Balancing - Rotating Masses
Balancing - Rotating Masses
BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES
1.1 Introduction
Often an unbalance of forces is produced in rotary or reciprocating machinery due to the inertia
forces associated with the moving masses. Balancing is the process of designing or modifying
machinery so that the unbalance is reduced to an acceptable level and if possible is eliminated
entirely.
Fig. 1.1
A particle or mass moving in a circular path experiences a centripetal acceleration and a force is
required to produce it. An equal and opposite force acting radially outwards acts on the axis of
rotation and is known as centrifugal force [Fig. 1.1(a)]. This is a disturbing force on the axis of
rotation, the magnitude of which is constant but the direction changes with the rotation of the
mass.
In a revolving rotor, the centrifugal force remains balanced as long as the centre of the mass of
the rotor lies on the axis of the shaft. When the centre of mass does not lie on the axis or there is
an eccentricity, an unbalanced force is produced
[Fig. 1.1(b)]. This type of unbalance is very common. For example, in steam turbine rotors,
engine crankshafts, rotary compressors and centrifugal pumps.
Most of the serious problems encountered in high‐speed machinery are the direct result of
unbalanced forces. These forces exerted on the frame by the moving machine members are time
varying, impart vibratory motion to the frame and produce noise. Also, there are human
discomfort and detrimental effects on the machine performance and the structural integrity of
the machine foundation.
The most common approach to balancing is by redistributing the mass which may be
accomplished by addition or removal of mass from various machine members.
There are two basic types of unbalance‐rotating unbalance and reciprocating unbalance – which
may occur separately or in combination.
1.2 Static Balancing:
A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the combined mass centre of the
system lies on the axis of rotation.
1.3 Types of Balancing:
There are main two types of balancing conditions
(i) Balancing of rotating masses
(ii) Balancing of reciprocating masses
(i) Balancing of Rotating Masses
Whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating shaft, it exerts some centrifugal force, whose
effect is to bend the shaft and to produce vibrations in it. In order to prevent the effect of centrifugal
force, another mass is attached to the opposite side of the shaft, at such a position so as to balance the
effect of the centrifugal force of the first mass. This is done in such a way that the centrifugal forces of
both the masses are made to be equal and opposite. The process of providing the second mass in order
to counteract the effect of the centrifugal force of the first mass is called balancing of rotating masses.
The following cases are important from the subject point of view:
1. Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane.
2. Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane.
3. Balancing of different masses rotating in different planes.
1.4 Balancing of Several Masses Rotating in the Same Plane
Consider any number of masses (say four) of magnitude m1, m2, m3 and m4 at distances ofr1, r2,
r3 and r4 from the axis of the rotating shaft. Let θ1, θ2, θ3 and θ4 be the angles of these masses
with the horizontal line OX, as shown in Fig. 1.2 (a). Let these masses rotate about an axis
through O and perpendicular to the plane of paper, with a constant angular velocity of ω rad/s.
(a) Space diagram. (b) Vector diagram.
Fig. 1.2 Balancing of several masses rotating in the same plane.
The magnitude and position of the balancing mass may be found out analytically or graphically
as discussed below:
1. Analytical method
Each mass produces a centrifugal force acting radially outwards from the axis of rotation. Let F be
the vector sum of these forces.
The rotor is said to be statically balanced if the vector sum F is zero.
If F is not zero, i.e., the rotor is unbalanced, then produce a counterweight
(balance weight) of mass mc, at radius rc to balance the rotor so that
= 0
= 0
The magnitude of either mc or rc may be selected and of other can be calculated. In general, if ∑
mr is the vector sum of m1.r1, m2.r2, m3.r3, m4.r4, etc., then
∑ mr + mcrc = 0
To solve these equation by mathematically, divide each force into its x and z components, ∑
mrcos + mcrccos c = 0
and ∑ mrsin + mcrcsin c = 0
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii),
mcrc = ∑ ∑
Dividing (ii) by (i),
∑
∑
The signs of the numerator and denominator of this function identify the quadrant of the angle.
2. Graphical method
First of all, draw the space diagram with the positions of the several masses, as shown in Fig. 1.2
(a).
Find out the centrifugal force (or product of the mass and radius of rotation) exerted by each
mass on the rotating shaft.
Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal forces (or the product of the masses
and their radii of rotation), such that ab represents the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m1
(or m1.r1) in magnitude and direction to some suitable scale. Similarly, draw bc, cd and de to
represent centrifugal forces of other masses m2, m3 and m4 (or m2.r2,m3.r3 and m4.r4).
Now, as per polygon law of forces, the closing side ae represents the resultant force in
magnitude and direction, as shown in Fig. 1.2 (b).
