PREFACE

THE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS IN THIS BOOK WERE CAREFULLY SELECTED

BY ME JOHNBOSCO C.O. FROM THE RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOK CONCISE
MATERIAL SCIENCE BY DR. IGBAPE OF CHE DEPT UNIBEN. TO GIVE THE
READER THE BEST REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THEIR EXAM. PLEASE ANY
ERROR NOTICED IN THIS TEXT SHOULD BE BROUGHT TO MY NOTICE FOR
FURTURE EDITION.

APPRECIATION

I WANT TO THANK GOD ALMIGHTY FOR HIS DIVINE WISDOM AND GRACE
WHICH HAS KEEP ME GOING. I ALSO WANT TO USE THIS MEDIUM TO
APPRECIATE MY FRIEND {OKORO EFE CHRISTOPHER IN EEE} WHO
ASSISTED ME IN SEEING THAT THIS "MATERIAL" IS A SUCCESS. I AISO WANT
TO APPRECIATE THE MEMBERS OF MY FAMILY ESPECIALLY MY PPARENTS. I
APPRECIATE MY FRIENDS AND WELL WISHERS AND PRAY THE GOD
ALMIGHTTY WILL BLESS YOU ALL IN JESUS NAME, AMEN.

CHE 222
Revised questions and answers
BY ORJIEWULU JOHNBOSCO CHIDERA

CHAPTER 1
1. Early civilization have been designated by level of their…….
2. Advancement in the understanding of material type is often the fore runner to the
stepwise …………..
3. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic device rely on components that
are made from what are called………….
4. The discipline of………involves the investigation of relationship that exists between
structure and properties of materials
5. In contrast……..on the basis of structure and properties correlation, deals with the
design or engineering of the structure of materials in order to produce
predetermined set of properties
6. One can sub-divide the field of material science into……, ……., ……….and………
7. The properties of engineering materials mainly depend on the internal
arrangement of the ……..
b) Material structure can be classified as…………., ……….., ……, ………. &………
8. Macro structure can be observed directly on a fracture surface or on a …….
9. Optical microscope can magnify a structure above……….to……..times larger while
electron microscope has magnification of………..
10. Name the instruments that can be used to examine these structures
a) Macro- structure…………………
b) Micro structure……………………
c) Sub-structure ………………………
d) Crystal structure………………….
e) Electronic structure…………………
f) Nuclear structure…………………..
11. ……………is a material trait in terms of the kind the magnitude of response to a
specific imposed stimulus
12. …………., ………………., …………….., ……………..&………..are categories of
properties of solid materials
13. Important mechanical properties affecting the selection of material are…………,
…………., …………………., ………………. And…………..
14. …………, ………….., ……………, ……………..., & …………..are important
thermal properties of material
15. …………, …………. & ……..are important electrical properties of material
16. Magnetic materials may be grouped into……….., ………….., ………&………..
17. Chemical properties includes………., ………, ………….., …………&……..
18. Optical properties of materials include…………., …………….&…………
19. Structure, properties, processing & performance can be arrange in other of their
relationship as………..→………→……….→………
20. The factors which form the basis of various system of classification of materials in
materials science and engineering are………, …………., ……….., …………
&………..
21. ………….., …………., ………, ………., ……….&………are common engineering
materials under the scope of material science and engineering
22. ………are compounds between metallic and non metallic elements
23. ………is designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of each of the
component material
24. Material that are utilized in high technology (or high tech)applications are
sometimes termed………….
25. In smart materials, …….detects an input signal while……..performs a responsive
and adaptive function
26. In material selection, one can simplify the selection process if the details of the
following are known;……., ……….., ……………. &………
27. Major factor affecting the election of materials in engineering applications are
………., …………, ……………., …………….., ………………&……..
Answers to chapter one questions
1) Material development
2) Progression of a technology
3) Semi-conducting materials
4) Material science
5) Material engineering
6) Mechanical behavior of metal, sciecice of materials, engineering metallurgy and
nengineering materials
7) Atoms or molecules
b) Macro, micro, sub structure, crystal, electronic and nuclear structure
8) Forging specmen
9) 1500 – 300, 105
10) (a) Naked eye (b) optical micro scope (c) electron microscope (d) x-ray diffraction
techniques or electron diffraction method (e) spectroscopic techniques (f) nuclear
spectroscopic techniques (NMR and Ms)
11) Property
12) Mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic and chemical (deteriorative)and optical
properties
13) Tensile strength, hardness, ductibity, impact strength and wear resistance
14) Specific heat, latent heat, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, thermal stress,
thermal fatigue
15) Conductivity, resistivity, diaelectric strength
16) Diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferromagnetic
17) Atomic weight, valency, chemical composition, acidity alkalinity, molecular weight
18) Refractive index, reflectivity, absorption coefficient etc
19) processing→structure→properties→performance
20) - chemical composition of the materials
- Mode of occurrence of material in nature
- The refining and manufacturing process to which the required is subjected to
before it acquires the required properties
- The atomic and crystalline structure of the material
- The industrial and technical use of the material
21) - Metal and alloys
- Polymers - Composites
- Semi – conductors - biomaterials
- Ceramics
22) Ceramic
23) Composites
24) Advanced materials
25) Sensor, actuator
26) - cost considerations - manufacturing
- Operating parameters - functional requirement
27) Component shape
Dimensional tolerance
Mechanical properties
Fabrication requirement
Service requirement
Material cost and the cost of processing
Availability of the material
 CHE 222
Revised questions and answers
BY ORJIEWULU JOHNBOSCO CHIDERA

