Efficient Relay Station Placement Strategy For Broadband Wireless Networks - 4G
Efficient Relay Station Placement Strategy For Broadband Wireless Networks - 4G
Efficient Relay Station Placement Strategy For Broadband Wireless Networks - 4G
Abstract— WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave efficient location for the RS is needed to enhance the capacity
Access) is the emerging broadband wireless access technology of the system [12].
that allows interoperability and combines the benefits offered by Both the BS and RS placement in multi-hop relay networks
other wireless networking technologies. This allows WiMAX to has been dealt earlier [2] [17]. In this work, the Mixed-Integer
lead the path towards 4G. To meet the growing demand for
Linear Program (MILP) is formulated by considering the
throughput, and in order to relay traffic for Subscriber Stations
(SS), Relay station (RS) is introduced by WiMAX networks. The characteristics of the system and allocation of network’s
coverage area of a Base Station (BS) can be extended by RSs. It is bandwidth downlink transmission of data. The cooperative
not easy to install many BSs which involve more cost and strategies and capacity theorems for relay networks are dealt
infrastructure this type of architecture is suitable for rural areas. by Kramer et al [10]. Shihong Zou et al. proposed the Relay-
The problem of finding location to place the RS exists in these Aided Media Access (RAMA) protocol to be used in general
broadband WiMAX networks. To solve this problem, an efficient wireless networks [20]. Improved approximation algorithms
RS placement strategy is proposed in this work. The RS have been discussed for relay placement in [7].
placement will increase the throughput of the network. For the
given MS distribution this algorithm will give the efficient results RS were introduced to improve the coverage, throughput,
for the relay location planning. The throughput is to be improved and system capacity [14]. RSs are placed between BS and
further by taking into account the frequency reuse concept and Mobile Station (MS). Two types of RSs are defined for the
the inter-cell interference caused due to it. The simulation result WiMAX multi hop networks, Transparent Relay Stations
depicts the performance of the proposed algorithm. (TRSs) and Non Transparent Relay Stations (NTRS) [13].
Keywords- Relay placement, Throughput, Frequency Reuse, TRSs will simply decode and forward the data packets that
Inter-cell interference they receive to their destinations and they do not have any
control on the channel usage and resource allocation to the
I. INTRODUCTION network. TRSs when connected to an MS will appear
IEEE 802.16 is considered as a “last mile” broadband transparent to that MS. MS regards that it is being connected
wireless access to conventional Digital Subscriber Line and to the BS itself. NTRSs will operate in dedicated frequency
Cable Internet. The spectrum range of the WiMAX networks bands [9]. NTRS and BS will operate in different frequency
is more than 10-20 MHz, and the bandwidth delivered by bands and hence the BS-NTRS and NTRS-MS links have no
these networks is up to 75 Mbps. Though bandwidth contention between them. NTRS can able to control the
efficiency is given by WiMAX, there exists a challenge to channel usage and the resource allocation to the network. For
improve the network throughput. The first challenge is to these reasons, NTRS is more expensive than TRS.
eliminate or reduce coverage holes. The high path-loss and RSs are normally placed at the Line-Of-Sight (LOS) from
effect of shadowing is caused by obstacles like trees, large the BS, so that the throughput gain can be maximized. MSs
buildings, mountains, lakes etc., there would be some spots which is located in the cell edge may receive less signal
with poor network connectivity known as coverage holes. This strength from the nearest BS. Such MSs will get a sufficient
degrades the throughput of the system. Range extension is data rate it needs with the help of relay without experiencing
another challenge in the WiMAX network. The wireless the service outage. If an RS is placed very close to the BS or
connectivity should be given to the Non Line Of Sight near the cell center, then it is not beneficial for MSs which is
(NLOS) areas, which will not receive the signal from the BS present in the cell boundary and it may interfere with the RSs
near to it. Due to rapid growth in the number of cellular within the cell. On the other hand, if the RS is placed in the
subscribers and the scarcity of frequency spectrum, cellular cell edge it will experience interference with the RSs in the
systems are facing problem in providing satisfactory Signal to adjacent cell which will reduce the RSs coverage.
