to Southern India:
 Allaudin Khilji (1296-1316): o Deogir – 1307-7 Ram Chandra (later
 Introduced chehra & daag system to accompanied Allaudin to South India).
standardize horses. o Warangal (Telangana) – 1309 – Pratap Dev
 The first Islamic ruler to invade Deccan Kakatiya – General Malik Kafur obtained
(1294). the Kooh-i-Noor diamond.
 Adopted a policy of oppression. o 1310 – Hoyasala – Veer Bhallala – General
 Prohibited parties. Banned alcohol & other Kafur.
intoxicants. o 1311 – Pandyas – Veer Pandya (he fled to
 Patronized Amir Khusrao, the Tota-e-Hind & Madurai) – Kafur.
inventor of Sitar & Tabla. o Malik Kafur reached as far as Rameswaram
 Amir Khusrao invented a new Persian verse & there he erected a mosque, according to
called Sabaq-i-Hind or Indian style. He wrote Khusrao’s accounts.
‘Khazain-il-Fatah’ which describes Allaudin’s  Qutbdin Mubarak Shah (1316-20):
conquests & ‘Tughlaq Nama’ which describes  He executed Malik Kafur who had taken the
the ascension of Giyaz-ud-Din Tughlaq. control of the Sultanate in his own hand.
 Maintained a permanent standing army.  Declared himself to be a Caliph & assumed the
 He was illiterate, but patronized Khusrao & title of ‘Al-Wasiq-Billah’.
Hasan Delhvi.  He was murdered by Nasiruddin Khusarao
 Founded a new capital called ‘Siri’ at Delhi & Shah.
erected the Siri fort.  Fall of the Khilji Dynasty:
 Called himself ‘Sikandar-i-Sani’, the Second  Ghazi Malik, the governor of Punjab,
Alexander. conquered Delhi in 1320, killed Sultan
 He believed that “Kingship knows no kinship”. Nasiruddin Khusrao Khan, the only Hindu
 He prohibited hoarding of food grain by the convert to sit on the throne, & assumed the
peasants. title of ‘Ghiyaz-ud-din Tughlaq’.
 Built Alai Darwaza & Alai Minar at Delhi.
 Biswa was the standard measure of land TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (1320-1414)
during his rule.
 Ghiyaz-ud-Din Tughlaq (1320-1325):
 He levied heavy taxes on the Hindus to weaken
 The founder.
their financial position.
 The first sultan to assume the title ‘Ghazi’
 He refused to submit to the Caliphs of Bagdad
meaning Islamic Crusader.
& according to Birani, he was considering
 The first Sultan to work on irrigation
conversion to some other religion.
infrastructure.
 Reforms brought by Allaudin:
 Founded the city of Tughlaqabad.
  His son Juana conquered Bengal, Utkal &  Paper money called ‘Jaozi’ was first used in
Warangal (Kakatiya). China during the Song Dynasty (960-1279).
 Didn’t like Nizam-ud-Din Auliyah.  Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388):
 Was crushed to death in 1325 by a wooden  Elected by nobles.
structure prepared for his reception at Kara.  Patronized Ziauddin Barani, author of ‘Futwa-
 According to Ibn Battuta, his death was pre- i-Jahandari’ & ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi’.
planned by Prince Juana Muhammad.  Another ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi’ was written by
 Firuz Shah Tughlaq was his nephew. his court historian Shams-us-Siraj-Afif.
 Muhammad bin Tughaq (1325-1351):  He himself wrote, ‘Futuhat-i-Firuz Shahi’, his
 Aka Juana Muhammad. autobiography.
 The first literate Sultan of Delhi.  Withdrew all Tachavi loans.
 Ibn Battuta visited India during his reign in  Besieged the Kangra fort in 1361 to punish
1334 & acted as his Qazi for a while. Rup Chand, according to Ferishta’s accounts.
 The first ruler to establish a famine prevention  Sacked Jwalamukhi temple & got 1300
department. Sanskrit manuscripts translated into Persian
 Established Diwan-i-Kohi (agricultural dept.) & by Izzudin Khalid Khani.
became the first ruler in India to issue crop  ‘Ragdarpan’ was translated into Persian
loans (Tachavi) to pheasants. during Firuz’s reign.
 Estd. cities of Jahanpanah & Adilabad.  Zia-ud-Din Nakhshabi translated
 Led and expedition to Kullu-Kangra region in ‘Sukasaptati’, Seventy Tales of the Parrot,
1333, but he was defeated by Prithvi Chandra into Persian ‘Tutinamah’.
of Kangra.  Invaded Bengal in 1353 & 1359.
 The first Sultan to appoint Hindus in state  A Telugu Brahmin convert, Khan-i-Jahan
administration. Maqbul, was his wazeer.
 Built a road from Peshawar to Sonargaon.  Sacked Jaganath temple, that was under
 In the end of his reign South India became Gajapati dynasty of Puri, in 1353.
independent and got disintegrated into:  The first ruler to imposed Jizya as a separate
o Vijayanagar Kingdom – Harihar & Bukka tax on Hindus.
Rai, 1336.  He had 1,80,000 slaves.
o Bahmani Kingdom – Hasan Gangu, 1347.  Claimed to be a deputy of the Caliph of
o Sultanate of Madurai – Hasan Shah. Egypt.
 His reign was full of experiments, some were  Economic reforms introduced by Tughlaq:
successful, but most of them were failures. o Imposed four taxed:
 Ziauddin Barani mentions five of his bold  Kharaj – 10% of crops.
experiments:  Khams – 20% of war booty.
o Shifted his capital from Dehli to Deogir,  Jizya.
which he named Daulatabad, in 1325. This  Zakat – religious tax on Muslims.
led to famines so, he reversed his decision in o Introduced two new coins: Adha (50% Jittal)
1335. & Bitch Bikh (25% Jittal).
o After Mongol invasion, he planned to o Estd. Diwan-i-Bandagan (Slave dept.) &
occupy Khurasan & Iraq. Karkhanas.
o Imposed heavy taxes on the people of o Estd. Dar-u-Shafa – Hospitals – Unani
Ganges-Yamuna doab: medicine.
