Art Visual Arts Literary Arts
Art Visual Arts Literary Arts
INTEGRATIVE ART
- different art forms are distinct from each other, but not necessarily independent of each other 2 or more art disciplines of
can be used to create integrated artwork
- people of different cultures having contact with each other lead artists lift styles & techniques from different practice
- spoken word poetry (contemporary artwork) written to be read onstage, usually in intimate setting
Art- ars (Latin, “skill”), techne (Greek, “technology”); expression of ideas/feelings through creative process/imagination
Visual Arts- through structure, image, tactile work; integrated visual art combines several media to create unique artwork
Literary Arts- through writing
Poetry -oldest forms of literature; imaginative & figurative language
- rhythmic & w/ syllabic counts (sonnet) or free verse
Prose – written in complete & grammatical narratives rather than figurative language (not poetry) (short story, novel)
Drama- written to be performed & not just read, referred as “plays”
Performing Arts-through written lyrics, text, dramatization, & multimedia production
- require musical theatre, dance, & drama; combination of art form (literary art for material, visual art for stage design
ELEMENTS
Space- (visual art) emptiness; positive space (enclosed in shape), negative space (opposite part which the shape is enclosing)
- (literature & music) pauses & interval between lines/ notes
Line- (visual) series of points; form (curved, dotted, broken), direction (vertical, horizontal, diagonal)
- horizontal calmness (sunset); vertical loftiness; diagonal (dynamism)
- (theatre) script lines; (dance) routine of steps executed
Shape- formed by connecting both ends of line; 2D w/height & width
Geometric- enclosed & structured Abstract- lack definition, asymmetrical, free-flowing
Organic- nature, free flowing
- circlelove, harmony, infinity; trianglestability (upright), tension (upside down); squarefamiliarity, equality
Form- 3D, w/added volume, more depth & doesn’t feel flat
Color- (visual) natural environment phenomenon. Scientifically, hues of different wavelengths are formed when light hits prism
- lightness/darkness, coolness/warmth
Value- (visual) color lightness/darkness; (music) pitch, highness/lowness of sound
Texture- (visual) tactile/illusory surface of piece; (music) mood/quality of composition
VISUAL ARTS
- manifestations of cultural influence to country; marked by ethnic, Spanish, American, & contemporary traditions
- early artworks by indigenous had social & communal function; involved in sculpting, pottery, weaving; had spiritual significance
- Spaniards added religious dimension to painting & sculpting; focused on saint & Biblical events
- Americans saw push & pull between liberated & conservative beliefs as it saw rise of more secular themes
- marked by how it rebels against rules of form; rise of new media & advanced technology made more people open to experimentation
& mixing of forms
Two-Dimensional Expression -mainly flat, length & width
a. Alla Prima– “wet-on-wet”; paint over layer of wet paint h. Stained Glass- made of colored glass
b. Encaustic –“hot wax painting”; add pigment to beeswax & use it to paint i. Tapestry- textile art woven on vertical loom
c. Tempera Painting- add pigment to water-soluble binder medium (egg yolk) j. Drawing- use writing material to mark 2D canvas
d. Fresco- mural painting technique, painting over fresh plaster k. Printing- image is formed using master template
e. Water Color- pigments are suspended in a water-based solution l. Photography- create image w/light
f. Oil on Canvas -adding pigments to drying oil for binder
g. Mosaic -small pieces assembled together to form image
Three-Dimensional Expression- 3D w/volume
a. Molding- reshaping 3D object (marble/plaster)to create new form
b. Carving- scraping off parts of material to create new form
c. Etching- using strong acid on surface to create a design
d. Installing- site-specific artwork designed to transform & include space in its message
Multi-Dimensional Expression - length, width, mass, time, & space
a. Lashed construction c. Post & Lintel construction e. Arches