CHAPTER 2

1. All available materials are made up of ……………..

2. The size of atom is of the order of………..
3. A material which consists of one type of atom is called……….
4. Group of atoms which tends to exist together in stable form is called………..
5. One important reason to have a good understanding of inter atomic bonding in
solid is that in some instances the type of bond allows one to explain a ………….
6. Atomic number ranges in integral unit from……….for……….to……..for……..the
highest of the naturally occurring element
7. I “amu” is defined as………of the atomic mass of………
8. ……….represents the distance from the centre of nucleus at which an external
uncharged nucleon first feels its influence
9. Due to the failure of classical mechanics in explaining atomic phenomenon what
follows was the establishment of a set of principles and law that govern system of
atomic and subatomic entities that come to be known as………..
10. One early outgrowth of quantum mechanics was simplified by………….
11. The radii of the stationary orbit are proportional to the square of the……….
12. The relationship between orbital velocity (electron velocity)and quantum number
orbital is……….
13. The total energy of an electron in an orbit revolving around the nucleus is made up
of two parts namely………….&………….
14. ………..of an electron is due to the position of the electron in an orbit under the
influence of the electric field of the neucleus
15. The potential energy of an electron is the product of………….&…………
16. …………, …………, ………….., …………..&………….are limitations of Bohr’s
theory of hydrogen atoms
17. ………..model suggests that electron is considered to exhibit both wavelike and
particle like characteristics
18. According to quantum mechanics every electron in an atom is characterized by
four parameters called………..
19. ………..is the only quantum number associated with bohr model
20. ……….states that no two electron can be in the same quantum state
21. ……..law state by……….states that the properties of element are periodic functions
of the atomic weight while………discovered that the properties are function of
atomic number not atomic weight
22. The attractive force…….the potential energy of atomic system while the repulsive
force ……….it
23. When the attractive force and the repulsive force between any two atoms are equal,
the two atoms will be in a……….situation with minimum……..
24. ……….is defined as the decrease in energy when atom separated by infinite
distance are brought together at equilibrium distance
25. ………….is equal to bond energy but of opposite sign
26. ……….are inter atomic bonds in which electrostatic force holds the atoms together
27. ………, ………. & ……….are types of primary bond
28. The criterion for ionic bonding is the…………
29. The attractive bonding forces are………..
30. The sharing of electron in a covalent bonding is effective if the shared electron
have……
31. The atom with N’valence electron can bond with at most………..other atoms
32. In metallic bonding, the remaining non-valence electron & atomic nuclei form what
are called……….
33. ………..&……….are types of secondary bond

ANSWERS OF QUESTIONS
1. Atoms
2. 10-10
3. Element
4. Molecules
5. Material properties
6. 1 for hydrogen and 92 for uranium
7. 1/12, carbon-12-isotope
8. Nuclear radius or nuclear force radius
9. Quantum mechanics
10. Bohr atomic model
11. Principal quantum number
12. Inversely proportional
13. Kinetic and potential energy
14. Potential energy
15. Electric potential and electron charge
16. Page 14
17. Wave mechanical model
18. Quantum numbers
19. Principal quantum number
20. Pauli exclusion principle
21. Periodic law, mandelev,Moseley
22. Decrease, increase
23. Stable, minimum potential energy
24. Bond energy
25. Dissociation energy
26. Primary bond
27. Ionic or heteropalar, covalent and metallic bonding
28. Difference in electro negativity (the tendency to acquire electron)
29. Columbic
30. Opposite spin
31. 8-N’
32. 10n cores
33. Hydrogen bond & vander waol force
 CHE 222
Revised questions and answers
BY ORJIEWULU JOHNBOSCO CHIDERA

CHAPTER 3
1. ………..&…………are two principal form a solid material can exist in
2. ……….are characterized by an ordered arrangement of their ions, atoms or
molecules
3. A crystalline material may either be in the form of ……….or as………separated by
well defined boundaries called……….
4. Poly crystalline materials are………..while single crystals are anisotropic
5. …….helps one to classify crystal and describe their behavior
6. In ………model sphere representing nearest neighbor atoms touching one another
are used
7. ………means three dimensional array of points coinciding with atom position (or
sphere centres)
8. The atomic arrangement in a crystal is called………
9. The point in space about which atoms, ions or molecules are located are
called……….
10. The totality of lattice point form ………
11. If all the atoms molecules or ions at the lattice are identical, the lattice is
called……….
12. The space-lattice concept was introduced by R.J. Hauy as an explanation for the
special geometric properties of…………
13. ……….., ………….., & ………. Are the most common space lattice
14. ……….is defined as arrays of imaginary points arrange in space such that each
point has identical surroundings
15. The atom or group of atoms that is used to fill the point in space lattice is
called……….
16. Space lattice + base →…………..
17. Where as a lattice is a ………concept, the crystal structure is a ……….concept
18. The number of atom in a basis may vary from one to several thousands, whereas
the number of possible space lattice is only………….
19. ………….is an example of monoatomic face-centred cubic (FCC) structure
20. Example of complex bases are found in …………..
21. ……………… is the basic structural unit or building block of a crystal structure
and define a crystal structure by virtue of its geometry and the atom position
within
22. The distance from one atom to another atom measured along one of the axes is
called……..
23. The lattice angle α,β & ϒ are called…………..
24. The length of lattice vectors and angles constitute……….of a unit cell
25. ………., …………..., ………., ………….., ………. &……….. are the seven crystal
system
26. The ……….system has the highest degree of symmetry while………..has the least
symmetry
27. ……….is defined as the volume of the atoms in a unit cell per cell volume
28. The APF of BCC is……….
29. The APF of FCC is ……….
30. The APF of HCP is…….
31. The APF of HCP & FCC are the same because they both have coordination number
of…….
32. Linear density is defined as……….
33. Planar density is defined as………..
34. The formular for conversion from three miller system to four miller system are
……….., …………, ………… &………..
35. Characteristics of cubic crystal is that planes & direction having the same indices,
are……….to one another
36. Planes having the same indices, irrespective of order & sign are…….
37. The distances between parallel planes in a unit cell is called
38. …………., ……………., & ………. are use to determine crystal structure
39. Using x-ray to study crystal structure the three methods that can be applied are
……, ……… & ………
40. ……….refers to a lattice irregularity having one or more of its dimensions on the
order of an atomic diameter
41. ………, …………., ……….& ………..are classification of crystalline imperfections
42. The simplex point deflect is……..
43. ………atom is an atom transferred from a site into an interstitial position
44. The largest size of an atom that can fit in the interstitial void or space in interstitial
imperfection must have radius which is ………..% of the parent atoms
45. Valency and interstitiacy are………phenomena
46. ………., ……….., ………., …….&………are types of point defect
47. ………..&…….are types of line defect
48. The criterion for distortion in edge dislocation is called the ………
49. ……..&…….. are two types of surface imperfection
50. ……….&………&………are the most important kind of surface defect

