The Fountainhead

“Fountainhead” redirects here. For other uses, see tiates himself with senior partner Guy Francon. Roark
Fountainhead (disambiguation). and Cameron create inspired work, but rarely receive
recognition, whereas Keating’s ability to flatter brings him
The Fountainhead is a 1943 novel by Ayn Rand, and her quick success. To hasten his rise to power, Keating bends
his skills in manipulation towards the removal of rivals
first major literary success. More than 6.5 million copies
of the book have been sold worldwide. within his firm. His actions culminate in the unintended
manslaughter of Lucius Heyer, a senior partner, who dies
The Fountainhead's protagonist, Howard Roark, is an of a stroke when threatened with blackmail by Keating.
individualistic young architect who chooses to struggle Though he occasionally feels guilt for his unethical ac-
in obscurity rather than compromise his artistic and per- tions that led to his partnership within the firm, Keating
sonal vision. The book follows his battle to practice what demonstrates that he will always pursue his lust for pres-
the public sees as modern architecture, which he be- tige regardless of personal cost.
lieves to be superior, despite an establishment centered
on tradition-worship. How others in the novel relate to After Cameron retires, Keating hires Roark, who is soon
Roark demonstrates Rand’s various archetypes of human fired for insubordination by Francon. Roark works briefly
character, all of which are variants between Roark, the at another firm and then opens his own office. How-
author’s ideal man of independence and integrity, and ever, he has trouble finding clients and eventually closes
what she described as the “second-handers”. The com- it down. He takes a job at a granite quarry owned by
plex relationships between Roark and the various kinds Francon. Meanwhile, Keating has developed an inter-
of individuals who assist or hinder his progress, or both, est in Francon’s beautiful, temperamental and idealistic
allow the novel to be at once a romantic drama and a daughter Dominique, who works as a columnist for The
philosophical work. Roark is Rand’s embodiment of New York Banner, a yellow press-style newspaper. While
Roark is working in the quarry, he meets Dominique,
what she believes to be the ideal man, and his struggle
reflects Rand’s personal belief that individualism trumps who has retreated to her family’s estate in the same town.
There is an immediate attraction between them. Rather
collectivism.
than indulge in traditional flirtation, the two engage in a
The manuscript was rejected by twelve publishers before battle of wills that culminates in a rough sexual encounter
editor Archibald Ogden at the Bobbs-Merrill Company that Dominique later describes as a rape. Shortly after
risked his job to get it published. Despite mixed reviews their encounter, Roark is notified that a client is ready to
from the contemporary media, the book gained a follow- start a new building, and he returns to New York before
ing by word of mouth and became a bestseller. The novel Dominique can learn his name.
was made into a Hollywood film in 1949. Rand wrote the
screenplay, and Gary Cooper played Roark. Ellsworth M. Toohey, author of a popular architecture
column in the Banner, is an outspoken socialist who
is covertly rising to power by shaping public opinion
through his column and his circle of influential associates.
1 Plot summary Toohey sets out to destroy Roark through a smear cam-
paign he spearheads. Toohey convinces a weak-minded
businessman to hire Roark to design a temple dedicated
In the spring of 1922, Howard Roark is expelled from his to the human spirit. Given full freedom to design it as
architecture school for refusing to adhere to the school’s he sees fit, Roark includes a nude statue of Dominique,
conventionalism. Despite an effort by some professors to which creates a public outcry. Toohey manipulates the
defend Roark and a subsequent offer to continue, Roark client into suing Roark. At the trial, prominent architects
chooses to leave the school. He believes buildings should (including Keating) testify that Roark’s style is unortho-
be sculpted to fit their location, material and purpose el- dox and illegitimate. Dominique speaks in Roark’s de-
egantly and efficiently, while his critics insist that adher- fense, but he loses the case.
ence to historical convention is essential. He goes to New
York City to work for Henry Cameron, a disgraced archi- Dominique decides that since she cannot have the world
tect whom Roark admires. Peter Keating, a popular but she wants, in which men like Roark are recognized for
vacuous fellow student, has graduated with high honors. their greatness, she will live completely and entirely in
He too moves to New York to take a job at the prestigious the world she has, which shuns Roark and praises Keat-
architectural firm of Francon & Heyer, where he ingra- ing. She offers Keating her hand in marriage. Keating