The balancing force is, then, equal to resultant force, but in opposite direction.
Now find out the magnitude of the balancing mass (m) at a given radius of rotation (r), such that
m.r.ω2 = Resultant centrifugal force
or m.r = Resultant of m1.r1, m2.r2, m3.r3 and m4.r4
(In general for graphical solution, vectors m1.r1, m2.r2, m3.r3, m4.r4, etc., are added. If they close
in a loop, the system is balanced. Otherwise, the closing vector will be giving mc.rc. Its direction
identifies the angular position of the countermass relative to the other mass.)
Example 1.1 :A circular disc mounted on a shaft carries three attached masses of 4 kg, 3 kg and 2.5 kg
at radial distances of 75 mm, 85 mm and 50 mm and at the angular positions of 45°, 135° and 240°
respectively. The angular positions are measured counterclockwise from the reference line along the x‐
axis. Determine the amount of the countermass at a radial distance of 75 mm required for the static
balance.
m1 = 4 kg r1 = 75 mm θ1 = 45°
m2 = 3 kg r2= 85 mm θ2 = 135°
∑ mr + mcrc = 0
300 cos45°+ 255 cos135° + 125 cos240° + mcrccosθc = 0 and
300 sin 45°+ 255 sin 135° + 125 sin 240° + mcrcsinθc = 0
Squaring, adding and then solving,
mcrc = 300 45° 255 cos 135° 125 cos 240° 300 45° 255 sin 135° 125 240°
mC 75= 30.68 284.2
= 285.8 kg.mm
mc = 3.81 kg
∑ .
tan = = = ‐9.26
∑ .
c = ‐83°50’
c lies in the fourth quadrant (numerator is negative and denominator is positive).
c = 360 -83°50’
c = 276°9’
Graphical Method:
The magnitude and the position of the balancing mass may also be found graphically as
discussed below :
Now draw the vector diagram with the above values, to some suitable scale, as shown in Fig.
1.3. The closing side of the polygon co represents the resultant force.
By measurement, we find that co = 285.84 kg‐mm.
Fig. 1.3 Vector Diagram
The balancing force is equal to the resultant force. Since the balancing force is proportional to
m.r, therefore
mC × 75 = vector co = 285.84 kg‐mm or mC = 285.84/75
mC = 3.81 kg.
By measurement we also find that the angle of inclination of the balancing mass (m) from the
horizontal or positive X‐axis,
θC = 276°.
Example 1.2 : Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 are 200 kg, 300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg respectively. The
corresponding radii of rotation are 0.2 m, 0.15 m, 0.25 m and 0.3 m respectively and the angles
between successive masses are 45°, 75° and 135°. Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass
required, if its radius of rotation is 0.2 m.
m1 = 200 kg r1 = 0.2 m θ1 = 0°
m2 = 300 kg r2 = 0.15 m θ2 = 45°
m3 = 240 kg r3 = 0.25 m θ3 = 45° +75° = 120°
m4 = 260 kg r4 = 0.3 m θ4 = 120° + 135° = 255°
m1r1 = 200 x 0.2 = 40 m2r2 rC = 0.2 m
= 300 x 0.15 = 45 m3r3 =
240 x 0.25 = 60 m4r4 = 260
x 0.3 = 78
∑mr + mcrc = 0
40 cos0° + 45cos45°+ 60cos120° + 78cos255° + mcrccosθc = 0 and
40 sin 0° + 45 sin 45°+ 60 sin 120° + 78 sin 255°+ mcrcsinθc = 0
Squaring, adding and then solving,
mcr=
40 0° 45 cos 45° 60 cos 120° 78 cos 255° 40 0° 45 sin 45° 60 120° 78 255°
mC 0.2 = 21.6 8.5
= 23.2 kg.mm
mc = 116 kg
∑ .
tan = = = 0.3935
∑ .
θc = 21°28’
θc lies in the third quadrant (numerator is negative and denominator is negative).
θc = 180 +21°28’
θc = 201°28’
Graphical Method:
For graphical method draw the vector diagram with the above values, to some suitable scale, as
shown in Fig. 1.4. The closing side of the polygon ae represents the resultant force. By
measurement, we find that ae = 23 kg‐m.
Fig. 1.4 Vector Diagram
By measurement we also find that the angle of inclination of the balancing mass (m) from the
horizontal or positive X‐axis,
θC = 201°.
1.5 Dynamic Balancing
When several masses rotate in different planes, the centrifugal forces, in addition to being out
of balance, also form couples. A system of rotating masses is in dynamic balance when there
does not exist any resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple.