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER 3 QUESTIONS

1. Crystalline and non-crystalline (amorphous)
2. Crystal
3. Single crystal or aggregate, grain
4. Isotropic
5. Symmetry
6. Atomic hard sphere model
7. Lattice
8. Crystal structure
9. Lattice point
10. Crystal lattice or space lattice
11. Bravias lattice
12. Crystal polyhedrons
13. BCC, HCP, FCC
14. Space lattice
15. Basis
16. Crystal structure
17. Mathematical, physical
18. 14
19. Copper
20. Biological materials
21. Unit cell
22. Space constant
23. Interfacial angles
24. Lattice parameters
25. Cubic, hexagonal, tetragonal, rhombohedral, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic
26. Cubic, triclinic
27. APK
28. 0.68
29. 0.74
30. 0.74
31. 12 (twelve)
32. Number of atoms per unit length along a particular crystallographic direction
33. Number of atoms per unit area of a crystallographic plane
34. Page 39
35. Equivalent
36. Xxx
37. Interplanar spacing
38. X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, electron diffraction
39. Lave’s Bragg & powder method
40. Crystalline defect
41. Point defect, linear defect, interfacial defect and grain boundaries, bulk or volume
imperfections
42. Vacancy
43. Interstitial
44. 22.5%
45. Inverse phenomena
46. Vacancies, schottky, frenkel defect, interstial imperfection, substitutional defect
47. Edge and screw, dislocation
48. Burgers vectors
49. External and internal
50. High angle and low angle boundaries, stacking faults and twin boundaries
 CHE 222
Revised questions and answers
BY ORJIEWULU JOHNBOSCO CHIDERA