1
2 2 BACKGROUND

accepts, breaking his previous engagement with Toohey’s rewrote the story, transforming the rivals into architects.
niece Catherine. Dominique turns her entire spirit over toOne of them, Howard Kane, was an idealist dedicated to
Keating, doing and saying whatever he wants. She fights his mission and erecting the skyscraper despite enormous
Roark and persuades his potential clients to hire Keating obstacles. The film would have ended with Kane’s throw-
instead. Despite this, Roark continues to attract a small ing back his head in victory, standing atop the completed
but steady stream of clients who see the value in his work.
skyscraper. In the end DeMille rejected Rand’s script,
To win Keating a prestigious commission offered by and the actual film followed Murphy’s original idea, but
Gail Wynand, the owner and editor-in-chief of the Ban- Rand’s version contained elements she would later use in
The Fountainhead.[1]
ner, Dominique agrees to sleep with Wynand. Wynand
then buys Keating’s silence and his divorce from Do- David Harriman, who in 1999 edited the posthumous
minique, after which Wynand and Dominique are mar- “Journals of Ayn Rand”[2] also noted some elements of
ried. Wynand subsequently discovers that every building “The Fountainhead” already present in the notes for an
he likes was designed by Roark, so he enlists Roark to earlier novel which Rand worked on and never completed.
build a home for himself and Dominique. The home is Its protagonist is shown as goaded beyond endurance by
built, and Roark and Wynand become close friends, al- a pastor, finally killing him and getting executed. The
though Wynand does not know about Roark’s past rela- pastor—considered a paragon of virtue by society but ac-
tionship with Dominique. tually a monster—is in many ways similar to Ellsworth
Now washed up and out of the public eye, Keating realizes Toohey, and the pastor’s assassination is reminiscent of
he is a failure. He pleads with Toohey for his influence Steven Mallory’s attempt to kill Toohey.
to get the commission for the much-sought-after Cort- Rand began The Fountainhead (originally titled Second-
landt housing project. Keating knows his most success- Hand Lives) following the completion in 1934 of her first
ful projects were aided by Roark, so he asks for Roark’s novel, We the Living. While that earlier novel had been
help in designing Cortlandt. Roark agrees to design it in based partly on people and events from Rand’s experi-
exchange for complete anonymity and Keating’s promise ences, the new novel was to focus on the less-familiar
that it will be built exactly as designed. When Roark world of architecture. Therefore, she did extensive re-
returns from a long trip with Wynand, he finds that the search to develop plot and character ideas. This in-
Cortlandt design has been changed despite his agreement cluded reading numerous biographies and books about
with Keating. Roark dynamites the building to prevent architecture,[3] and working as an unpaid typist in the of-
the subversion of his vision. fice of architect Ely Jacques Kahn.[4]
The entire country condemns Roark, but Wynand finally Rand’s intention was to write a novel that was less overtly
finds the courage to follow his convictions and orders political than We the Living, to avoid being “considered
his newspapers to defend him. The Banner's circulation a 'one-theme' author”.[5] As she developed the story, she
drops and the workers go on strike, but Wynand keeps began to see more political meaning in the novel’s ideas
printing with Dominique’s help. Wynand is eventually about individualism.[6] Rand also initially planned to in-
faced with the choice of closing the paper or reversing troduce each of the four sections with a quote from
his stance. He gives in; the newspaper publishes a denun- philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, whose ideas had influ-
ciation of Roark over Wynand’s signature. At the trial, enced her own intellectual development. However, she
Roark seems doomed, but he rouses the courtroom with eventually decided that Nietzsche’s ideas were too differ-
a speech about the value of ego and the need to remain ent from her own. She did not place the quotes in the
true to oneself. The jury finds him not guilty and Roark published novel, and she edited the final manuscript to
wins Dominique. Wynand, who has finally grasped the remove other allusions to him.[7]
nature of the “power” he thought he held, shuts down the Rand’s work on The Fountainhead was repeatedly inter-
Banner and asks Roark to design one last building for rupted. In 1937, she took a break from it to write a novella
him, a skyscraper that will testify to the supremacy of called Anthem. She also completed a stage adaptation of
man. Eighteen months later, the Wynand Building is un-
We the Living that ran briefly in early 1940.[8] That same
der construction and Dominique, now Roark’s wife, en- year, she also became actively involved in politics, first
ters the site to meet him atop its steel framework.
working as a volunteer in Wendell Willkie's presidential
campaign, then attempting to form a group for conserva-
tive intellectuals.[9] As her royalties from earlier projects
ran out, she began doing freelance work as a script reader
2 Background for movie studios. When Rand finally found a publisher,
the novel was only one-third complete.[10]
In 1928, Cecil B. DeMille charged Rand with writing
a script for what would become the film Skyscraper.
The original story, by Dudley Murphy, was about two
construction workers involved in building a New York
skyscraper who are rivals for a woman’s love. Rand
4.2 Peter Keating 3

3 Publication history mover” to achieve pure art, not mitigated by others, as op-
posed to councils or committees of individuals which lead
Although she was a previously published novelist and had to compromise and mediocrity and a “watering down” of
a successful Broadway play, Rand had difficulty finding a a prime mover’s completed vision. He represents the tri-
publisher for The Fountainhead. Macmillan Publishing, umph of individualism over the slow stagnation of collec-
which had published We the Living, rejected the book af- tivism. He is eventually arrested for dynamiting a build-
ter Rand insisted that they must provide more publicity ing he designed, the design of which was compromised
for her new novel than they did for the first one.[11] Rand’s by other architects brought in to negate his vision of the
agent began submitting the book to other publishers. In project. During his trial, Roark delivers a speech con-
1938, Knopf signed a contract to publish the book, but demning “second-handers” and declaring the superiority
when Rand was only a quarter done with manuscript by of prime movers; he prevails and is vindicated by the jury.
October 1940, Knopf canceled her contract.[12] Several The character of Roark was at least partly inspired by
other publishers rejected the book, and Rand’s agent be- American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Rand described
gan to criticize the novel. Rand fired her agent and de- the inspiration as limited to “some of his architectural
cided to handle submissions herself.[13] ideas [and] the pattern of his career”.[19] She denied that
While Rand was working as a script reader for Paramount Wright had anything to do with the philosophy expressed
Pictures, her boss there, Richard Mealand, offered to in- by Roark or the events of the plot.[20][21] Rand’s de-
troduce her to his publishing contacts. He put her in touch nials have not stopped other commentators from claiming
with the Bobbs-Merrill Company. A recently hired edi- stronger connections between Wright and Roark.[21][22]
tor, Archibald Ogden, liked the book, but two internal Wright himself equivocated about whether he thought
reviewers gave conflicting opinions about it. One said Roark was based on him, sometimes implying that he
it was a great book that would never sell; the other said was, at other times denying it.[23] Wright biographer
it was trash but would sell well. Ogden’s boss, Bobbs- Ada Louise Huxtable described the “yawning gap” be-
Merrill president D.L. Chambers, decided to reject the tween Wright’s philosophy and Rand’s, and quoted him
book. Ogden responded by wiring to the head office, declaring, “I deny the paternity and refuse to marry the
“If this is not the book for you, then I am not the edi- mother.”[24]
tor for you.” His strong stand got a contract for Rand in
December 1941. Twelve other publishers had rejected
the book.[14] 4.2 Peter Keating
Rand’s working title for the book was Second Hand Lives,
Peter Keating is also an aspiring architect, but is every-
but Ogden pointed out that this emphasized the story’s
thing that Roark is not. His original inclination was to be-
villains. Rand offered The Mainspring as an alternative,
come an artist, but his opportunistic mother pushes him
but this title had been recently used for another book,
toward architecture where he might have greater material
so she used a thesaurus and found 'fountainhead' as a
success. Even by Roark’s own admission, Keating does
synonym.[15]
possess some creative and intellectual abilities, but is sti-
The Fountainhead was published in May 1943. Ini- fled by his sycophantic pursuit of wealth over morals. His
tial sales were slow, but as Mimi Reisel Gladstein de- willingness to build what others wish leads him to tempo-
scribed it, sales “grew by word-of-mouth, developing a rary success. He attends architecture school with Roark,
popularity that asserted itself slowly on the best-seller who helps him with some of his less inspired projects. He
lists.”[16] It reached number six on The New York Times is subservient to the wills of others: Dominique Francon’s
bestseller list in August 1945, over two years after its ini- father, the architectural establishment, his mother, even
tial publication.[17] Roark himself. Keating is “a man who never could be, but
A 25th anniversary edition was issued by New American doesn't know it”. The one sincere thing in Keating’s life is
Library in 1971, including a new introduction by Rand. his love for Catherine Halsey, Ellsworth Toohey’s niece.
In 1993, a 50th anniversary edition from Bobbs-Merrill Though she offers to introduce Keating to Toohey, he
added an afterword by Rand’s heir, Leonard Peikoff. By initially refuses despite the fact that such an introduction
2008 the novel had sold over 6.5 million copies in English, would help his career. It is the only exception to his oth-
and it had been translated into several languages.[18] erwise relentless and ruthless ambition, which includes
bullying and threatening to blackmail a sick old man and
unintentionally causing his death. Although Keating does
have a conscience, and often does genuinely feel bad after
4 Characters doing certain things he knows are immoral, he only feels
this way in hindsight, and doesn't allow his morals to in-
4.1 Howard Roark fluence current decision making. Keating’s offer to elope
with Catherine is his one chance to act on what he believes
As the protagonist of the book, Roark is an aspiring ar- is his own desire. But, Dominique arrives at that precise
chitect who firmly believes that a person must be a “prime moment and offers to marry him for her own reasons,
4 4 CHARACTERS