b. Truss construction d. Cantilever
NATIONAL ARTISTS IN PHILIPPINES
UP DILIMAN NAA
Guillermo Tolentino (awarded 1973) - classically-trained; proponent of academic tradition in sculpture
- Oblation (1935), male nude w/ arms outstretched (gesture of sacrifice & freedom) later cast in bronze
- works found at National Museum; him & Amorsolo were professors at UP School of Fine Arts Abdulmari Asia Imao
(awarded 2006) calligraphic work in ‘80s at Vargas Museum’s sculpture garden is one of his largest public sculptures
Benedicto Cabrera (awarded 2006) - Variations of Sabel (2015) made of aluminium sheets is found at UP Theater
Jose Joya (awarded 2003)- painter, Barter of Panay (1978) mural in Virata School of Business is rendered in Abstract Expressionist style
(soft, overlapping planes of black, white, orange, brown, & golden yellow)
- w/o rendering human forms, solid color palette establishes links to trade between Datu Puti (bears gold
accessories to purchase Panay lowlands) & King Marikudo
Napoleon Abueva (awarded 1976)- sculptor; Spirit of Business (1979) abstract sculpture is drawn from science fiction, composed of metal
disk w/ sharp-looking poles jutting through it
- produced public sculptures for UP using materials from wood, stone, metal; w/ themes of figurative
tableaus & abstract sculptures that embody spirit of academic unit
both were faculty & dean of UP College of Fine Arts; influenced by modernist sensibilities; represented Philippines in Venice Art
Gawad sa Manlilikhang Bayan- established 1992 through Republic Act No. 7355 until 2012 bestowed by National Commission for Culture
and the Arts (NCCA); Manlilikhang Bayan (one who creates for the country) National Living Treasure
- emphasize intangible & communal aspects of art production closely aligned w/ process-based &
collaborative inclination of some contemporary art practice
Traditional art- based on indigenous peoples’ cultures largely honed by oral tradition; long-standing & established practices
- finds deep affinities w/ nature, place, society, ritual & spirituality, everyday life.
- in traditional integrative art, forms & expressions don’t normally end up as objects distanced from everyday living
- site of dissemination & knowledge transfer is neither in formal spaces museum/theatre, but creation is shared among
community members & appeals to broader aspects of life (products are found in homes, songs & dances are performed
part of ritual & affirming one’s cultural identity/sense of belonging
- considered as contemporary art (made now, persists as part of continuing performance of tradition)
collaborative/participative, interactive & process-oriented, less emphasis on finished product , single creator
Form Manlilikha ng Bayan Award Year Ethnicity/Location Expertise
T’boli
Lang Dulay 1998 (Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, Mindanao, Southern tinalak weaving
Philippines)
Tagabawa Bagobo
Salinta Monon
1998 (Bansalan, Davao del Sur, inabal weaving
southeastern Mindanao island, southern Philippines)
WEAVING
Tausug
Darhata Sawabi (d. 2005) 2004 pis siyabit weaving
(Parang, Sulu, southern Philippines)
Haja Amina Appi Sama
2004 mat weaving
(d. 2013) (Tandubas, Tawi- Tawi, southern Philippines)
Ilocano
Magdalena Gamayo 2012 (Pinili, Ilocos Norte, northern Luzon island, northern inabel weaving
Philippines)
lyrical poems (kulilal, basal, bagit)
Masino Intaray Pala’wan
LITERATURE & 1993 playing accompanying instruments;
(Brookes Point, Palawan island, central Philippines)
PERFORMING epic chanting and storytelling
ARTS Maguindanao
Samaon Sulaiman
1993 (Mama sa Pano, Maguindanao, western Mindanao island,kudyapi playing
(d. 2011)
southern Philippines)
Kalinga playing Kalinga musical
Alonzo Saclag 2000 (Lubuagan, Kalinga, northern Luzon Island, northern instruments; dance patterns &
Philippines) movements associated w/ritual
Sulod Bukidnon chanting Sugidanon epic of Panay
Federico Caballero 2000
(Calinog, Iloilo, Panay Island, central Philippines) Bukidnon
Uwang Ahadas 2000 Yakan Musical instruments
(Lamitan, Basilan island, Southern Philippines)
Kapampangan
silver plating of religious and secular
Eduardo Mutuc 2004 (Apalit, Pampanga central Luzon island, northern
art