 Dari (Home tax). o Introduced drip irrigation system to India.
 Chari (Cattle tax).  Brought two Ashokan pillars from Meerut to
 These taxes resulted in famine, plague & Delhi & erected one of them on the roof of his
mass migrations. fort at Kotla.
o The first king in India to issue token  Nasiruddin-Muhammad (1390-1398):
currency (copper & brass coins), but people  Timur invaded India in 1398 & plundered Delhi
started forging them in large quantities. for three days.
Later, he had to withdraw the currency.  Timur left India in 1399 after weakening the
o His Kumaon expedition was a total failure. Tughlaq dynasty.
 Kublai Khan issued Jiaochao, backed by silk, in  His successor Daulat Khan was killed by Khizr
1260 in China. Khan, the founder of the Sayyid Dynasty, in
 Gaykhatu, the Buddhist Mongol ruler of Iran, 1414.
issued paper money in 1294.  Fall of the Tughlaqs: Timur invaded India in 1398
& caused the annihilation of the Tughlaq dynasty.
  The Muzaffarid Dynasty was founded by
SAYYID DYNASTY (1414-1451) Muzaffar Shah, a Khatri convert, in 1407. He
 Khizr Khan (1414-21): estd. his capital at Pattan.
 Assumed the title of ‘Rayati-Ala’.  Ahmad Shah (1411-41):
 Read Khutbah & struck coins in Timur’s name.  Founded the city of Ahmadabad in 1413.
 Allaudin Alam Shah (1443-1451):  Moti Chand & Manik Chand were his ministers.
 His wazeer Hamid Khan invited Bahlol Lodhi to  Built Jami Mosque (1413) & Teen Darwaza.
invade Delhi so, he fled to Badaun.  His son Muhammad Shah (Zar-Baksh) was
killed by the supporters of his grandson.
LODHI DYNASTY (1451-1526)  Muhammad Begarha (1459-1511):
 They were ethnic Pashtuns.  Conquered Girnar & Junagarh forts.
 The last dynasty of the Sultanate period.  Founded the city of Mustafabad, his second
 The first Afghan dynasty to rule Delhi. capital.
 Bahlol Lodhi (1451-1489):  Sacked Dwarka to prevent piracy.
 Considered himself to be an Afghan hermit,  Lost a battle against the Portuguese in 1507 &
not a king. lost Diu.
 Conquered Sharqi Dynasty & issued Bahlol  Patronized Sanskrit poet Udairaja who wrote
copper coins. ‘Rajaoinoda’ in his honor.
 Sikander Lodhi (1489-1517):  Akbar annexed Gujarat in 1573.
 The greatest & noblest ruler of the Lodhi  Famous for his gluttony.
Dynasty.
 Introduced the ‘Gaz-i-Sikandari’ measuring MALWA SULTANATE
unit & a new system of auditing accounts.  Delabar Khan Ghori shifted his kingdom from
 He reimposed Jizya on infidels. Dhar to Mandu. He declared his independence
 He founded the city of Agra in 1504. from Tughlaqs in 1401 & assumed the title of
 He composed Persian poems under his Sultan. He died in 1405.
penname ‘Gulrakhi’.  His son Alp Khan took the title of Hoshang Khan
 Loved Shehnai music. (1406-1434):
 Conquered Bihar.  Promoted Jainism.
 His rival Man Singh Tomar, a patron of  He issued the Lalitpur temple inscription.
Dhrupad music, of Gwalior composed ‘Man  Developed Mandu into a strong fort.
Kotuhal’. Tansen was earlier in Man Singh’s  His son Muhammad was murdered by
court. Mahmud Khalji.
 Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-26):  Mahmud Khilji (1436-1469):
 Arrogant, but a tolerant ruler.  The zenith of Malwa.
 Treated nobles and even his own family with  Defeated Rana Kumbha in a battle & erected a
contempt & disgust. seven storied at Mandu. Interestingly, Rana
 Rana Sanga of Mewar defeated him in a too claimed victory & erected a Kirti Stambh at
battle. The Rana invited Babur to invade Delhi. Chittor.
 Other historians say that Daulat Khan Lodhi,  Succeeded by his son Ghiyaz-ud-Din in 1409.
Lahore’s governor, invade Babur, the ruler of  Ghiyaz-ud-Din (1469-1500):
Kabul, to invade Delhi.  He built the Jahaz Mahal at Mandu.
 Killed by Babur in the Battle of Panipat fought  He was defeated by Rana Raimal of Chittor.
in 1526.  Mahmud Shah II (1510-1531):
 The Delhi Sultanate began with the Battle of  The last Khilji to rule Malwa.
Tarain in 1192 & ended with the Battle of  Bahadur Shah of Gujarat annexed Malwa in
Panipat in 1526. 1531, but lost it to Humayun in 1535. In 1537,
 Babur defeated Mahmud Lodhi in the Battle of Humayun too lost it to Qadir Khan who lost it
Ghagra in 6 May 1529. to Sher Shah Suri in 1542. Suri appointed
 Land Economy: governor Sujat Khan.
 Iqta – Land assigned to officials.  Sujat Khan’s son, Baz Bahadur, declared
 Khalisa – Land under direct control of Sultan. Malwa’s independence in 1555.
 Inam – Land granted to religious leaders.  Baz Bahadur (1555-1561):
 Khuts – Small Landlords.  The last Sultan of Malwa.
 Rais – Autonomous warlords.  Roopmati was his queen.
 Akbar’s generals Adham Khan & Pir
GUJARAT SULTANATE Muhammad invaded Malwa & defeated Baz
 Bahadur in the Battle of Sarangpur. Baz fled  Deva Raya-I (1406-1422):
to Mandu & the Mughals appointed Pir oDefeated Firuz Shah Bahamani in 1406, but
Muhammad to govern Malwa. was defeated in 1419.