and his acceptance of the offer and betrayal of Cather- mately fails in his attempts to wield power, losing his
ine ends the potential of romance between them. His ac- newspaper, his wife, and his friendship with Roark.[33]
ceptance of Dominique’s offer of marriage, which would The character has been interpreted as a representation of
help his career far more than a marriage with Catherine, Nietzsche’s "master morality",[34] and his tragic nature il-
is a quintessential example of his failure to stand up for lustrates Rand’s rejection of Nietzsche’s philosophy.[35]
his own convictions. In Rand’s view, a person like Wynand, who seeks power
over others, is just as much a “second-hander” as a con-
formist like Keating.[36]
4.3 Dominique Francon

Dominique Francon is the heroine of The Fountainhead, 4.5 Ellsworth Toohey

described by Rand as “the woman for a man like Howard
Roark.”[25] For most of the novel, the character operates
from what Rand later described as “a very mistaken idea
about life.”[26] Dominique is the daughter of Guy Fran-
con, a highly successful but creatively inhibited architect.
She is a thorn in the flesh of her father and causes him
much distress for her works criticizing the architectural
profession’s mediocrity. Peter Keating is employed by
her father, and her intelligence, insight and observations
are above his. It is only through Roark that her love of
adversity and autonomy meets a worthy equal. These
strengths are also what she initially lets stifle her growth
and make her life miserable. She begins thinking that the
world did not deserve her sincerity and intellect, because
the people around her did not measure up to her stan-
dards. She starts out punishing the world and herself for
all the things about man which she despises, through self-
defeating behavior. She initially believes that greatness,
such as Roark’s, is doomed to fail and will be destroyed
by the 'collectivist' masses around them. She eventually
joins Roark romantically, but before she can do this, she
must learn to join him in his perspective and purpose.
The character has provoked varied reactions from com-
mentators. Chris Matthew Sciabarra called her “one
of the more bizarre characters in the novel.”[27] Mimi
Reisel Gladstein called her “an interesting case study in
perverseness”[28] Tore Boeckmann described her as a British socialist Harold Laski was one of Rand’s primary inspi-
character with “mixed premises”, some of which were rations for the character of Ellsworth Toohey.
mistaken, and saw her actions as a logical representation
of how her conflicting ideas might play out.[29] Ellsworth Monkton Toohey, who writes a popular art crit-
icism column, is Roark’s antagonist. Toohey is Rand’s
personification of evil, the most active and self-aware vil-
4.4 Gail Wynand lain in any of her novels.[37] Toohey is a socialist, and rep-
resents the spirit of collectivism more generally. He styles
Gail Wynand is a wealthy newspaper mogul who rose himself as representative of the will of[38] the masses, but his
from a destitute childhood in the ghettoes of New York actual desire is for power over others. He controls in-
City to control much of the city’s print media. While dividual victims by destroying their sense of self-worth,
Wynand shares many of the character qualities of Roark, and seeks broader power (over “the world”, as he declares
his success is dependent upon his ability to pander to pub- to Keating in a moment of candor) by promoting the ide-
lic opinion, a flaw which eventually leads to his down- als of ethical altruism and a rigorous egalitarianism that
fall. In her journals Rand described Wynand as “the man treats all people and achievements as equally valuable, re-
[39]
who could have been” a heroic individualist, contrasting gardless of their true value. As one reviewer described
him to Roark, “the man who can be and is”.[30] Some his approach:
elements of Wynand’s character were inspired by real-
life newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst,[31] in- Aiming at a society that shall be “an av-
cluding Hearst’s mixed success in attempts to gain po- erage drawn upon zeroes,” he knows exactly
litical influence.[32] Wynand is a tragic figure who ulti- why he corrupts Peter Keating, and explains
5.2 Architecture 5

his methods to the ruined young man in a pas- Fountainhead hardly mentions politics or economics, de-
sage that is a pyrotechnical display of the fas- spite the fact that it was born in the 1930s. Nor does
cist mind at its best and its worst; the use of the it deal with world affairs, although it was written during
ideal of altruism to destroy personal integrity, World War II. It is about one man against the system, and
the use of humor and tolerance to destroy all it does not permit other matters to intrude.”[44]
standards, the use of sacrifice to enslave.[40]

5.2 Architecture
His biggest threat is the strength of the individual spirit
embodied by Roark.[41]
Rand used her memory of the British democratic socialist
Harold Laski to help her imagine what Toohey would do
in a given situation. New York intellectuals Lewis Mum-
ford and Clifton Fadiman also contributed inspirations for
the character.[42]

4.6 Minor characters

• Henry Cameron: Roark’s architect mentor and em-
ployer

• The Dean: The dean of the Stanton Institute of

Technology architecture school

• Guy Francon: Dominique’s father and Keating’s em-

ployer and business partner

• Catherine Halsey: Keating’s fiancee and Toohey’s

niece

• Austen Heller: An individualistic thinker who hires

Roark and becomes one of his biggest allies.

• Lucius Heyer: The business partner of Guy Fran-

con, who is indirectly killed by Keating’s attempts
at manipulation.