Philippines )
PLASTIC ARTS
Ilocano
Teofilo Garcia 2012 (San Quintin, Abra northern Luzon island, northern gourd casque making
Philippines)
BODILY SENSES (brings different dimension to reception of the work; subjects to more immediate feedback (applause, silence, gazes)
- Limen (2014) (Lani Maestro); France. In Bata compound (industrial site where it’s later placed), workers performed rigidly defined &
repetitive, mind-numbing tasks. In response, she built see-through bridge that poetically took people out to liminal point (Limen= verge
/edge of garden); “anti- thesis to industrial space,” /“landscape of everyday life”; metaphorically allows visitor’s body to fuse/extend
toward outlying green space visible through tunnel structure that didn’t have walls/ clear beginning/end points. Bridge was suspended
from low height so that whoever came might sit on it & not be fearful of falling off
Philippine contemporary art are defined historically by media mixing & heralding of “art for art’s sake” by being site-specific,
collaborative, hyper-realist, hybrid (stylistically); mass-produced & market-oriented
TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO CONTEMPORARY ARTS CREATION
Medium- material out of which work is made; nature of art forms
Sculptor- uses metal, wood, stone, clay, & glass; sculpture, pottery, ritual objects (3D)
Architect- uses wood, bamboo, bricks, stone, concrete, building materials; architecture has added element of time (we move into structures)
Painter- uses pigments on usually flat ground
Printmaker- uses ink printed/ transferred on a surface that’s in keeping w/ duplicating/reproducing process
Musician- uses sound, instruments, human voice
Dancer-uses body & its movements; tell stories & convey abstract ideas
Theatre artist- integrates all arts & uses stage, production design, performance elements, & script to enable visual, musical, dance
Photographer- uses camera to record outside world
Filmmaker- uses cinematographic camera to record & put together production design, sound engineering, performance, & screenplay
- in digital photography & film, images can be assimilated into computer, eliminating need for celluloid/negatives, processing
chemicals, print
Writer- uses words (novel, poetry, nonfiction, fiction)
Designer, performance artist, installation artist- use range of materials
Art Classification
Musical- music, poetry (those w/perceptible rhythm & can be sung/danced to), & dance accompanied by music
Practical- immediate use for everyday & business life (design, architecture, furniture)
Environmental- occupy space & change in its meaning & function depending on categories (architecture, sculpture, site-specific works)
Pictorial- painting, drawing, graphics, stage & production design (lighting, dress, props, and set)
Dramatic- staged & performed (drama, performance art, music, dance)
Narrative- stories (drama, novel, fiction, nonfiction, music, dance)
Combined- all art forms integrated (design, mixed media, photography, film, video, performance art, theater productions, installations)
- art forms are inseparable; collectively consumed & created (ritual; uses sculpture, dance, music, production design)
- UP Chapel (architecture, floor mosaic, paintings, musical performance)
Technique- manner in which artists use & manipulate materials to achieve desired formal effect, communicate desired concept, according
to their personal style; determined by medium’s distinctive character/nature
- involves tools & technology from most traditional (carving, silkscreen, analog photography, filmmaking) to contemporary
(digital photography, digital filmmaking, music production, industrial design, robotics)
- Filipino Struggles Through History (1963) (Carlos Francisco) depicts Andres Bonifacio leading Revolution; takes advantage of
line & color to communicate dynamism & intense passion in expressionist modern style
- Bonifacio Monument (Guillermo Tolentino) used carving to depict scene realistically, capturing moment of stillness when
Bonifacio stands reflectively on scene of death, but w/ grace & dignity befitting a leader in Neoclassic style
How have contemporary artists expanded range of medium & techniques they utilize?