Noise Ratio (SNR) to the cell edge users. To solve the channel
fading and range extension problems, adding more base Unlike BSs, RS only covers a smaller region when it
stations would be an easy solution. However, given the high transmits. So, the frequency band can be reused when RS is
cost of deploying BSs, it would be too expensive. In such used in some parts of the cell. Hence the frequency reuse
cases, RSs are a cost- effective alternative. Moreover, an pattern has to be considered as a major part in planning the RS
283 ICRTIT-2012
and β) into a set of small areas as shown in Fig. 2. Let S edge. The inter-cell interference has to be evaluated and
denote the set of all coordinates in the extended BS cell and R rectified in order to increase the network’s performance. In
denote the set of all candidate coordinates for RS placement Fig. 4 the mobile station in one cell is receiving signal from
inthe cell. The optimal location of RS is chosen from any of RSs in both the cells. The inter-cell interference occurs in that
these R coordinate positions. MS.
Let Crelay be the capacity achieved while using RS between Input: Nrs, Nms, Nbs
BS and MS and Cdirect denotes the direct transmission from BS Output : Rsmax
to MS without the intermediate RS. Then the capacity gain is Begin
calculated using the equation (1). Max = Grs[1];
Gain Calculation in RS list,
for k=1 to n do
Capacity gain = ( Crelay - Cdirect ) / Cdirect (1)
Grsi = (Crelay – Cdirect) / Cdirect
Sort Grs;
n=sizeof(rs[0])
loop:
for i = 0 to n do
Position of BS for j=i+1 to rscount do
α n1=sizeof(rs[i])
Possible positions for k=0 to n1 do
of RS if(rs[0][i]==rs[j][k]) then
remove (rs[j][k])
end
β end
end
end
Figure 2. Coverage of BS and RS remove rs[0];
If (resources > threshold) then
A. Relay Station Placement Algorithm goto end;
else goto loop;
The input to the relay station placement algorithm is the end.
number of BS, RS and MS. Every location in the cell is the
possible candidate locations for the RS deployment. The BS
cell is divided into many annular sectors. The main objective Figure 3. Relay Station Placement Algorithm
is that the RS which is to be deployed must give the
transmission with high capacity gain when compared to the The users especially at the cell edge will suffer low signal
direct transmission from BS to MS. strength and low throughput. If the fractional frequency reuse
concept is used the spectral efficiency for the user at the cell
The initial candidate position for the RS is generated in the
center will be maximized. It also improves the signal strength
BS coverage area. It is recorded in the RS list. Each RS
and throughput of the users located at the cell edge.
maintains its MS list that it is likely to be served by them. The
total gain provided by all the RSs is calculated. Choose the RS
that provide highest gain to the network. Then remove the
MSs served by the chosen RS from other RS’s serving MS
list. This helps to avoid the interference in the MS by many
RSs. The algorithm proceeds until the resources exceed the
certain threshold. - BS
284 ICRTIT-2012
The time delay between the transmission and reception of in the paper. The capacity gain is calculated both for direct
packets is calculated. The userid is used to identify the source transmission between BS and MS and by using RS between
and the destination nodes and the sequence number is used for them. The capacity gain is high when we use RS in the
the verification of the order of the packets transmitted. Then network as shown in Fig. 5. The throughput of the network is
the delay is calculated by taking the difference between the calculated for different distance between BS and MS with and
transmitting time and the receiving time. without RS. The throughput of the network is increased due to
Two types of trace files are generated namely pcap files and RS as shown in Fig. 6.
xml files.The pcap file generated during the program
execution is given as input to the wireshark to capture the
packets transmitted. It gives the information regarding the 4.5
source, destination, time of transmission and protocol used for 4
Throughput[mbps]
transfer. The trace details are generated by the wireshark. The 3.5
simulation parameters are listed in table I. 3
2.5
TABLE I 2
SIMULATION PARAMETERS
1.5
Parameter Value 1
No. of Base Stations 2 0.5
No. of Relay Stations 6 0
No. of Mobile Stations 10 0 200 400 600
No. of interfering cells 2
Cell Radius 1 km Distance between BS and MS[m]
Throughput of the cell without RS
System bandwidth 20 MHz
Center Frequency 5000 MHz Throughput of the cell with RS
285 ICRTIT-2012
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