• Mrs. Keating: Keating’s overbearing and

Rand’s descriptions of Roark’s buildings were inspired by the
manipulative mother
work of Frank Lloyd Wright, such as Fallingwater, a residence
• Steven Mallory: A disillusioned sculptor who tries he designed in the 1930s.
to kill Toohey but later regains his confidence with
the help of Roark Rand dedicated The Fountainhead to her husband, Frank
O'Connor, and to architecture. She chose architecture
• Alvah Scarret: Wynand’s editor-in-chief for the analogy it offered to her ideas, especially in the
context of the ascent of modern architecture. It pro-
• John Erik Snyte: An employer of Roark’s who uses vided an appropriate vehicle to solidify her beliefs that
a group of five designers to create a final sketch the individual is of supreme value, the “fountainhead”
of creativity, and that selfishness, properly understood as
ethical egoism, is a virtue.
5 Main themes Peter Keating and Howard Roark are character foils.
Keating practices in the historical eclectic and neo-classic
5.1 Individualism mold, even when the building’s typology is a skyscraper.
He follows and pays respect to old traditions. He accom-
Rand indicated that the primary theme of The Fountain- modates the changes suggested by others, mirroring the
head was “individualism versus collectivism, not in poli- eclectic directions, and willingness to adapt, current at
tics but within a man’s soul.”[43] Apart from scenes such the turn of the twentieth century. Roark searches for
as Roark’s courtroom defense of the American concept truth and honesty and expresses them in his work. He
of individual rights, she avoided direct discussion of po- is uncompromising when changes are suggested, mirror-
litical issues. As historian James Baker described it, "The ing modern architecture’s trajectory from dissatisfaction
6 6 RECEPTION AND LEGACY

with earlier design trends to emphasizing individual cre- 6.2 Responses to the rape scene
ativity. Roark’s individuality eulogizes modern architects
as uncompromising and heroic. One of the most controversial elements of the book
is the rape scene between Roark and Dominique.[53]
The Fountainhead has been cited by numerous archi-
Feminist critics have attacked the scene as representative
tects as an inspiration for their work. Architect Fred
of an anti-feminist viewpoint in Rand’s works that makes
Stitt, founder of the San Francisco Institute of Archi-
women subservient to men.[54] Susan Brownmiller, in her
tecture, dedicated a book to his “first architectural men-
1975 work Against Our Will, denounced what she called
tor, Howard Roark”.[45] Nader Vossoughian has written
“Rand’s philosophy of rape”, for portraying women as
that "The Fountainhead... has shaped the public’s per-
wanting “humiliation at the hands of a superior man”.
ception of the architectural profession more than perhaps
[46] She called Rand “a traitor to her own sex”.[55] Susan
any other text over this last half-century.” According
Love Brown said the scene presents Rand’s view of sex
to renowned architectural photographer Julius Shulman,
as “an act of sadomasochism and of feminine subordi-
it was Rand’s work that “brought architecture into the
nation and passivity”.[56] Barbara Grizzuti Harrison sug-
public’s focus for the first time,” and he believes that The
gested women who enjoy such “masochistic fantasies”
Fountainhead was not only influential among 20th cen-
are “damaged” and have low self-esteem.[57] While Rand
tury architects, it “was one, first, front and center in the
scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein found elements to admire
life of every architect who was a modern architect.”[47]
in Rand’s female protagonists, she said that readers who
have “a raised consciousness about the nature of rape”
would disapprove of Rand’s “romanticized rapes”.[58]
Rand denied that what happened in the scene was actually
rape, referring to it as “rape by engraved invitation”[53]
6 Reception and legacy because Dominique wanted and “all but invited” the act,
citing among other things the conversation after Do-
6.1 Contemporary reception minique scratches the marble slab in her bedroom in or-
der to invite Roark to repair it.[59] A true rape, Rand said,
would be “a dreadful crime”.[60] Defenders of the novel
The Fountainhead polarized critics and received mixed have agreed with this interpretation. In an essay specifi-
reviews upon its release.[48] The New York Times' review cally explaining this scene, Andrew Bernstein wrote that
of the novel named Rand “a writer of great power” who although there is much “confusion” about it, the descrip-
writes “brilliantly, beautifully and bitterly,” and it stated tions in the novel provide “conclusive” evidence that “Do-
that she had “written a hymn in praise of the individ- minique feels an overwhelming attraction to Roark” and
ual... you will not be able to read this masterful book “desires desperately to sleep with” him.[61] Individualist
without thinking through some of the basic concepts of feminist Wendy McElroy said that while Dominique is
our time.”[40] Benjamin DeCasseres, a columnist for the “thoroughly taken,” there is nonetheless “clear indication
New York Journal-American, wrote of Roark as “an un- that Dominique not only consented,” but also enjoyed the
compromising individualist” and “one of the most in- experience.[62] Both Bernstein and McElroy saw the in-
spiring characters in modern American literature.” Rand terpretations of feminists such as Brownmiller as being
sent DeCasseres a letter thanking him for explaining the based in a false understanding of sexuality.[63]
book’s individualistic themes when many other reviewers
did not.[49] There were other positive reviews, but Rand Rand’s posthumously published working notes for the
dismissed many of them as either not understanding her novel, which were not known at the time of her debate
message or as being from unimportant publications.[48] A with feminists, indicate that when she started working
number of negative reviews focused on the length of the on the book in 1936 she conceived of Roark’s charac-
novel,[50] such as one that called it “a whale of a book” ter that “were it necessary, he could rape her and feel
and another that said “anyone who is taken in by it de- justified.”[64]
serves a stern lecture on paper-rationing.” Other negative
reviews called the characters unsympathetic and Rand’s
6.3 Cultural influence
style “offensively pedestrian.”[48]
The year 1943 also saw the publication of The God of the The Fountainhead has continued to have strong sales
Machine by Isabel Paterson and The Discovery of Free- throughout the last century into the current one, and has
dom by Rose Wilder Lane. Rand, Lane and Paterson been referenced in a variety of popular entertainment, in-
have been referred to as the founding mothers of the cluding movies, television series and other novels.[66] De-
American libertarian movement with the publication of spite its popularity, it has received relatively little ongo-
these works.[51] Journalist John Chamberlain, for exam- ing critical attention.[67][68] Assessing the novel’s legacy,
ple, credits these works with his final “conversion” from philosopher Douglas Den Uyl described The Fountain-
socialism to what he called “an older American philoso- head as relatively neglected compared to her later novel,
phy” of libertarian and conservative ideas.[52] Atlas Shrugged, and said, “our problem is to find those
6.4 Pop culture references 7