 Pir Muhammad invaded Khandesh, but was o Nicolo Conti (1420).
defeated by Mubarak Shah of Khandesh, Tufel o Married his daughter to Firuz Shah
Khan of Berar & Baz Bahadur. Bahamani.
 In 1562, Akbar deployed Abdullah Khan to  Deva Raya-II (1427-1446):
defeat Baz Bahadur. o The Gajabategara (elephant hunter).
 Baz Bahadur lived as a refugee in Chittor, but o Fought three important battles against
at last in 1570 he surrendered to Akbar. Gajapati rulers of Orissa in 1427, 1436 &
 Architecture at Mandu: 1441.
 Jahaz Mahal. o His commander Lakhana successfully
 Hindola Mahal. sacked Ceylon.
 Roopmati Mahal. o Forced Zamorin of Calicut to pay tributes.
 Hoshang Khan’s Tomb. o Nicolo Conti (1421) & Abdur Razzak (1446)
 Jami Masjid. visited his court.
o Wrote ‘Sobagin Sone’, ‘Mahabharata
Sudhanidhi’ (Skt) & ‘Amaruka’.
MEWAR OR UDAIPUR KINGDOM o Patronized Kannada poets Chamarasa &
 Originally called Medhpat. Kumar Vyasa.
 Rulers used the titles of Maharana (governor) o Employed Muslim mercenaries in his army.
instead of Maharaja as they considered  Praudha Raya (1485):
themselves to be deputies of Shiva, the o The last ruler of Sangama dynasty.
Medhpateshvar.
o Killed by Suluva Narsimha Deva Raya in
 Rana Kumbha (1433-1468):
1485.
 Sisodia Dynasty.
 Suluva Dynasty (1485-1505)
 Rana Kumbh-Karan.
 Narsimha Raya (1485-1491):
 A skilled veena player.
o The founder.
 Assumed the title of ‘Sangeet-Shiromani’.
 Immadi Narsimha Raya-II (1491-1506):
 Wrote ‘Sangeet Raj’, ‘Sangeet Mimamsa’,
 The last ruler of the Suluva dynasty.
‘Sangeet Ratnakar’, ‘Kamraj Ratisar’ &
 Assassinated by Tuluva Veer Narsimha.
‘Suddhprabandh’.
 Tuluva Dynasty (1505-1570)
 Founded the city of Basantpur.
 Tulu speaking Kshatriyas of the Naga lineage.
 Built 5 forts – Kumbhalgarh, Achalagarh,
 Founder - Veer Narsimha.
Maddan, Kolana & Vairat.
 Krishna Dev Raya (1509-1529):
 Murdered by his son Udai Singh.
o The ‘Andhra Bhoja’.
 Rana Sanga (1482-1528):
o The ‘Kannda Rajyam Rama Ramana’.
 Sangram Singh-I.
o The ‘Mooru Rayara Ganda’.
 Babur adopted the title of ‘Ghazi’ against
o Portuguese travelers Domingo Paes (1520)
Rana Sanga.
 Defeated Ibrahim Lodhi at Ghatoli (Gwalior) & Ferão Nunes (1535-37) visited Hampi
in 1518. during his reign.
 Invited Babur to India in 1526. o Thimmarusu was his minister.
 Vaishnav female poet Meera Bai was his o His main enemy Bahmani Sultanate
daughter. disintegrated into 5 small states,
Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bedar, Golkonda &
VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE Bijapur, by the year 1526.
 Capital – Hampi near Tungabhadra in Karnataka. o Wrote ‘Amuktamalayadu’ (She Who
 It was kind of cooperative commonwealth at first. Offered Garland After Wearing It) in Telugu.
 Sangama dynasty (1336-1485): o Wrote ‘Usha Parinayam’ & ‘Jambavathi
 Founded by Harihara & Bukka. Kalyanam’ in Sanskrit.
 Harihara Rai (1336-1356): o Fought two battles against Bijapur for
o Annexed the entire Hoysala territory by Raichur-Doab:
1346.  1509 – Defeated Shamsuddin Zafar Khan
 Bukka Rai (1356-1377): of Bijapur, killed Yusuf Adil Shah &
o Wiped out the Sultanate of Madurai by captured the doab.
1377.
  Battle of Raichur (1520): Ismail Adil Shah o Lotus palace.
invaded the doab, but Deva Raya
successfully defended the Raichur doab BAHAMANI KINGDOM (1347-1526)
& annexed Gulbarga, the capital of  An Afghan named Allaudin Hasan, aka Hasan
former Bahamani Kingdom. Gangu, estd. the Bahamani Sultanate in 1344. He
o Besieged Udayagiri (Kalinga) & Warangal in was raised by a Brahmin & to honor his master
1512: he assumed the title of ‘Allaudin Hasan
 Imprisoned Gajapati King Pratap Rudra Bahaman’.
Deva who died in 1529.  Firuz Shah Bahman (1397-1422):
o Annexed Dwar-Samudram (Karnataka) in  Defeated Vijayanagar forces in 1398 & 1406.
1510.  Married Dev Raya’s daughter.
o He had good relations with Arabs &  Defeated Narsingh Rai of Kerala.
Portuguese.  Saint Ahmad Shah ‘Wali’ Bahamani (1422-
o The Eight Giant Elephants (Ashtadiggajas) 1436):
of Krishna Deva Raya:  Shifted his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar in
 Allasani Deddana – Father of Telugu 1432.
Literature/Pitamah of Andhra Kavya. He  An associate of Sufi Saint Gesu Daraz.
wrote ‘Manu Charitam’.  Muhammad Shah-III (1463-1482):
 Nandi Thimmana –  Mahmud Gawan of Iran was his wazeer,
‘Praijatapaharanamu’. Malik-ul-Tujjar.