CHAPTER 4
1. The alloying element are added to improve one or more of…………., ………..,
………., ………. & ………..
2. ………..is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metal or non-mental fused
together at a certain temperature
3. …………., ………….., …………. & ……… are the form which alloys can be in a
solid state
4. ………..&……….are types of metal alloys
5. Cu-Ni alloy is……..type of alloy system
6. Cadmium and bismuith alloy is……..type of alloy system
7. ………..is an alloy system in which the two components of a binary alloy system
remain completely mixed in each other in both the solid and liquid state
8. ……….,,&……..are the two type of solid solution
9. Alloy type results when the two components of a binary alloy, on solidification,
show limited solubility in each other
10. ……….alloy system results in metal when their affinity is great
11. ……….., …………., ……………, ………….&……….are types of alloy systems
12. …….., ………., ………, …………, ……..&………are families of engineering
alloys
13. ……..alloys has high shrinkage during solidification
14. ………..&……..are types of aluminum alloys
15. …….., ……… &…….are types of titanium alloys
16. ……..alloy has high electrical & thermal conductivity
17. Lead alloys found more application in……….
18. ……..is used as a material for controlling sound and mechanical vibration, due to
its high damping capacity
19. ……….&……..are two groups of nickel alloys
20. …….., ………. & ………are types of steel
21. ………are iron alloys shaped by casting into a mould rather than by forging in the
solid state
22. ………framed empirical rules that govern the choice of alloying elements in the
formation of substitutional solution
23. ………, ………….&……..must occur for extensive solid solubility by substitution
to occur (Hume-Rothery’s rules)
24. ………., ……..&…….are alloy system that satisfies hume Rothery’s rules
25. Phase diagram is also called…….
26. ……….is a graphical description of the kind and amount of phases that can be
expected in an alloy as a function of its composition, temperature and pressure
when it has reached thermodynamic equilibrium
27. Equilibrium is reached when the ………of the system has reached its lowest
possible value
28. …….may be composed of solids, liquid gases or their combination and may have
metal and non-metal separately or in any combination
29. ……….., ………, ………, &…….are the types of system we have
30. ……….refers to the independent chemical species that comprise the system
31. ……….is a homogenous portion of a system that has uniform physical and
chemical characteristics
32. ……..is a graphical representation of the relationship between environmental
constraints and regions of phase stability under the condition of equilibrium
33. ………., ………..&……….are types of phase diagram
34. ………, ………&…….are the important information gotten from phase diagram
35. ……..refers to the state of a system where the phase characteristics remain
constant over indefinite time period
36. ………refers to a change in the number and/or character of the phase that
constitute the microstructure of an alloy
37. ………rule is used to predict and check process that occur in alloy during heating
and cooling
38. ……….is essentially the number of independent variable both internal and external
which can be changed without changing the number of phases in equilibrium
39. ………is the gibbs phase rule equation
40. The no of phase in system cannot exceed the no of…………
41. The number of phases in a ternary system at equilibrium can be 5 phase (True or
False)
41b At equilibrium a five component system can have 7 phases (True or false)
42. A system with zero degree of freedom [f=0] is termed………
43. When only one phase is present in a system, the degree of freedom is not equal the
total compositional variable (True or false)
44. As the number of phase increases the degrees of freedom decrease (True or false)
45. The point of constant temperature in temperature – time curve is called……
46. The heat released at constant temperature is……..
47. Differentiate between point of arrest and critical point
48. In phase diagram, the upper line which indicate where the liquid start solidifying is
called……while the lower point (line) which indicates the point of complete
solidification is called………while the lower point (line) which indicates the point of
complete solidification is called……….
49. …….., ………….., …………., &……. Are categories of phase diagram.
50. Eutectoid transformation takes place at a constant temperature (True or False)
51. …….. is the category of phase diagram where solid decompose into two different
solids
51b ………is the inverse of eutectoid reaction
52. Perictectic reaction occurs at constant temperature [ True or False]
53. ……..is the reaction of two solids to form a third solid
54. For euctectic alloys that exhibits no solid solubility, the temperature at which all
material are fully solid is called……….
55. The fraction of the material which remains fully liquid up to the outectic
temperature is said to have……….
56. The eutectic isotherm is also referred to as ………
57. No coring occurs in ………alloys
58. Partial solid solubility varies tremendously with ……….
59. The alloy of pb & are commonly known as………
60. No pure metal exist in the solid alloy of any composition (True/False)
61. The phase which solidifies first is termed …….white the one the separate later is
termed………
62. The amount of solute that can dissolve at a temperature below the solidus is
termed………
63. In alloys having composition below the eutectic composition the eutectic structure
is made up of…….while the one having above eutectic composition
has………..structure
64. Plumbers solder contains………….% pb
65. ………, …….., &……..are the three least kinds of information available for a
binary system of known composition & temperature at equilibrium, phase Diagram
66. Define a tie-line
67. In using the tie-line to determine the phase percentage of two phase region the tie
line is used in conjunction with ……..rule……….
68. The lever rule states……….., …………, …………, & ……….
69. ………..is use to purify metal by crystallization without adding solvent
70. Every phase transformation depends on………&………
71. ………..&…………&……..are three groups of phase transformation
72. In……type of transformation there is no change in the number of composition &
phase while the opposite type is……….
73. In ……..transformation a metastable phase is formed
74. Diffusion is……….phenomenon
75. From the microstructural point of view the first stage that accompanies a phase
transformation is………while the second is………
76. The expression for avrani equation is………..
77. Phase Diagram finds application in…………
78. Phase transformation finds application in………., …………, & …………..
79. TTT stands for………….
80. The equation for the rate of transformation is……….
81. By convention the rate of transformation is taken as the reciprocal of time required
for the transformation to proceed half way to completion (True or False)

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER 4 QUESTIONS

1. Tensile strength, hardness and toughness
(a) Corrosive & oxidation resistance
(b) Elasticity
(c) Machinability
(d) Hardnenability
(e) Creep strength
(f) Fatigue resistance
2. An Alloy
3. Page 50
4. Ferrous & non-ferrous alloy
5. Isomorphous
6. Eutectic
7. Solid solution type
8. Substitutional & interstitial
9. Combination type
10. Inter-metallaic compounds
11. Isomorphous, eutectic, solid solution, combination, inter-metallic compound
12. Aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, titanium, lead & Zinc alloys
13. Aluminum alloy
14. Non-heat treatable and heat treatable alloys
15. α,β & mixed α/β structures
16. copper alloys
17. lead acid storage batteries
18. lead alloys
19. Ni- Cr alloys
20. Low carbon steel, engineering steel & stainless steel
21. Cast iron
22. Hume rothery
23. Page 54
24. Ag-Av, Cu-Ni & Ge-Si
25. Equilibrium diagram
26. Phase diagram
27. Gibbs free energy
28. System
29. One-component system, binary system, ternary system and multi-component
system
30. Component
31. Phase
32. Phase diagram
33. Unitary, binary & tertiary
34. Page 55
35. Phase equilibrium
36. Phase transformation
37. Gibb’s phase rule
38. The number of degree of freedom
39. P+f > C+n
40. Number of component plus one (P < C+1)
41. False (P < C+1) P < 3+1 < 4
41b False (P < C +1) P < S + 1 < 6
42. Non-variant or invariant
43. False (i.e. P < C+n) 1 < C+n at n=0 C=1
44. True
45. Point of arrest
46. Latent heat
47. Page 57 and page 58
48. Liquidus, solids
49. Solid solution type, eutectic type, eutectoid type, peritectic, peritectoid
50. True
51. Eutectoid
52. Peritectic
53. Peritectoid
54. Eutectic
55. Eutectic composition
56. Solidus
57. Eutectic
58. Temperature
59. Solder
60. True
61. α-phase, β-phase
62. Solves
63. α,β (below 62% Sn is below eutectic composition)
64. 65%
65. Phase represent, composition of the phase, the percentages or fraction of phases
66. Page 65
67. Lever rule or inverse lever rule
68. Page 66
69. Zone refining or fractional solidification
70. Thermodynamic factor: that determines whether the transformation rate is
possible
(2) kinetic factor – that determines whether the transformation is possible at a
practical rate