6.4 Pop culture references

In the film Dirty Dancing (1987) Baby confronts Robbie

to pay for Penny’s abortion. Robbie refuses to take re-
sponsibility and says “Some people count and some peo-
ple don't” and then hands Baby a used paperback copy
of The Fountainhead saying, “Read it. I think it’s a book
you'll enjoy, but make sure you return it; I have notes in
the margin.”[77][78]
In Episode 7.7 "Mazel Tov, Dummies!" of 30 Rock, Jack
reads a passage from The Fountainhead instead of the
Bible.
In the film A Scanner Darkly (2006) the character Charles
Freck unsuccessfully attempts suicide while wishing to be
found dead in his apartment with his body gripping a copy
of The Fountainhead. Due to drug-induced incoherence,
he illogically believes that such an action will “indict the
system and allow his death to achieve something”.
In Episode 20.20 "Four Great Women and a Manicure"
of The Simpsons, Marge takes Lisa to a salon for her first
manicure, prompting a debate as to whether a woman
can simultaneously be smart, powerful and beautiful by
The name and motto of the Fountainhead Café, a New York City
telling tales to one another. In the final tale, Maggie is
coffeehouse, were influenced by the novel.[65]
depicted as “Maggie Roark,” representing Howard Roark
from The Fountainhead.
In Season 2 Episode 13 “A-Tisket A-Tasket” of Gilmore
topics that arise clearly with The Fountainhead and yet Girls, Rory encourages Jess to read The Fountainhead
do not force us to read it simply through the eyes of Atlas once more, saying that it is classic and that no one could
Shrugged.”[67] write a forty page monologue the way she (Ayn Rand)
Among critics who have addressed it, some consider The could.
Fountainhead to be Rand’s best novel,[69][70][71] such as In Woody Allen’s To Rome with Love, Monica (Ellen
philosopher Mark Kingwell, who described The Foun- Page) talks about her desire to sleep with Howard Roark
tainhead as “Rand’s best work—which is not to say it is to impress her friend’s boyfriend.
good.”[72] A Village Voice columnist has called it “bla-
tantly tendentious” and described it as containing “heavy- In Season 2, Episode 3 of Elementary, the book was found
breathing hero worship.”[73] misplaced at the crime scene where Detective Marcus
Bell remarks that “half the college kids in New York have
The book has a particular appeal to young people, an ap- that book”. Sherlock Holmes then describes Ayn Rand as
peal that led historian James Baker to describe it as “more “The philosopher-in-chief to the intellectually bankrupt”.
important than its detractors think, although not as im-
portant as Rand fans imagine.”[70] Allan Bloom has re- In the Frasier episode Frasier’s Edge, Dr. Frasier Crane
ferred to the novel as being “hardly literature,” one having says to his mentor that his interest in psychiatry was
a “sub-Nietzschean assertiveness [that] excites somewhat sparked the day an older boy threw his copy of The Foun-
[79]
eccentric youngsters to a new way of life.” However, he tainhead under a bus.
also writes that when he asks his students which books In the film Identity Thief (2013), Sandy Patterson’s boss
matter to them, there is always someone influenced by Harold Cornish says to him: “I'll get you a copy of The
The Fountainhead.[74] Journalist Nora Ephron wrote that Fountainhead. Then you’ll see why this is good for every-
she had loved the novel when she was 18 but admitted body.” after questioning the hefty bonuses the higher-ups
that she “missed the point,” which she suggested is largely will be receiving.
subliminal sexual metaphor. Ephron wrote that she de-
cided upon re-reading that “it is better read when one is In Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda, planet Fountainhead
young enough to miss the point. Otherwise, one cannot is the historical homeworld of the Nietzschean people,
help thinking it is a very silly book.”[75] Architect David orbited by Ayn Rand station. In the episode The Banks
Rockwell said that the film adaptation influenced his in- of the Lethe, Tyr throws a copy of The Fountainhead to
terest in architecture and design, and that many architec- Captain Hunt.
ture students at his university named their dogs Roark as In the Lost episode Par Avion, James “Sawyer” Ford is
a tribute to the protagonist of the novel and film.[76] shown reading a copy of The Fountainhead.[80]
8 9 REFERENCES

In Season 6, Episode 20 of Barney Miller, titled “The Ar- Barcelona in early July 2014,[89] and then at the Festival
chitect,” a man is arrested for vandalizing a newly con- d'Avignon later that month.[90]
structed building that he claims is an unaesthetic mod-
ification of his original design. When the arrestee de-
risively refers to the structure as “that Cortlandt,” Diet- 8 See also
rich deduces that he is a Roark copycat who has likely
planted a time-bomb. Dietrich explains: “Cortland was
• Objectivism (Ayn Rand)
the name of the building in The Fountainhead, a novel by
Ayn Rand.” “The Architect”. • Ethical egoism
• Rational egoism

7 Adaptations • Romantic realism

• Individualism
7.1 Illustrated version
• Libertarianism
In 1945, Rand was approached by King Features Syn-
dicate about having a condensed, illustrated version of
the novel published for syndication in newspapers. Rand 9 References
agreed, provided that she could oversee the editing and
approve the proposed illustrations of her characters, 9.1 Citations
which were provided by Frank Godwin. The 30-part se-
ries began on December 24, 1945, and ran in over 35 [1] Heller 2009, pp. 65, 441; Eyman, Scott (2010). Empire
newspapers.[81] of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille. New York:
Simon & Schuster. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-7432-8955-9.
OCLC 464593099.
7.2 Film version
[2] “Journals of Ayn Rand”, edited by David Harriman, Pen-
guin, 1999, Ch. 3
Main article: The Fountainhead (film)
[3] Burns 2009, p. 41
In 1949, Warner Brothers released a film based on the [4] Gladstein 1999, p. 11
book, starring Gary Cooper as Howard Roark, Patricia
Neal as Dominique Francon, Raymond Massey as Gail [5] Burns 2009, p. 43
Wynand, and Kent Smith as Peter Keating. The film [6] Burns 2009, p. 69
was directed by King Vidor. The Fountainhead grossed
$2.1 million, $400,000 less than its production budget.[82] [7] Burns 2009, p. 87; Milgram, Shoshana. "The Fountain-
However, sales of the novel increased as a result of inter- head from Notebook to Novel”. in Mayhew 2006, pp.
est spurred by the film.[83] In letters written at the time, 13–17
the author’s reaction to the film was positive, saying “The [8] Britting 2004, pp. 54–56
picture is more faithful to the novel than any other adap-
tation of a novel that Hollywood has ever produced”[84] [9] Burns 2009, pp. 54–66
and “It was a real triumph.”[85] However, she displayed
[10] Branden 1986, p. 171
a more negative attitude towards it later, saying that she
“disliked the movie from beginning to end”, and com- [11] Branden 1986, p. 155
plaining about its editing, acting and other elements.[86]
[12] Burns 2009, p. 52
As a result of this film, Rand said that she would never
sell any of her novels to a film company that did not allow [13] Burns 2009, p. 68
her the right to pick the director and screenwriter as well
as edit the film, as she did not want to encounter the same [14] Burns 2009, p. 80; Branden 1986, pp. 170–171; Heller
production problems that occurred on this film.[87] 2009, p. 186. Heller notes that the rejections included
Macmillan and Knopf, who had expressed some interest
in publishing the book but eventually rejected it over con-
tractual issues.
7.3 Theatrical version
[15] Burns 2009, p. 80
In June 2014, an adaptation for the stage (in Dutch)
[16] Gladstein 1999, p. 12
was presented at the Holland Festival, directed by Ivo
[88]
van Hove, with Ramsey Nasr as Howard Roark. [17] “Timeline of Ayn Rand’s Life and Career”. Ayn Rand
The production subsequently went on tour, appearing in Institute. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
9.1 Citations 9