 Madyyadari Mallana – ‘Rajshekhar  Annexed Tungabhadra doab, Konkan &
Charitam’. Kanchi.
 Dhurjati – ‘Kalasteeshvara Mahatyam’ &  He made Bidar an industrial hub of metal work
‘Shatakam Sukalaniti’.  Built Muhammad Gawan Madarsa.
 Ayyalaraju Ramambhadrudu:  Supported Afaqi/Persian faction against local
‘Ramabhyudayamu’. Deccanis.
 Pingali Surana – ‘Garuda Puranam,  Persian governor of Golconda Sultan ‘Quli’ estd.
‘Raghvapandveeyam’, ‘Prabhavati- the Qutub Shahi Dynasty in 1518 & assumed the
Pradhyumanu’ & ‘Kalapurnodayamu’. title of ‘Qutub-ul-Mulk’.
 Ramarajabhushanudu –  The Bahamanid Empire disintegrated after 1518
‘Vasucharitamu’, into 5 Deccani Sultanates:
‘Harishchandrabhupaleeyamu’,  Nizam Shahi (Ahmandnagar):
‘Kavyalankara Sangrahamu’ & o Estd. by Ahmad Nizam Shah, a former
‘Narasabhupaleeyamu’. Brahmin, in 1490.
 Tenali Raman – ‘Panduranga o Capital – Junar/Daulatabad/Aurangabad.
Mahatmyam’. o Shahjahan conquered it in 1633.
 The Battle of Talikota (13 January 1565):  Qutb Shahi (Golaconda):
o Location – Talikota, Karnataka. o Estd. by Qutb-ul-Mulk in 1518.
o Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golaconda & Bidar o Capital – Golaconda/Hydrabad.
Sultanates led a joint expedition against  Barid Shahi (Bidar):
Aliya Rama Raya, KDR’s son-in-law. o Estd. by Qasim Barid-I, an ethnic Georgian,
o Result – Deccani Sultanates won. Rama in 1492.
Raya was beheaded. o Capital – Bidar.
 After Rama Raya’s death Tirumala Raya o Bijapur conquered Bidar in 1619.
established the Aravidu Dynasty (1565-1646).  Imad Shahi (Berar):
 Shriranga-III was the last ruler of o Estd. by Imad-ul-Mulk in 1490.
Vijayanagara Empire. He lost the Battle of o Capital - Ellichipuram
Virinchipuram in 1652. o Ahmadnagar annexed Berar in 1574.
 Temples & Monuments at Hampi:
 Adil Shahi (Bijarpur):
o Virupshaka temple – 7th century, the oldest
o Estd. by Yusuf Adil Shah in 1489.
temple at Hampi (UNESCO site).
o Capital – Bijapur.
o Kodanda Rama temple.
o Religion – Shia Islam.
o Hazara Ramalaya temple.
o Aurangzeb annexed Bijapur in 1686.
o Vithalswami Chariot temple – Musical
pillars.
DECCANI SULTANATES
o Elephant stable.
 Bijapur Sultanate:
o Queen’s bath
  Ibrahim Adil Shah-II (1580-1627):
o The ‘Jagatguru’. THE ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE
o The ‘Abala Baba’, friend of the poor.  Bartholomew Diaz crossed the Cape of Good
o wrote ‘Kitab-e-Navras’ in Deccani. Starts Hope for the first time in 1488.
the book by invoking Sarasvati.  Vasco De Gama reached Calicut (Karela) in 1498
o Introduced the theory of Navras to & again in 1502.
Persians.  Pedro Alvarez Cabral arrived at Calicut (Karela)
o Patronized the Skt. Scholar Waman Pandit in 1500.
& Persian poet Nusrati.  Francesco De Almeida was appointed the viceroy
o Patronized Ferishta, the only Persian author of Indian Portuguese territories on 25 March
to write South Indian history – ‘Gulsha-i- 1505.
Ibrahim’ & ‘Tarikh-i-Ferishta’.  Don Albuquerque seized Goa from Bijapur in
 Muhammad Adil Shah (1627-1656): 1510.
o Gol Gumbaz, the second largest tomb in the  The Portuguese captured Daman & Diu in 1531.
world, is his tomb. It was designed by Yakut  Suleiman Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Cairo,
of Dabul & commissioned by Ali Adil Shah-I besieged Diu in 1538. Two months later, the
(1665-1672), who died after struggling Portuguese Armada arrived at Diu & Turks were
against the Mughals on one side the forced to retreat.
Marathas on the other side.  Ottoman Emperor sent two mor expeditions to
o His reign witnessed the ascension of the India against the Portuguese under Peri Rais in
Marathas under Shivaji. 1551 & Ali Rais in 1554.
o World’s largest dome is Singapore Stadium.  In 1566, the Portuguese signed a peace treaty
 Ali Adil Shah-II is buried at the Ali-ka-Rouza in with the Ottoman Empire
Bada Kaman at Bijapur.  The Portuguese opened the Indian trade with
 Aurangzeb conquered Bijapur in 1686-87. Japan.
 Golconda Sultanate (1565-1612):  They introduced Potato, Tobacco, Maize &
 Estd. by Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk. Peanuts.
 They patronized Telugu so exclusively that  Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur & the Zamorin of Calicut
they were called ‘Telugu Sultans’. invaded Goa in 1570, but they were successfully
 Gola Konda means ‘Shepherd’s Hill’ in Telugu. repelled by the Portuguese.
 The Golconda fort was built by the Kakatiyas.