71. Simple diffusion dependent, another type diffusion dependant, diffusionless

transformation
72. Simple diffusion dependant transformation another type-diffusion dependant
transformation
73. Diffusionless transformation
74. Time – dependant
75. Nucleation, growth
76.

y 1  exp  ktn 
77. Zone refining of materials
78. Microstructural changes in cooling or freezing, (dendrite formation,
(a) In casting
(b) Solidification phenomenon in glassy structures
79. Time – temperature transformation
80. R= 1/to.5
81. True
 CHE 222
Revised questions and answers
BY ORJIEWULU JOHNBOSCO CHIDERA

CHAPTER 5
1. ………..is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a
specific imposed stimulus
2. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material……….
&……..
3. …………, …………, …………, ……………, …………, & ………are the six
categories of engineering properties
4. ………properties relates deformation to an applied head or force.
5. ……….&……..are examples of mechanical properties
6. A body is said to be in………is its physical properties
7. A body is said to be in…….if its physical properties are not dependent upon the
direction [ in the body] along which they are measured. The opposite is………
8. ………, ………, …………, ……….., ………. & ……… are examples of material
may
9. ………., ……… &……… are three principal ways load may be applied
10. ………is force per – unit area
11. Stress is a ……..quantity and needs……….., ……….. & ………for complete
description
12. The stress at any point has……compents
13. ………..is the measure of a resistance of a body to deformation due to the
application of external force
14. …………, ……….., ………… & ……….are types of strain
15. ……… strain occurs when there is a change in shape without any change in volume
16. The ratio of applied load the original cross-sectional area is called……
17. The maximum stress is called………
18. The phenomenon of show extension with time at a constant stress is called………
19. …………is the property of a material that enables it to regain its original shape and
size after deformation within the elastic limit
20. Elasticity is desirable in metals used as……….and………
21. ……………&…………are common elastic materials
22. Elasticity of solid has its origin in the existence and stability of………..&………….
23. ……….is the ability of material to be permanently deformed even after the load as
removed
24. Plasticity is importance in deciding……., ……….and…….manufacturing processes
25. Plasticity of materials increases with increasing temperature (True or False)
26. ………, …….. & ……… are evidence of plastic action in structural materials
27. ………. Is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation up to the point of fracture
while………may be defined as the property of a metal by virtue of which it
fractures without any appreciable deformation
28. The percentage elongation is the percentage of plastic strain at fracture metal with
less than 5% elongation are regarded as………
29. ……….is the most important property of a metal which plays a decisive role in
designing various structure and component
30. ……….is defined as the capacity of a material to withstand or support an external
force or load without rapture
31. ………., ………….&…….are classification of strength
32. ……..strength is required to fracture a unit cross-section of a material
33. The ratio of ultimate stress to working stress is termed………..
34. ………is the maximum tensile stress which a material is capable of developing
when subjected to loading up to rapture
35. ……..is the value of load applied to break it off by crushing
36. ………is the value of load applied tangentially to shear it off across the resisting
section
37. ………is the value of load which can break the metal by bending it across a
resisting section
38. …….is the value of load applied to break the metal by twisting it across the
resisting section
(b) ……….is the property of a material (metal) by virtue of which it is able to resist
abrassion, indentation (or penetration) and scratching by harder bodies
(c) ………., ……….. &………..hardness best are used to determine the hardness of
metallic material
39. ……….is a property of a metal by virtue of which it can absorb maximum energy
before fracture takes place
40. ………is calculated in terms of the area under the stress strain curve
41. ………&………are the measure of toughness of a material
42. The work done in deforming one meter cube of a material until it fractures is
called……
43. The value of toughness rises with rise in temperature (True or False)
44. Toughness is highly desireable property for structural and mechanical parts which
have withstand……..&……..
45. ……..., ………., ……….,, &…….are example of tough materials
46. A ductile material with the same strength as a non-ductile material, which of them
is tougher?
47. …….is a failure of material by fracture when subjected to cyclic stress
48. …….., ………, &…….are the three main features used to distinguish fatigue
49. …….is a slow rise of plastic deformation under the action of s tresses below yield
strength of the material
50. ….., …….,&….. are three stages of creep curve
51. Polygonization is an important recovery process during ……….creep
52. The actual criteria of high temperature strength are the……&………
53. ……is the stress at which a material can be formed by a definite magnitude during
a given time at a given temperature
54. implies………
6150 /100000 100mPa