[18] Gladstein 2009, p. 122 [45] Branden 1986, p. 420

[19] Rand 2005, p. 190 [46] Vossoughian, Nader. “Ayn Rand’s 'Heroic' Modernism:
Interview with Art and Architectural Historian Merrill
[20] Berliner, Michael S. “Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd Schleier”. agglutinations.com/. Retrieved November 23,
Wright”. In Mayhew 2006, pp. 48–50 2010.
[21] Reidy, Peter. “Frank Lloyd Wright And Ayn Rand”. The [47] McConnell 2010, pp. 84–85
Atlas Society. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
[48] Berliner, Michael S. "The Fountainhead Reviews”, in
[22] Berliner, Michael S. “Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd Mayhew 2006, pp. 77–82
Wright”. In Mayhew 2006, pp. 42–44
[49] Rand 1995, p. 75
[23] Berliner, Michael S. “Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd
Wright”. In Mayhew 2006, pp. 47–48 [50] Gladstein 1999, pp. 117–119
[24] Huxtable, Ada Louise (2008) [2004]. Frank Lloyd [51] Powell, Jim (May 1996). “Rose Wilder Lane, Isabel Pa-
Wright: A Life. New York: Penguin. p. 226. ISBN 978- terson, and Ayn Rand: Three Women Who Inspired the
0-14-311429-1. OCLC 191929123. Modern Libertarian Movement”. The Freeman: Ideas on
Liberty 46 (5): 322. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
[25] Rand 1997, p. 89

[26] Rand 1995, p. 341 [52] John Chamberlain, A Life with the Printed Word, Regnery,
1982, p.136.
[27] Sciabarra 1995, p. 107
[53] Burns 2009, p. 86; Den Uyl 1999, p. 22
[28] Gladstein 1999, p. 41
[54] Den Uyl 1999, p. 22
[29] Boeckmann, Tore. “Aristotle’s Poetics and The Fountain-
head. In Mayhew 2006, pp. 158, 164 [55] Brownmiller, Susan (1975). Against Our Will: Men,
Women, and Rape. New York: Simon and Schuster.
[30] Burns 2009, p. 44; Heller 2009, pp. 117–118 ISBN 0-671-22062-4.. Reprinted in Gladstein & Scia-
barra 1999, pp. 63–65
[31] Burns 2009, p. 44; Johnson 2005, p. 44; Berliner,
Michael S. “Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd Wright”. In [56] Brown, Susan Love. “Ayn Rand: The Woman Who
Mayhew 2006, p. 57 Would Not Be President”. In Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999,
p. 289
[32] Burns 2009, pp. 44–45
[57] Harrison, Barbara Grizzuti. “Psyching Out Ayn Rand”.
[33] Gladstein 1999, pp. 52–53 In Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999, pp. 74–75
[34] Hicks 2009, p. 267
[58] Gladstein 1999, pp. 27–28
[35] Gotthelf 2000, p. 14; Heller 2009, p. 117; Merrill 1991,
[59] Rand 1995, p. 631
pp. 47–50
[60] Rand 1995, p. 282
[36] Smith, Tara. “Unborrowed Vision: Independence and
Egoism in The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, pp. [61] Bernstein, Andrew. “Understanding the 'Rape' Scene in
291–293; Baker 1987, pp. 102–103; Den Uyl 1999, pp. The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, pp. 201–203
58–59
[62] McElroy, Wendy. “Looking Through a Paradigm
[37] Gladstein 1999, p. 62; Den Uyl 1999, pp. 54–55; Min-
Darkly”. In Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999, pp. 163–164
saas, Kirsti. “The Stylization of Mind in Ayn Rand’s Fic-
tion”. In Thomas 2005, p. 187 [63] Bernstein, Andrew. “Understanding the 'Rape' Scene in
The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, p. 207; McEl-
[38] Baker 1987, p. 52; Gladstein 1999, p. 62
roy, Wendy. “Looking Through a Paradigm Darkly”. In
[39] Den Uyl 1999, pp. 54–56; Sciabarra 1995, pp. 109–110 Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999, pp. 162–163

[40] Pruette 1943 [64] "Journals of Ayn Rand", entry for February 9, 1936.