In the work that follows, the products of mr and mrl (instead of mrω2 and mrlω2), usually, have
been referred as force and couple respectively as it is more convenient to draw force and couple
polygons with these quantities.
Fig. 1.5
If m1, and m2 are two masses (Fig. 1.5) revolving diametrically opposite to each other in
different planes such that m1r1 = m2r2, the centrifugal forces are balanced, but an unbalanced
couple of magnitude m1r1l (= m2r2l) is introduced. The couple acts in a plane that contains the
axis of rotation and the two masses. Thus, the couple is of constant magnitude but variable
direction.
1.6 Balancing of Several Masses Rotating in the different Planes
Let there be a rotor revolving with a uniform angular velocity ω. m1, m2and m3 are the masses
attached to the rotor at radii r1, r2 and r3respectively.The masses m1, m2 and m3 rotate in
planes1, 2 and 3 respectively. Choose a reference plane at O so that the distances of the planes
1, 2 and 3 from O are l1, l2 and l3 respectively.
Transference of each unbalanced force to the reference plane introduces the like number of
forces and couples.
The unbalanced forces in the reference plane are m1r1ω2, m2r2ω2 and m3r3ω2 acting radially
outwards.
The unbalanced couples in the reference plane are m1r1ω2l1, m2r2ω2l2 and m3r3ω2l3 which may
be represented by vectors parallel to the respective force vectors, i.e., parallel to the respective
radii of m1, m2 and m3.
For complete balancing of the rotor, the resultant force and resultant couple both should be
zero, i.e.,
m1r1ω2 + m2r2ω2 + m3r3ω2 = 0 …………………(a) and
m1r1ω2l1 + m2r2ω2l2 + m3r3ω2l3 = 0 ...………………(b)
If the Eqs (a) and (b) are not satisfied, then there are unbalanced forces and couples. A mass
placed in the reference plane may satisfy the force equation but
the couple equation is satisfied only by two equal forces in different transverse planes.
Thus in general, two planes are needed to balance a system of rotating masses.
Therefore, in order to satisfy Eqs (a) and (b), introduce two counter‐masses mC1 and mC2 at radii
rC1 and rC2 respectively. Then Eq. (a) may be written as
+ + + =0
∑ 0 …………………….(c)
Let the two countermasses be placed in transverse planes at axial locations O and Q, i.e., the
countermassmC1 be placed in the reference plane and the distance of the plane of mC2 be lC2 from the
reference plane. Equation (b) modifies to (taking moments about O)
+ + =0
∑mrl + mC2rC2lC2 = 0 …………………(d)
Thus, Eqs (c) and (d) are the necessary conditions for dynamic balancing of rotor.
Again the equations can be solved mathematically or graphically.
Dividing Eq. (d) into component form
∑ mrlcosθ + mC2rC2lC2 cosθC2 = 0
∑ mrl sinθ + mC2rC2lC2 sinθC2 = 0
mC2rC2lC2cosθC2 = ∑ mrlcos ……………………(i)
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii)
mcrc lC2 = ∑ ∑
Dividing (ii) by (i),
∑
tan = ∑
After obtaining the values of mC2 and θC2 from the above equations, solve Eq. (c) by taking its
components,
∑ mrcosθ +mC1rC1cosθC1+ mC2rC2cosθC2 = 0
∑ mrsinθ +mC1rC1 sinθC1+ mC2rC2 sinθC2 = 0
mC1rC1cosθC1 = ( ∑ mrcos θ + mC2rC2cosθC2)
mC1rC1 sinθC1 = ( ∑ mrsin θ + mC2rC2 sinθC2)
mc1rc1 = ∑ ∑
∑
tan = ∑
Example 1.3 : A shaft carries four masses A, B, C and D of magnitude 200 kg, 300 kg, 400 kg and 200 kg
respectively and revolving at radii 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm in planes measured from A at
300 mm, 400 mm and 700 mm. The angles between the cranks measured anticlockwise are A to B 45°,
B to C 70° and C to D 120°. The balancing masses are to be placed in planes X and Y. The distance
between the planes A and X is 100 mm, between X and Y is 400 mm and between Y and D is 200 mm. If
the balancing masses revolve at a radius of 100 mm, find their magnitudes and angular positions.
mA = 200 kg rA = 80 mm θA = 0° lA = ‐100 mm
mB = 300 kg rB= 70 mm θB = 45° lB = 200 mm
mC = 400 kg rC = 60 mm θC = 45° +70° = 115° lC = 300 mm
Let
mX = Balancing mass placed in plane X, and
mY = Balancing mass placed in plane Y.
The position of planes and angular position of the masses (assuming the mass A as horizontal) are
shown in Fig. 1.5 (a) and (b) respectively.