 Koh-i-Noor diamond was discovered in STRUGGLE FOR DOMINANCE IN THE NORTH INDIA
Golconda mines. (1400-1526)
 Ibrahim Qutb Shah supported the Deccani  The Sur Empire (1540-1556):
Sultanates in the Battle of Talikkota.  Sher Shah Suri (1472-1545)
 Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1565-1612): o Son of Hassan Khan Sur.
o Issued a farman to allow Dutch merchants o Claimed to be the Emperor of Hindustan.
to trade at Masulipatanam in 1606. o Annexed Bengal in 1537.
o Wrote poetry in Urdu, Persian & Telugu. o Defeated Maldeo of Marwar in the Battle of
o The first Shaheb-e-Diwan of Urdu poetry. Sammel in 1544.
o Built the city of Hyderabad on the southern o Built the Purana Quila & Sher Mandal,
bank of Musi river in 1591. erstwhile library of Humayun, in Dehli.
o Hyderabad was originally called o Sacked Malwa in 1542 & killed Puran Mal.
‘Beghnagar’. o Commissioned the Rohtas fort (UNESCO
o Built the Charminar in 1592. World Heritage site), built by Todar Mal, to
 Muhammad Qutb Shah (1612-1626): prevent Ghakkar raids in Pakistan.
o Started the construction of Mecca Mosque o Patronized Malik Muhammad Jayasi, the
in Hydrabad. author of ‘Padmavat’.
o Aurangzeb annexed Golconda in 1687 & o Patronized historian Abas Khan Sarwani –
completed the Mecca Mosque in 1694. ‘Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi’.
 Abdul Hasan Qutb Shah (1672-86): o Sher Shah introduced two new documents:
o The ‘Tana Shah’.  Patta – amount due from each pheasant.
o Brahmin brothers Madanna & Akkana  Qabuliyat – agreement.
were his ministers. Aurangzeb executed o Renewed the Grand Trunk Road built by
them publicly in 1686, but spared the Chandragupta Maurya.
Sultan. o Introduced Dam copper coin & silver Rupia.
 o Defeated Humayun in the Battle of Chausa o Raja of Gwalior sent him two rare Sanskrit
- Bihar (1539) & the Battle of Bilgrama works on music.
(Kanauj) in 1540. o Introduced paper making & bookbinding
o Died during the siege of Kalijr fort on 22 to Kashmir.
May 1543. o Built Zain Lanka Island in the Woolar Lake
 Islam Shah codified the law. (fed by Jhelum).
 Bengal Shahi: o Conquered Ladakh, Baltistan & unified
 Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah in unified Bengal 1352 Kashmir.
& estd. the Bengal Shahi.
 Giyasudin Azam Shah (1390-1411): THE ERA OF MUGHALS (1526-1857)
o Patronized Persian poet Hafiz of Shiraz.  A Turko-Mongol Tribe of Uzbekistan.
o Chittagong trade port.  Spoke a Turkic language.
o Patronized poet Maladhar Basu, the  Homeland – Samarkand & Fergana.
compiler of ‘Shri Krishna Vijaya’ & granted  Babur (1526-30):
him the title of Gunraja Khan.  A Turko-Mongol warlord from Uzbekistan.
 Allaudin Hussain Khan (1493-1519):  Conquered Kabul in 1504 & Lahore in 1524.
o Patronized Bengal literature.  Defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the first Battle of
o Chaitanya Mahaprabhu lived under his Panipat on 21 April 1526 & captured Agra.
reign. Daulat Khan, the Lodhi governor of Punjab,
 Bengal became a stronghold of Vaishnavism deflected & supported Babur.
during the medieval period:  Defeated Rana Sanga in the Battle of Khanwa
o Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486-1534). on 16 March 1527 by assuming the title of
o Shankardeva (1449-1568): ‘Ghazi’ & declaring Jihad against him.
 Assamese.  Annexed Chanderi after defeating Medini Rai
 Vaishnav reformer. in 1528.
 Compiled ‘Kirtana Ghosha’.  Defeated Afghans of Eastern India in May
 Shah Mir Dynasty of Kashmir (1339-1561) 1529.
 Shamsuddin Shah Mir (1339-1342):  Wrote his biography, ‘Tuzuk-i-Baburi’ in Turkic.
o The founder of the Shah Mir Dynasty.  Humayun (1530-1549/Reign-I) & (1555-
o The first Muslim ruler of Kashmir. 1556/Reign-II):
o Came to Kashmir from Swat during  Eldest son of Babur.
Sahadeva’s reign in 1313.  Name means ‘Fortune’.
o Influenced by Sufi Saint Bulbul Shah who  His brothers:
introduced Islam to Kashmir o Kamran – Kabul & Kandahar.
 Sikander Shah (1389-1413): o Askari – Sambhal.
o Sikander, the Butshikan. o Hindal – Alwar.
o His minister Sahu Bhat converted to Islam  Two major rivals:
& oppressed Kashmiri Hindus in order to o Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat:
convert them too.  Humayun annexed Mandu &
o Imposed Jizya on infidels. Champaner in 1535.
o Destroyed Buddhist monasteries o Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan) of Bihar:
 Zain-ul-Abdin (1395-1470):  Defeated Humayun in the Battle of
o The Bud Shah. Chausa in June 1539.
o His reign is described by Jonaraja in  After losing the Battle of Bilgram against Sher
‘Rajatarangini-II’ & Srivara in Shah in 1540, Humayun retreated to
‘Rajatarangini-III’. Baluchistan & Iran & spent 15 years in Exile.
o Abolished Jizya & prohibited forced  Shah Tahmasp of Iran helped him to recover
conversions. Kabul & Kandshar in 1545.
o A patron of Sanskrit literature.  Recovered Delhi in 1555.
 In 1514, the Turkish Sultan defeated the Sah of
o Ordered translation of ‘Mahabharata’ &
Iran in the Battle of Chaldiran.
‘Rajatarangini’ into Persian.
 Ottoman Turks conquered Syria, Egypt,
o Allowed Hindus to build temples & follow
Eastern Europe & Arabia in 1529 & claimed to
Dharmashastras.
be Padshah-i-Islam.
o Granted land to Brahmins.
 Akbar (1556-1605):
o Shriya Bhatt was his minister.
 Born at Amarkot.
 Defeated Hemu Vikrmaditya & Afghanis in the  Dasvant & Baswan were famous painters of
second Battle of Panipat on 5 November 1556. Akbar’s court.