[41] Merrill 1991, p. 52 [65] Cohen, Arianne (May 21, 2006). “The Soda Fountain-
head”. New York.
[42] Berliner, Michael. “Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd
Wright”. In Mayhew 2006, p. 57; Johnson 2005, pp. 44– [66] Sciabarra 2004, pp. 3–5; Burns 2009, pp. 282–283
45
[67] Den Uyl 1999, p. 21
[43] Rand 1997, p. 223
[68] Hornstein, Alan D. (1999). “The Trials of Howard
[44] Baker 1987, p. 51 Roark”. Legal Studies Forum 23 (4): 431.
10 9 REFERENCES

[69] Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2000). Encyclopedia of 9.2 Works cited

Women’s History in America (2nd ed.). New York: In-
fobase Publishing. p. 211. ISBN 0-8160-4100-8. • Baker, James T. (1987). Ayn Rand. Boston,
Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-
[70] Baker 1987, p. 57
7497-1. OCLC 14933003.
[71] Merrill 1991, p. 45
• Branden, Barbara (1986). The Passion of Ayn Rand.
[72] Kingwell, Mark (2006). Nearest Thing to Heaven: The Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company.
Empire State Building and American Dreams. New Haven: ISBN 0-385-19171-5. OCLC 12614728.
Yale University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-300-10622-0.
• Britting, Jeff (2004). Ayn Rand. Overlook Illus-
[73] Hoberman, J. (February 17, 1998). “Crazy for You”. The trated Lives. New York: Overlook Duckworth.
Village Voice 43 (7). p. 111.
ISBN 1-58567-406-0. OCLC 56413971.
[74] Bloom, Allan (1987). The Closing of the American Mind.
New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 62. ISBN 0-671- • Burns, Jennifer (2009). Goddess of the Market: Ayn
65715-1. OCLC 17820784. Rand and the American Right. New York: Ox-
ford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532487-7.
[75] Ephron, Nora (1970). "The Fountainhead Revisited”. OCLC 313665028.
Wallflower at the Orgy. New York: Viking. p. 47.
• Den Uyl, Douglas J. (1999). The Fountainhead:
[76] Hofler, Robert (2009). “The Show People”. Variety’s “the An American Novel. Twayne’s Masterwork Stud-
movie that changed my life": 120 celebrities pick the films
ies. New York: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-
that made a difference (for better or worse). Da Capo
Press. p. 163.
7932-9.

[77] Tom Geoghega (17 August 2012). “Ayn Rand: Why is • Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (1999). The New Ayn Rand
she so popular?". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved August Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood
17, 2012. Press. ISBN 0-313-30321-5. OCLC 40359365.

[78] “IMDB: Memorable quotes for Dirty Dancing”. • Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2009). Ayn Rand. Ma-
jor Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers series.
[79] “Frasier’s Edge”. The Frasier Archives. KACL780.net.
New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-4513-1.
Retrieved August 6, 2014.
OCLC 319595162.
[80] “Sawyer reading The Fountaihead”. Imgur. Imgur. Re-
trieved January 8, 2016. • Gladstein, Mimi Reisel & Sciabarra, Chris
Matthew, eds. (1999). Feminist Interpretations of
[81] Sciabarra 2004, p. 6 Ayn Rand. Re-reading the Canon. University Park,
Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
[82] Hoberman, J (2011). “The ministry of truth, justice and
ISBN 0-271-01830-5.
the American way, 1948–50”. An Army of Phantoms:
American Movies and the Making of the Cold War. The
• Gotthelf, Allan (2000). On Ayn Rand. Wadsworth
New Press. pp. 96–98. ISBN 1-59558-005-0.
Philosophers Series. Belmont, California:
[83] Gladstein 2009, p. 95 Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-534-57625-7.
OCLC 43668181.
[84] Rand 1995, p. 445
• Heller, Anne C. (2009). Ayn Rand and the World
[85] Rand 1995, p. 419 She Made. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-
[86] Britting 2004, p. 71 385-51399-9. OCLC 229027437.

[87] McConnell 2010, p. 262 • Hicks, Stephen R.C. (Spring 2009). “Egoism in Ni-
etzsche and Rand”. The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies
[88] "The Fountainhead: World Premier”. Holland Festival. 10 (2): 249–291.
Retrieved August 19, 2014.
• Johnson, Donald Leslie (2005). The Fountainheads:
[89] "The Fountainhead in Barcelona”. Toneelgroep Amster-
Wright, Rand, the FBI and Hollywood. Jefferson,
dam. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-
[90] Candoni, Christopher (July 16, 2014). "The Fountain- 7864-1958-X.
head: Ivo Van Hove Architecte d’un Grand Spectacle”
[The Fountainhead: Ivo Van Hove Architect of a Great • Mayhew, Robert, ed. (2006). Essays on Ayn Rand’s
Show] (in French). Toute la Culture. Retrieved August The Fountainhead. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington
19, 2014. Books. ISBN 0-7391-1577-4. OCLC 70707828.
 11

• McConnell, Scott (2010). 100 Voices: An Oral • German: Der ewige Quell, published by Morgarten
History of Ayn Rand. New York: New Ameri- Verlag.
can Library. ISBN 978-0-451-23130-7. OCLC
555642813. • Marathi: by Prof. Mugdha Karnik, University of
Mumbai. Diamond Publications, 2013.
• Merrill, Ronald E. (1991). The Ideas of Ayn Rand.
La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0- • Spanish: El manantial, published by Barcelona, Ed.
8126-9157-1. OCLC 23254190. Planeta.

• Pruette, Lorine (May 16, 1943). “Battle Against • Vietnamese: Suối nguồn, by Lan Anh Vũ, published
Evil”. The New York Times. p. BR7. Reprinted by TP HCM, 2007.
in McGrath, Charles, ed. (1998). Books of the Cen-
tury. New York: Times Books. pp. 135–136. ISBN
0-8129-2965-9. 11 External links
• Rand, Ayn (1995). Berliner, Michael S, ed. Letters
• Annual The Fountainhead essay contest (Ayn Rand
of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-
Institute)
93946-6. OCLC 31412028.
• CliffsNotes for The Fountainhead
• Rand, Ayn (1997). Harriman, David, ed. Journals
of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525- • SparkNotes study guide for The Fountainhead
94370-6. OCLC 36566117.
• Rand, Ayn (2005). Mayhew, Robert, ed. Ayn Rand
Answers, the Best of Her Q&A. New York: New
American Library. ISBN 0-451-21665-2. OCLC
59148253.
• Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (1995). Ayn Rand: The
Russian Radical. University Park, Pennsylvania:
Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-
01440-7. OCLC 31133644.
• Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (Fall 2004). “The Illus-
trated Rand” (PDF). The Journal of Ayn Rand Stud-
ies 6 (1): 1–20.
• Thomas, William, ed. (2005). The Literary Art of
Ayn Rand. Poughkeepsie, New York: The Objec-
tivist Center. ISBN 1-57724-070-7.

10 Further reading
• McGann, Kevin (1978). “Ayn Rand in the Stock-
yard of the Spirit”. In Peary, Gerald & Shatzkin,
Roger (eds). The Modern American Novel and the
Movies. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing.
ISBN 0-8044-2682-1.
• Cox, Stephen (2005). “The Literary Achievement
of The Fountainhead". In Thomas, William. The
Literary Art of Ayn Rand. Poughkeepsie, New York:
The Objectivist Center. ISBN 1-57724-070-7.