55. ……..causes failure of material in a definite time at a specific temperature

56. ……is the property of a metal by virtue of which it resist deformation
57. ……….is the measure of stiffness
58. ……….is the opposite of stiffness
59. ……….is the capacity of material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically
and then, upon loading to have this energy recovered
60. ……..is the property of metal by virtue of which it can withstand varying stress
61. The characteristics of material which are functions of its temperature, are
termed……properties
62. ……., ………., …….&…..are examples of thermal properties
63. ……..is a property indicating the ability of a material to absorb heat from the
external surroundings
64. Heat capacity of a body depends on ……, ………., ……. &……
65. …….&…….are the two ways to measure heat capacity
66. The magnitude of Cp is always greater than Cv (True or False)
67. Cv is more useful than Cp (True or False)
68. ……is the capability of a material to transmit heat through it
69. Fouriers law state that …….
70. A solid which expands equally in three mutually orthogonal directions is said to be
thermally……..
71. …….is the mechanical effect of repeated thermal stresses caused by repeated
heating and cooling
72. ………is stress induced in a body as a result of changes in temperature
73. …..is the generation of sudden and high stresses due to sudden and severe changes
in temperature and the capacity of material to withstand it is termed………
74. Thermal shock created by cooling are much more dangerous than those from
heating (True or False)
75. …….controls the electrical behavior of materials
76. ……, …….., &…….are electrical properties of materials
77. On basis of electrical resistivity, materials are classified into …….., ……&……..
78. How does this qualities affects resistivity (a) increase in temperature ……..(b)
present of impurities……..(c) plastic deformation……..
79. …….semiconductor are those in which the electrical behavior is based on the
electronic structure inherent to the pure materials when the electrical
characteristics are dictated by impurity atoms the semi-conductor is said to
be……..
80. ……..is the phenomenon by which materials assert an attractive or repulsive force
or influence on other materials
81. The microscopic magnetic properties of materials are a consequence
of……..associated with individual atoms
(b) According to magnetic properties, magnetic materials may be grouped into ….,
……., ….., …. &… however according to the view point of application, it may be
grouped into …….&……
82. ……states that the flow of an induced current is in such a direction as to oppose the
chance of flux of inducing field
83. ……..is a very weak form of magnetism exhibited by substance with a negative
magnetic susceptibility
84. …magnetic permeability is less than one while …..is greater than one
85. Diamagnetism is found in all material (True or False)
86. The condition for pure diamagnetism is that all electronic spin be……& all orbital
moment be………or effectively cancelled out
87. ………is the property exhibited by substance which when placed in a magnetic field
are magnetized parallel to the field and in proportion to the field (except at a very
low temperature or in extremely large magnetic field
88. ……….have a relatively small but positive susceptibility
89. ……..occurs when metallic material posses a permanent magnetic moment in the
absence of an external field and they manifest very large permanent magnetization
90. Ferromagnetism is exhibited by…….metals
91. ……..has magnetic susceptibility as high as 106
92. All ferromagnetic material exhibits paramagnetic behavior above the
ferromagnetic……..
93. ………originates when the spin moment of the neighbouring atoms are ordered in
an anti-parallel arrangement or when the exchange integral is negative
94. ……….is a material response to the exposure to electromagnetic radiation
95. ….., …….., ……., ……..&……..are properties of optics
96. Non-metallic materials may be……….or……… to visible light
97. Basically light radiation absorbed in materials can occur
in……….&……..mechanism
98. …….is the formula for transmitted intensity
99. The fraction of incident light that is transmitted through a transparent material
depends on the loses that are incurred by………….&……….
Answers to chapter 5 questions
1. Properties
2. Shape and size
3. Optical, mechanical, electrical, chemical (detoriating) thermal and magnetic
4. Mechanical properties
5. Elastic modulus and tensile strength
6. Isotropy, anisotropy
7. Ductility, plasticity, hardness, strength, brittleness, stiffness, toughness,
malleability, fatigue
8. Stress-strain test
9. Tension, compression and shear
10. Stress
11. Tensor (a) magnitude (b) the plane passing through the point where the stress is
being defined (c) the directing in which the stress is acting
12. Six (6)
13. Strain
14. Tensile strain, compressive strain, shear or transverse strain and volumetric strain
15. Shear
16. Normal stress
17. Ultimate tensile stress
18. Creep
19. Elasticity
20. Machine tool and other structural element
21. Steel and rubber
22. Inter atomic and intermolecular bonding
23. Plasticity
24. Forming, shaping and extruding operations
25. True
26. Yield, plastic flow and creep
27. Ductility, brittleness
28. Brittle
29. Strength
30. Strength
31. Elastic strength plastic strength and ultimate strength
32. Ultimate strength
33. Factor of safety or factor of ignorance
34. Tensile strength
35. Compressive strength
36. Shear strength
37. Bending strength
38. Torsional strength
38b Hardness
38c Brinell, backwell and Vickers
39. Toughness
40. Toughness
41. Tenacity and hardness
42. The area under the stress strain curve also termed as modulus of toughness
43. False
44. Shock and vibration
45. Brass, mild steel, manganese and corought
46. Ductile material
47. Fatigue
48. Loss of strength, loss of ductility, increase uncertainty in strength and service life
49. Creep
50. Unstable or transient creep, steady state and tertiary or accelerated creep
51. Secondary
52. Creep limit (creep-strength) and long term strength
53. Creep limit
54. That a plastic deformation of 1% will appear in the material at 500oC under a stress
of 100MPa in 100,000hrs
55. Long term-strength
56. Stiffness
57. Modulus of rigidity
58. Flexibility
59. Resilience
60. Endurance
61. Thermal
62. Thermal capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, thermal stress, thermal
fatigue etc
63. Heat capacity
64. Mass of the body,
- Its chemical composition
- Thermodynamic state and process employed to transfer the heat
65. Heat capacity at constant volume Cv,
- Heat capacity at constant pressure Cp
66. True
67. True
68. Thermal conductivity
69. The rate of heat flow (Q/t) through an area (A) perpendicular to the direction of
flow is directly proportional to the area (A) and the thermal gradient
 Q / x 
70. Isotropic
71. Thermal stresses
71b. Thermal fatigue
72. Thermal shock, thermal shock resistance
73. True
74. Electron in the outer most shell of atom
75. Conductivity, resistivity, dielectric strength
76. Conductors, semi-conductors and insulators
77. Ptotal=Pt +Pi + Po
78. (a) increase it
(b) increases it
(c) increases it
79. Intrinsic, extrinsic
80. Magnetism
81. Magnetic moment
(b) Diamagnetism, paramagnestism, ferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism,
antiferromgnetism
(c) Hard and soft magnet
82. Lenz law
83. Diamagnetism
84. Diamagnetism, paramagnetism
85. True
86. Paired, zero
87. Paramagnetism
88. Paramagnetism
89. Ferromagnetism
90. Transition
91. Ferromagnetic materials
92. Curie point
93. Anti ferromagnetism
94. Optical properties
95. Refraction, absorption, transmission, reflection
96. Transparent or opaque
97. Electronic polarization and band condition bond electron transitions
98.
I T I o 1  R  exp   t 
2