 Governor Bairam Khan acted as his guardian  Nine gems of Akbar’s court:
for the first five years of his reign. o Abul-Fazal: Akbarnama (Ain-i-Akbari).
 Defeated Maharana Pratap in the Battle of Translated bible into Persian.
Haldighati in 1576. o Raja Todar Mal: Finance Minister – Patwari
 Annexed Chittor (Udai Singh) in 1568 & System. Translated ‘Bhagwat Puran’ into
Ahmadabad in 1572. Persian.
 Captured Bihar (Daud Khan) in 1576 & ended o Abdur-Rahim Khan-i-Khanan: Bairam
the last Afghan kingdom in North India. Khan’s son. Wrote ‘Khetakautukam’ &
 Introduced Dahsala system with Todar Mal in ‘Dwatrishadyogavali’ on astrology.
1580 – Zabti or Bandobast. o Raja Birbal (Brahmin Mahesh Das): Advisor
 Land under Zabti system was divided into 4 & Commander.
categories: o Faizi: A peot who wrote ‘Tabashir-al-Subah’
o Polaj – cultivated annually. & translated ‘Mahabharata’ & Bhaskara’s
o Prauti – cultivated once in 2 years. ‘Lilavati’ into Persian.
o Chachar – once in 3 or 4 years. o Fakir Aziao Din: Akbar’s Sufi religious
o Banjar – once in 5 or more years. minister.
 Introduced Mansabdari System, Social Credit o Tansen (Ramtanu) of Gwalior: a disciple of
System, that originated under Genghis Khan. Swami Hari Das & Hazrat Muhmmad
Every noble & officer was assigned mansabs Ghauz. Master of Drupadh music. Wrote
(ranks) from 10 to 5,000. ‘Ganesh Strotra’ & ‘Sangit Sara’.
 Credits were divided into two categories: o Raja Man Singh: Kachwaha Raja of Amer.
o Zat – Personal credit. 0-500 Zat = Fought Haldighati against Pratap.
Manabdar; 500-2,500 Zat = Amirs; & Zat o Mulla-Do-Pyaza: Rival of Birbal.
above 2,500 = Amir-i-Umda.  Built Agra fort, Jahangir Mahal, Jodha Mahal,
o Sawar – Credit indicating the number of Panch Mahal & Govind Deva Temple
cavalrymen under a rank-holder. Every (Vrindavan).
cavalryman was required to keep 2 horses.  Tulsidas lived during his reign.
 Annexed Kashmir & Baltistan in 1586.  Persian Mahabharata = Razmnamah.
 Constructed Fatehpur Sikri in 1572.  Hamzahnamah = A book of 1200 paintings by
 Boland Darwaza was built to commemorate Ghalib Lakhnavi.
his victory in Gujarat.  Bestowed Diwani-i-Ashraf upon Todal Mal in
 Invaded Khandesh in 1576, but annexed it in 1582.
1601 after defeating Malik Ambar at Nandor,  Akbar died from Dysentery at Fatehpur Sikri in
Telangana. 1605.
 Khan-i-Khanan defeated combined forces of  Jahangir (1605-1627):
Amhmadnagar, Bijapur & Golaconda in 1616.  Prince Salim assumed the title of ‘Jahangir’.
 Religious outlook of Akbar:  He executed his son Khusrao Mirza & Sikh
o Abolished Jizya in 1564. Guru Arjun Dev for treason.
o Abolished pilgrimage tax on Hindus.  Sent a farman to Adil Shah of Bijarpur &
o Introduced the policy of Sulj-e-Kul. referred to him as his son.
o Introduced Deen-i-Illahi in 1582.  He married Noor Jahan in 1611.
o Built the Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri in o Daughter of Itimaduddaula.
1572 for philosophical & spiritual o Issued coins in her own name calling herself
discussions among scholars of different Begum Badshah.
faiths.  Issued a farman to Sir Thomas Roe of I.E.C. in
o Issued Muhzarnama (Decree of Infallibility) 1618.
in 1579 declaring his right to be the  Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan) revolted in 1622.
supreme arbiter in religious matters. He resented Noor Jahan’s influence in politics.
o Introduced Tauhid-i-Illahi (Divine  Mahabat Khan captured Jahangir at Jhelum.
Monotheism).  Noor Jahan coaxed the nobles into freeing
o Ordered translation of ‘Sinhasan Battisti’, Jahangir & Mahabat Khan fled.
‘Athrv-Veda’ & Quran, for the first time,  Defeating Mahabat Khan was Noor Jahan’s
into Persian. greatest political success.
 Amar Das was given the title of Sangram  Wrote ‘Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri’, his autobiography,
Shah by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. & ‘Farhang-i-Jahangir’, a Dictionary.
  ‘Padshahnameh’ by Abdul Hamid Lahori.  Architects of Taj Mahal – Ustad Isa & Isa
 ‘Muntakhab-i-Lubab’ by Khafi Khan. Muhammad Effendi. The dome was designed
 The practice of pieta durra (wall art) started in by Ishmael Khan.
India during his reign.  Other monuments built by him:
 Built Moti Masjid, Shalimar Bagh & Nishant o Moti Masjid – Agra.
Bagh at Lahore. o Sheesh Mahal – Agra.