10.1 Foreign language translations

• Czech: Zdroj, published by Berlet, 2000.
• French: La Source vive, by Jane Fillion, published
by Jeheber.
12 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text
• The Fountainhead Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fountainhead?oldid=698908480 Contributors: Mav, Zoe, Octothorn,
Michael Hardy, Sannse, Pagingmrherman, Bueller 007, Kimiko, JamesReyes, Ehn, Alex S, Jay, KRS, Buridan, Jmabel, Calmypal,
Lowellian, Meelar, LGagnon, Dehumanizer, David Gerard, Javidjamae, DocWatson42, Rossrs, Philwelch, Netoholic, Brian Kendig,
Waldo, Leonard G., Naufana, Gracefool, Bluejay Young, Hexydes, Chowbok, Geni, Antandrus, Jfucinos, Ilgiz, Sam Hocevar, Beelze-
bubs, AnjaliSinha, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Smyth, Quiensabe, Bender235, Kaisershatner, Polynova, CanisRufus, Zenohockey,
Bobo192, Viriditas, Cmdrjameson, Runnerupnj, Themindset, Apostrophe, A2Kafir, Alansohn, Cjthellama, D prime, Echuck215, Jaw959,
Crablogger, SeanH~enwiki, Oleg Alexandrov, Bastin, Ramnath R Iyer, Smoothhenry, Ataru, Dandv, Dodiad, Brentdax, GregorB, Ste-
fanomione, Alloy, Noirish, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, CalleC~enwiki, Jgp, Sdornan, Salix alba, Ligulem, The wub, Reinis, Al-
isonW, Ground Zero, RexNL, Str1977, Rpeate, Vanished user psdfiwnef3niurunfiuh234ruhfwdb7, YurikBot, FrenchIsAwesome, Xihr,
SluggoOne, DaMenace123, Eddie.willers, LaszloWalrus, NickBush24, Mhartl, Nutiketaiel, Tinlash, JDoorjam, RL0919, Tertulia, North-
stop, Doncram, Wknight94, Zzuuzz, Nikkimaria, Eduard Gherkin, Rkerver, Leeannedy, Johnpseudo, Katieh5584, JDspeeder1, Gator1,
D Monack, VinceyB, SmackBot, Franny Wentzel, Lestrade, Unyoyega, Autobahnsho, Zaqarbal, Eskimbot, Ian Rose, Ehrhardtl, Demos-
thenes 1, Kevinalewis, Cabe6403, NickGarvey, Chris the speller, Audacity, Tswerdel, Snori, Asasa64, Sceptic~enwiki, Greatgavini, Sadads,
Kasyapa, Mikker, Jyellowlees, Wyth, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cobain, Writtenright, N Ashdown, Skidude9950, Petechen, Mr.Z-
man, Stevenmitchell, Cybercobra, Rmfitzgerald50, Eeyore22, Mouse Nightshirt, Tktktk, Mathewignash, Epidimos, Robertjessetelford,
Tenorcnj, Markham, Jh12, Randroide, Pondbrilliance, Tom Joudrey, CmdrObot, Fictionscribe, AmadeoV, Penbat, Bobnorwal, Trey-
bien, Alexander Butziger, Henrymrx, Jjcon1, Hebrides, Lugnuts, Pascal.Tesson, Biblbroks, Angelrendon, Opabinia regalis, Qwyrxian,
Anshuk, NPatrick6, PanAndScan, Mr pand, The+Invisible+Man, GordonRoss, Northumbrian, AntiVandalBot, Modernist, Agent Cooper,
Fcgier, Skomorokh, Scott0485, BenB4, MegX, Siddharth Mehrotra, Bcc cindy, Lawikitejana, RobinReborn, Adam keller, Ojh2, Whip-
perSnapper, Froid, Immacutron, Jbvetter, Thernlund, Hamill12, J0HANDAV, Softwarenerd, Phatalbert, DerHexer, Nithya.subramanian,
Laura1822, Shelby Davis, Unixham, R'n'B, John Duncan, Ezbraun, Branttudor, 1mujin22, Dowgy177, Edward Carson, Naniwako, SJP,
Ferahgo the Assassin, Touch Of Light, Madhava 1947, Jask99, YoavD, Endlessmike 888, Intangible2.0, GrahamHardy, M1angr42, Tall-
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eryisland, Applehead77, Falconclaw5000, Esyleeicats, Luzz, Caltas, Gator007, Flyer22 Reborn, Trafficjamas, KathrynLybarger, Dbushik,
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Plangent, Proofer47, XLinkBot, Bobbozzo, WikHead, Uditsood, Addbot, Blanche of King’s Lynn, Some jerk on the Internet, Oceana
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Nordby, Washburnmav, Aggers, AnomieBOT, Archon 2488, The Vegetarian Tiger, Hunnjazal, Citation bot, Maxis ftw, Haleyga, LilHelpa,
John Bessa, DSisyphBot, Srich32977, Johnremington, Omnipaedista, Brandonk2009, Eisfbnore, Spence40, Erik9, FreeKnowledgeCreator,
FrescoBot, Sunmaid143, Adam9389, Emmillym, Stevepalmateer, Woodenfox, Citation bot 1, VOBO, Philth 86, Micromesistius, Alonso
de Mendoza, Testuser33, N0thng2bdone, Wejer, Gerda Arendt, Jones2jy, WikiKing1234, Danfox79, Binhhk, DASHBot, John of Reading,
RA0808, Jenks24, Wickedwickedblessings, Cohanlon95, Kranix, Polisher of Cobwebs, Wisdomtenacityfocus, MacStep, Mike21122010,
Mathuranshuman, ClueBot NG, TehGrauniad, Satellizer, Widr, MerlIwBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Guzman.c, Jarerogers, GoldlineLiberTar-
ian, Objectively, Hartr, MattMauler, Toneplay, Prasaanth07, Lsurette, Dexbot, Br'er Rabbit, Sahstar, I am One of Many, Michipedian,
Froglich, ArmbrustBot, MilesMoney, NazariyKaminski, Chaosawaits, JaconaFrere, AbhorThivaiFerrari, PixelTenor, Monkbot, Thimala,
Wkmeade, KasparBot, Arschyre and Anonymous: 538

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