99. Absorption and reflection

 CHE 222
Revised questions and answers
BY ORJIEWULU JOHNBOSCO CHIDERA

CHAPTER 6
1. Corrosion is defined as…….
2. Deteriortive mechanism differs for metals, ceramic &………
3. In metals there is actual loss of material either by……..or by formation of non-
metalic……
4. …….materials are relatively resistant to deterioration
5. The deterioration of ceramics is also called …….
6. In polymers the term……..is frequently used w.r.t to the deteriotion, mechanism
7. Approximately……….% of industrialized nation’s income is spent in corrosion
prevention and maintenance and replacement of product lost or contaminated as a
result of corrosion reaction
8. …….., ………&……..are types of corrosion
9. ……….corrosion type is developed in liquid electrolyte
10. The electrochemical corrosion, the surface of a metal is electrochemical……so that
when metal is placed into an electrolyte, it leads to the formation of………
11. The reaction that occurs at the anode during electrochemic corrosion is……while
that at the called is…….(write the chemical equation)
12. Oxidation occurs at …….while reduction occurs at……
13. The individual oxidation and reduction reactions are often termed as……….
(13b) Electrode potential also depends on the nature of the ……and……….
14. If a second (dissimilar) metal is added to an electrochemical corrosion…..corrosion
is formed
15. The potential difference and the rat e of dissolution of the anodic metal will depend
upon the relative position of the two metals in the ……….
16. A galvanic cell resulting from differences in metallic ion concentration is also called
as……..
17. A galvanic cell may also be formed due to different residual……in the same metal
the stressed region is more active and will be………w.r.t the stress free region such
type of galvanic cell are called……..
18. Galvanic series is defined as………
19. Write the formular for C.P.R and the explain the parameters
20. A corrosion penetration rate less than about ……..is acceptable for most
applications
21. The phenomenon whereby a metal or alloys lose the chemical reactivity and
becomes extremely inert under particular environmental condition is called……..
22. Metal that exhibits passitivity are………, ………., ………., ……….&……….
23. Passive behavior results from the formation of a highly adherent and very thin
……..on the metal surface
24. ………, ………, …….., ………, …….&…….are forms of corrosion
25. …….is a type of failure rather than a form of corrosion
26. ……the rate of galvanic attack depends on the relative…….surface areas that are
exposed to the electrolyte and the rate is directly related to…..
27. …….., ………., &……..are significantly measure taken to reduce galvanic
corrosion
28. For concentration cell, corrosion occurs in the locate that has the…..
29. For crevice corrosion can be prevented by……, ………., &……
30. It is supposed that gravity helps……..corrosion to grow downward
31. Intergranular corrosion is prevalent in some……..
32. Integranula corrosion is termed…..in stain less-steel welding
33. When stainless steel are heated to temperature between 500 and 800oC for
sufficiently long time period, intergranular corrosion is stimulated by formation
of……..precipitate
34. …….is found in a solid solution alloys and occurs when one element or constituent
is preferentially removed as a consequence of corrosion processes
35. ………arises from the combined action of chemical attack and mechanical abrasion
or wear as a consequence of fluid motion
36. Erosion-corrosion is especially harmful to alloys that……by forming a protective
surface film
37. ……is another name for stress corrosion
38. …..corrosion results from the combined action of an applied tensile stress and a
corrosive environment
39. Hydrogen embrittlement and stress erosion are similar in nature of formation but
they can be distinguished on the basis of their interaction with applied….
40. ……alloys are relatively resistance to hydrogen embrittlement
41. …., …….., ……., …….&….are method used for to prevent corrosion
42. …….&…..are two factors mainly involved in the protection of the underlying metal
by metal coating
43. Methods that are wisely used in applying metallic coating are……, ……….,
………., …….., &……
44. The most common non-metallic coating used these days are…., ……., …..,
…….,&……
45. ……..are chemical compounds that are added to electrolytes, anti freeze mixtures,
and corrosion solution in order to retard or slow down chemical reaction
46. ……, ………., ……, &….. are types of inhibitors

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER 6 QUESTIONS

1. It is defined as the destructive and unintentional attack of a metal; it is
electrochemical and usually begins at the surface
2. Polymers
3. Corrosion,scale or film (oxidation)
4. Ceramic
5. Corrosion
6. Degradation
7. 5%
8. Electrochemical, galvanic and high temperature oxidation
9. Electrochemical corrosion
10. Inhomogeneous, microgalvanic corrosion cells
11. Anode = called =
Me  Me n   ne  O2  2 H 2O  4e   4 OH  2 H   2e   H 2


12. Anode, cathode

13. Half reaction
13b Electrolyte and temperature
14. Galvanic corrosion
15. Galvanic series
16. Concentration cell
17. Stress, anode, stress cells
18. Is a representation of the relative reactivities of a number of metals and
commercial alloys in sea water
19.
kw wz weight lost , tz time.  density
At Az exp osed specimen