 The zenith of Mughal paintings: o Mussaman Burj – Agra (here he spent his
o Halo effect in paintings started under his last days with his daughter Jahan Ara).
reign. o Red Fort – Delhi.
o Abu al Hasan – king’s favorite. o Jama Masjid – Delhi.
o Bishan Das – portraits. o Shalimar Bagh – Lahore.
o Madhu. o Shah-Jahanbad – Lahore.
o Anant. o Peacock Throne – built by Bebadal Khan in
o Manohar Das. 1628.
o Govardhan.  Inayat Khan wrote ‘Shah Jahan Nama’.
o Ustad Mansur – animal art. Aka ‘the Shirin-  Darah Shikoh translated Bhagwat Gita &
Kalam’ & ‘the Rafael of the East’. Upanishad into Persian. He works include
 He was a keen naturalist & his preference was ‘Majma-ul-Bahrain’ or ‘The Confluence of Two
for painting of hunting scenes, birds & flowers. Sea’ (Sufism & Vedanta), ‘Sakinat-l-Auliya’,
 Shah Jahan (1628-58): Safinat-ul-Auliya’, ‘Hasannat-ul-Aarifin’, ‘Iksir-
 Son of Jagat Goasain. i-Azam’, ‘Sirr-e-Akbari’ or ‘The Great Secret’
 Husband of Mumtaz Mahal. (Upanishads), ‘Risaala-i-Haq-Numa’ &
 The Golden age of the Mughal Empire. ‘Tariqat-ul-Haqiqat’.
 Defeated the Portuguese at Hugli in 1632.  Shah Jahan signed a treaty with Golconda &
 He coaxed Ali Mardan Khan, the Iranian Bijapur in 1630 stating following conditions:
governor of Kandhar, to deflect to his side in o He’ll cede 1/3rd of Ahmednagar to them if
1638. they break their alliance with the Marathas.
 In 1651, he initiated a program to construct o The Mughals would never invade Golconda
ships for wealthy merchants. & Bijapur.
 Guru Har Govind, supported by Paida Khan  Aurangzeb (1658-1707):
Pathan, clashed with Shah Jahan over a hawk.  The Mughal Empire became the largest
 The Afghan Campaign: empire in the Indian history during his rule.
o Nazr Muhammad requested Jahangir to  Darvesh/Zindapir/Alamgir.
help him recover Kabul & Gazni from the  Killed Darah Shikoh & imprisoned his father at
former’s son, Abzul Aziz. the Agra fort.
o Shah Jahan sent a large army to Kabul.  Was an accomplished Veena player.
o Prince Murad annexed Nazr Muhammad’s  Shah Jahan declared Dara Shikoh to be his
Balkh fort, forcing him to flee away. successor & raised his mansab from 40,000 zat
o Aurangzeb replaced Murad & defeated to 60,000 zat.
Abdul Aziz & Uzbeks at Balkh.  Shah Jahan sent Suleiman Shikoh, Darah’s son
o It was hard to maintain control over warlike to punish Shuja, who had coronated himself.
Afghan tribesmen. Shuja was defeated at Benares in Dec 1652.
o The Iranians conquered Kandhar in 1649,  He defeated Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur, sent by
but Aurangzeb (The Hero of Balkh) Shah Jahan, at Dharmat on 15 April 1658.
successfully defended the fort & repelled  He defeated Darah Shikoh in the Battle of
the invading Iranians. The fort, however, Samugarh on 29 May 1658.
remained under the Persian control.  He besieged the Agra fort & forced Shah Jahan
o Dara Shikoh was sent to recover the fort in to Surender.
1653, but he failed.  He defeated Darah again in the Battle of
 François Bernier, his chief physician Deorai in March 1659 with the help of Jaswant
(danishmand), accompanied him to Lahore & Singh of Mewar.
Kashmir in 1658.  Darah was crossing the Bolan Pass while an
 It took him 22 years to complete the Taj Afghan warlord captured & handed him over
Mahal the construction of which was started to Aurangzeb. Darah was killed.
in 1622.  General Mir Jumla forced Shuja to flee to
Arakan in April 1660. Arakanese warlords
executed Shuja with his family.
 In 1686, he imprisoned his own son Mauzzam  Jai Singh advised Aurangzeb to pursue a
for 12 years for conspiring with a Golconda forward policy in Deccan.
ruler. After being released he was made  Jai Singh’s Bijapur campaign failed in 1665 &
governor of Kabul. he died in 1667.
 ‘Zawabil-i-Alamgiri’ – A collection of his  Mughals secured the surrender of Sholapur by
decrees. bribe in 1668.
 He forbade inscribing of Kalmas on coins.  Madana & Akhana, Brahmin brothers, raised
 Prohibited gambling, use of intoxicants, to power under Shah of Golconda & caused
singing & dancing for the moral welfare of his great trouble to the Mughals by establishing
subjects. alliance with Bijapur & Shivaji.
 He appointed Muhtasib for public welfare.  Mughal viceroy Diler Khan attempted to
 He discontinued Hindu practices of capture Bijapur, but failed in 1679-80 as he
Jharokhadarshan & Tula Daan. was too weak to face combines forces of
 He discontinued the official department of Deccani Sultanates & matchlock rifle armed
history. Karnataka infantry.
 He banned celebration of Dushera & dismissed  He ordered his vassals to send reinforcements
astrologers & astronomers from his court. & expel the Anti-Mughal Bijapuri noble Sharza
 He reimposed Jizya & pilgrimage tax in 1679. Khan in 1681, but Adil Shah neglected the
 He invaded Deccan to punish the Deccani Mughal decree & asked Golconda &
Shias. Shambhaji for help.
 He copied Quran & sold its copies to meet his  Aurangzeb personally led the campaign
personal expenditure. against Bijapur & annexed it in 1686.
 Ordered demolitions of Hindu temples in  The Mughals invaded Golconda in b. Qutb
1665. Shah was pardoned, but infidels Madana &
 Converted Vishnunath temple at Benares & Akhana were executed publicly in 1686.
Kashav Rai temple, built by Bir Singh Deo  Aurangzeb ordered Mir Jumla to besiege
Bundala, into mosques. Golconda in 1687. Aurangzeb acquired the
 Mustaid Khan wrote ‘Maasir-i-Alamgiri’. Nur-ul-Din, the Great Stone, Kara, Darya-e-
 Wanted to convert India from Dar-ul-Harb to Nur, the Hope, the Wittelsbach & the Regent
Dar-ul-Islam. diamonds from this campaign which made him
 Mir Jumla annexed Guwahati in 1638, but the richest monarch in the world.