Secret Garden 2 (2010) (Mark Salvatus)- Vargas Museum; site-specific work (location/space is crucial to artist’s meaning & experience of
work by audience); one has to peek but not fully enter space
- artist worked w/ inmates & fashioned garden from plastic spoons, forks, etc.; secret process
remains a secret, even for audience who cannot fully see it
Ikoy Ricio- printed trump cards w/images of Philippine car wrecks & body count instead of car statistics normal trump cards have
- cards were installed on a table w/ matching chairs on which visitors were invited to to “play” that also essentially made fun of
commercial worship of speed & material excess
Untitled (Mirrors) (Maria Taniguchi)–uses acrylic on canvas & traditional modern style of abstraction (hallmarks of 20th century Modern
Art); gives these elements contemporary twist that turns painting into meditation on form
- viewer imagines artist painting grid by grid meditatively; painting & viewing process stresses concept
& performance of painting as meditation
- Conceptual Performance (site-specific, sculptural, environmental)
- part of Echo Studies (2011) installation at Vargas Museum Another painting from this interacts w/
space: deceptively simple (grids of brick almost invisible from afar); panel is propped against wall of
West Wing of Vargas Museum, creating positive ground to door’s negative space that leads to another
Area painting & sculptural object that interacts w/ museum’s environment
Waiting (2012) (Felix Bacolor)- transformed independent space in Museum of Contemporary Art & Design to simulacrum (simulation) of
terminal waiting room w/metallic, immovable chairs, & digital clocks that register passing of time
- site-specific & interactive; combines environmental, dramatic, & narrative; viewers weave their own stories
into space of travel, caught in-between mobility & immobility
Carlo Jaucian- inspired from science, explores its relationship w/visual arts through paintings, sculptures, interactive, kinetic installations
- has “liquid robot” triggered by music; “what is it to be human?” combines mechanical, computer- based, & traditional media
Anonymous Animals (2013)( Cristina Taniguchi, Michael Teves, Danilo Sollesta, Mark Valenzuela, Benjie Ranada)
- Mariyah Gallery in Dumaguete City consisted of Conceptual Performance piece by artists who posed as excavators of strange animals formed
from terracotta sourced from outlying areas; provided animals they “excavated” w/ scientific data
- exhibited terracotta animals as specimens, w/ documentation from “embedded journalist” (photographer Hersley Ven Casero)
- Flaudette May Datuin (curator) invented stories about artists & wrote fiction through diary/notes from the field
- Performance & Conceptual piece inspired by Joan Fontcuberta & Pere Formiguera’s book Fauna (1999, Spain)
- crosses boundaries between art (terracotta sculpture) & science (natural and social sciences), literature, drama, & photojournalism
- simulacrum that creates a world that’s hyperreal & has its own virtual & “actual” reality, but actually has no counterpart in real life
- crosses boundaries between mediums & defies classification (narrative, dramatic, pictorial, environmental); exhibition of anonymous
terracotta animals (recorded, documented, performed)
AQCUIRED SKILLS ENHANCEMENT
Context- environment condition which affects artwork
- allows research & further understanding; asking ff. questions help on conclusive interpretation of artwork; ensures that artwork interpretation isn’t
dependent on pure speculation
- understanding other artworks inspire in coming up w/ own style; prior research provides ideas & skills
Artist- culture, tradition, economic status, gender, age inspire artist when it comes to artistic production
What is socio-economic background of artist? What are artist’s political beliefs?
Where did artist grow up? How did artist become an artist?
What cultural practices & traditions did the artist follow? What techniques & practices is artist known for?
Environment-inspiration, reason why artwork is created
Does artwork depict natural phenomenon? Does it imitate any environmental phenomenon?
Does it showcase environmental rituals? What elements in artwork suggest that it is distinctly from its place of origin?
Way of Life- community culture & tradition affect the artwork; value & possible functions of artwork may be reasons why it was created
What are norms of community where artwork has come from? How did it impact lives of people in community?
What is the role of the piece in the daily lives of the community?
Society- current situation in society, artwork depicts current scenarios & significant historical affairs
What was happening when artwork was created? How did these affairs affect artist & what was his stance on the issues?
What are political & societal realities during those times?
Audience- artwork’s perception depends on audience’s outlook; depiction of technique & medium
Who is intended audience of the artwork? What is artistic background of the audience?
Experimentation- not boxing oneself in single artistic style, medium, technique; help in discovering extent of capabilities & develop own distinct style
- willing to occasionally rebel against rules; combine styles; go against rules of style