20. 20Mpy (0.50mm/yr)

21. Passivity
22. Chromium, iron, nickel, titanium etc
23. Oxide film
24. Hydrogen embrittlement
25. Uniform, galvanic, crevice, pitting, integranular, selective, erosion-corrosion and
stress corrosion
26. Anode to cathode, cathode-anode area ratio
27. Page 102
28. Lower concentration
29. Solution to penetrate, stagnancy
30. (a) using welded joint instead of reveled or bolted joint (b) using iron absorbing
gasket when possible, (c) removing accumulated deposits frequently (d) designing
containment vessel to avoid stagnant area and ensure complete drainage
31. Pits
32. Stainless steel
33. Weld decay
34. Chromium carbide (Cr23C6)
35. Selective leaching
36. Erosion corrosion
37. Passivate
38. Corrosion cracking
39. Stress corrosion
40. Electric current
41. Fcc
42. Page 106
43. Mechanical isolation of meal from corroding environment (b) galvanic relationship
of coating metal and base metal
44. Hot dipping, electroplating, metal cladding, high temperature diffusion, metal
spraying
45. Enamel, oil, paints, tar and chemical coating
46. Inhibitors
47. Anodic, cathodic, absorption and vapour phase inhibitors
 CHE 222
Revised questions and answers
BY ORJIEWULU JOHNBOSCO CHIDERA

CHAPTER 7
1. …..refers to the heating and cooling operation required to alter the properties of
metal, alloys, plastic and ceramics materials
2. Change in material properties results from changes made in microstructure of the
material (True or False)
3. The….and……are the main controlling factors of the changes in the micro-
constituents and changes in micro-constituents then control the changes in physical
and mechanical properties of heat-treated metal specimen
4. …….., ……….., ………, ……… are purpose of heat treating a material
5. The principle of heat treatment is based on the fact that when an alloy is heated
above a certain temperature, it undergoes……….when cooled to room temperature
6. The structural modification of a heat treated material is mainly based on the………
7. Heat treatment are normally applied to……carbon steels
8. For steel, the eutectoid reaction in the iron-carbon diagram involves the
transformation and decomposition of……..into pearlite, cementite or martensite
9. ……., …….., ………., ………,…..&…….are the principal type of heat treatment
processes
10. In …….. type of heat treatment a material is exposed to an elevated temperature
for an extended time period and then slowly cooled
11. Annealing is carried out to……, …………..& …..
12. The rate of cooling in annealing is……..
13. …….., …………, ………., &……….are various types of annealing operations
14. ………, ………., &……….are the three stages of annealing process
15. ……….is used as a finishing treatment for carbon steels and it gives higher strength
than annealing
16. The cooling stage of normalizing is partly done in…….to make it faster
17. Normalizing is used to refine………
18. ……..heat treatment forms a non equilibrium structure in an alloy
19. In hardening fast cooling is essential for preventing…….during cooling
20. ………and…..are important characteristics of steels
21. ……..is defined as the surface hardness of a hardened article and depends mainly
on the carbon content of the steel
22. ………is a term that is used to describe the ability of an alloy to be hardened by the
formation of martensile as a result of a given heat treatment
23. …….are type of heat treatment which are applied to harden alloys
24. Hardenability is the same thing as hardness (True or False)
25. The rate of cooling from the temperature of ………or……..has no effect on the
structure and properties of alloys (except for few exceptions)
26. The term………is usually applied to steels and other alloys undergoing a
polymorphic transformation in hardening
27. Referring to question 26 examples of such alloys includes……….,
………….&……..
28. ……..applies to alloys which undergo no polymorphic transformation in hardening
example of such alloys includes…….., ………, &…….
29. ……unlike other method of surface strengthening offers an added advantages of
large compressive stresses in the surface layers of hardened articles
30. For toughness one finds out that the core do not normally exceed…..carbon content
31. ………&……are the two classes of surface hardening
32. In selective heating surface layers hardened and tempered steel respond well
but……….steel do not
33. In ………class of surface hardening is added
1
C N 2
1

34. In ………., the part is surrounded by material or atmosphere rich in carbon and on
heating this carbon is first released and then absorbed.
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER 7 QUESTIONS
1. Heat treatment
2. True
3. Temperature of heating, rate of cooling
4. Page 112
5. Structural adjustment or stabilization
6. Cooling rate
7. Hypo-eutectoid carbon steel
8. Austenite
9. Annealing (b) normalizing (c) hardening (d) tempering (e) ageing (f) surface
hardening
10. Annealing
11. Relieve stresses (b) increase softness ductility and toughness (c) produce a specific
microstructure
12. 30-200oC/h
13. (a) full annealing (b) process annealing (c) spheroidise annealing (d) diffusion
annealing
14. Heating to desired temperature (b) holding or soaking at that temperature (c)
cooling, usually to room temperature
15. Normalizing
16. Air
17. Grains
18. Hardening
19. Equilibrium transformation
20. Hardening capacity and hardenability
21. Hardening capacity
22. Hardenability
23. Tempering and ageing
24. False
25. Tempering or ageing
26. Tempering
27. Two-phase aluminum, bronzes, some titanium alloys etc
28. Ageng
29. Aluminum alloys, austenitic steels, nickel alloys etc
30. 0.3%
31. Selective heating of surface layers (c) case hardening
32. Anneated
33. Case hardening
34. carburizing

We the entire members of CESA which you a successful semester in Jesus name, Amen