Ahoms recovered it in 1667. Ahoms led  The Mughal forces captured the infidel
guerrilla warfare against the Mughal army. Shambhaji at his Sangameshvar hideout in
Mir Jumla, the governor of Bengal, was 1689 &, later, he was executed.
replaced by Shaista Khan.  Jini fort fell in 1698, but Raja Ram escaped.
 Jats, led by Gokala, rebelled against  He built the Biwi-ka-Maqbara (Aurangabad,
Aurangzeb in 1669. The rebellion was MH).
suppressed & Gokala was executed.  He built Moti Masjid (Delhi) & Badsahi
 Jats, led by Rajaram, revolted again in 1685, Mosque (Lahore).
Aurangzeb deployed Kachawhah ruler Bishan  ‘Wakai-i-Hydrabad’ by Nimat Khan.
Singh to crush the revolting Jats & by 1691 DECCAN & SOUTH INDIA
Rajaram & his successor Churaman were  Mughals, under Akbar, conquered Gujarat in
forced to submit. 1572 & Khandesh in 1576.
 Afghan leader Bhagu enthroned Muhammad  Akbar invited Deccani Sultans to accept the
Shah & declared himself to be Shah’s wazeer Mughal suzerainty in 1591, but except Khandesh
in 1667. all of them rejected his proposal.
 Akmal Khan proclaimed himself to be the King  Burhan Nizam Shah was killed by Ibrahim Adil
of Afghanistan & read the Khutba in his own Shah in 1595. His minor son was proclaimed to
name in 1672. be the king by his father’s aunt Chand Biwi.
 Aurangzeb assassinated Guru Govind Singh in  Hoever, Miyan Magu, wanted to enthrone
1706 in Deccan. Ahmad Nizam Shah-II. So, he invited Mughal
 Invaded Mewar in 1679. Prince Murad, the governor of Gujarat, to invade
 His son Akbar revolted against him in alliance Ahmednagar in November 1595.
with Durga Das Rathore of Ajmer.  Chand Biwi ceded Berar to Murad in 1596 & the
 Aneexed Kalyani & Bidar in 1657 & Parenda by Mughals retreated.
bribe in 1660.
 Chand Biwi requested her nephews, Adil Shah-II o Senapati/Sat i Naubat – Commander-in-
of Bejapur & Muhammad Quli Shah of Golconda, Chief.
to unite against the Mughals. o Amatya/Majumdar – Accountant.
 The Mughal forces, led by Khan-i-Khanan & o Waqianavis – Intelligence officer.
Mirza Shahrukh defeated the combined Deccani o Surunavis/Chitni – Correspondence Officer.
forces in 1597 at Sonpeth. o Dabir/Sumant – Foreign minister.
 Chand Biwi committed suicide in despair. o Nyayadhisha – Chief Justice.
o Pandit Rao – Head Priest.
MALIK AMBER  The Maratha revenue system was modelled
 Khan-i-Khanan defeated Amber at Nander in after Malik Amber’s.
1601.  Annaji Datto completed a revenue assessment
 Khan-i-Khanan received the fort of Kandhar in in 1679.
Telengana from Adil Shah-I.  Developed the concept of ‘Hindvi Swarajya’.
 Khan-i-Khanan defeated combined forces of  1/4th of revenue = Chauth.
Ahmednagar, Bijapur & Golconda in 1616 & the  Shambhaji Maharaj (1681-89):
Mughals occupied Nizam Shahi’s capital, Khirki.  Defeated the Portuguese & Chikka Deva Raya
 Shah Jahan appointed Mahabat Khan the of Mysore.
viceroy of Deccan.  Never lost a battle of fort to Aurangzeb.
 Mahabat Khan annexed Daulatabad in 1633 &  Mubarak Khan ambushed him at
ended the Nizam Shahi dynasty of Ahmednagar Sangameshvar in 1689.
(Maharashtra).  Raja Ram (1689-97):
 His wife Tarabai assumed the control of
THE MARATHAS Marathas in the name of her son Raja Ram.
 Shivaji (1674-1818):  Shahuji Maharaj:
 Bhosale Clan.  Bahadur Shah released him after Aurangzeb’s
 Poona Jagir. death in 1707.
 Son of Shahji Bhosale & Jijabai.  Shahu challenged Tarabai’s claim over the
 Patronized Dadaji Konda Deva, Samarth Das. throne.
 Annexed Torana, Kalyan, Kondana & Mavali  Estd. states of Satara & Kohlapur (by Tarabai)
from Bijapur. in 1707.
 Bijapur deployed general Afsal Khan to take  Concluded the Treaty of Lonavala in 1714 with
care of Shivaji in 1659, but Shivaji assassinated Kanhaji Angre.
him.  Marathas marched towards Delhi in 1779 after
 He sacked the Mughal port city of Surat in defeating the Mughal governor of Deccan,
1664. Sayyid Hussain Ali.
 Aurangzeb deployed Shaista Khan to deal with
Shivaji. He occupied Poona, but Shivaji
attempted to assassinate him in 1660.
 He conquered Javli from Chandra Rao More in
1656.
 Aurangzeb deployed Raja Jai Singh to
besieged the Purandar fort in 1665 & forced
the Marathas to sign a peace treaty.
 Mughals granted mansab of 5,000 zat to
Shambhaji, Shivaji’s son.
 The Mughal-Maratha alliance failed.
 Shivaji felt insulted & left Aurangzeb’s birthday
party. Aurangzeb imprisoned him at Agra, but
he escaped in 1666.
 He sacked Surat again in 1670 & recovered
Purandar fort.
 Gaga Bhatt declared Shivaji to be a Kshatriya
& coronated him at Rajgarh in 1674.
 He claimed to be ‘Haindva Dharmodharaka’.
 He designated Ashtpradhana to govern his
kingdom:
o Peshwa – Prime Minister.