Assume the plane X as the reference plane (R.P.). The distances of the planes to the right of plane X are
taken as + ve while the distances of the planes to the left of plane X are taken as –ve.
(a) Position of planes. (b) Angular position of masses.
Fig. 1.6
mArAlA = 200 x 0.08 x (‐0.1) = ‐1.6 kg.m2 mArA = 200 x 0.08 = 16 kg.m
mBrBlB = 300 x 0.07 x 0.2 = 4.2 kg.m2 mBrB = 300 x 0.07 = 21 kg.m
mCrClC = 400 x 0.06 x 0.3 = 7.2 kg.m2 mCrC = 400 x 0.06 = 24 kg.m
mDrDlD = 200 x 0.08 x 0.6 = 9.6 kg.m2 mDrD = 200 x 0.08 = 16 kg.m
Analytical Method:
For unbalanced couple
∑mrl + mYrYlY = 0
∑ cosθ 2 ∑ sin θ 2
2
7.179 1.63
mY = 184 kg.
∑ .
tan = ∑
= = -0.227
.
θY = -12°47’
θY lies in the fourth quadrant (numerator is negative and denominator is positive).
θY = 360 -12°47’
θY = 347°12’
For unbalanced centrifugal force
∑mr +mXrX+ mYrY = 0
= √29.47 19.42
mX = 353 kg.
∑ .
tan = ∑
= = 0.6589
.
θX = 33°22’
θX lies in the third quadrant (numerator is negative and denominator is negative).
θX = 180 +33°22’
θX = 213°22’
Graphical Method:
The balancing masses and their angular positions may be determined graphically as discussed below :
Table 1.1
Mass (m) Radius Cent.force ÷ ω2 Distance from Couple ÷ ω2
Plane Angle
kg (r)m (mr) kg‐m Ref. Plane (l) m (mrl) kg‐m2
A 0° 200 0.08 160 – 0.1 –1.6
X (R.P.) θX mX 0.1 0.1 mX 0 0
B 45° 300 0.07 21 0.2 4.2
C 115° 400 0.06 24 0.3 7.2
Y θY mY 0.1 0.1 mY 0.4 0.04 mY
D 235° 200 0.08 16 0.6 9.6
First of all, draw the couple polygon from the data given in Table 1.1 (column 7) as shown in
Fig. 1.7 (a) to some suitable scale. The vector d′o′ represents the balanced couple. Since the
balanced couple is proportional to 0.04 mY, therefore by measurement, 0.04mY = vector
d′o′ = 73 kg‐m2
or mY = 182.5 kg
(a) Couple Polygon (b) Force Polygon Fig. 1.7
Now draw the force polygon from the data given in Table 1.1 (column 5) as shown in Fig. 1.7
(b). The vector eo represents the balanced force. Since the balanced force is proportional to
0.1 mX, therefore by measurement,
0.1mX = vector eo = 35.5 kg‐m
or mX = 355 kg.
The angular position of the mass mX is obtained by drawing OmX in Fig. 1.6 (b), parallel to
vector eo. By measurement, the angular position of mX is θX = 145° in the clockwise direction
from mass mA (i.e. 200 kg), so θX = 360°– 145° = 215°.
Example 1.4: Four masses A, B, C and D carried by a rotating shaft are at radii 100, 140, 210 and 160
mm respectively. The planes in which the masses revolve are spaced 600 mm apart and the masses of
B, C and D are 16 kg, 10 kg and 8 kg respectively. Find the required mass A and the relative angular
positions of the four masses so that shaft is in complete
balance.
mA = ? rA = 100mm
mB = 16 kg rB = 140mm lB = 600 mm
mC = 10 kg rC = 210mm lC = 1200 mm
mD = 8 kg rD = 160 mm lD = 1800 mm
Table 1.2
Mass (m) Radius Cent.force ÷ ω2 Distance from Couple ÷ ω2
Plane Angle
kg (r) m (mr) kg‐m Ref. Plane (l) m (mrl) kg‐m2
A (R.P.) θA mA 0.1 0.1mA 0 0
B 0° 16 0.14 2.24 0.6 1.34
C θC 10 0.21 2.1 1.2 2.52
D θD 8 0.16 1.28 1.8 2.3
First of all, draw the couple polygon from the data given in Table 1.2 (column 7) as shown in Fig.
1.8 (a) to some suitable scale. By measurement, the angular position of mC is θC = 115° in the
anticlockwise direction from mass mB and the angular position of mD is θD = 263° in the
anticlockwise direction from mass mB.
(a) Couple Polygon (b) Force Polygon
Fig. 1.8
Now draw the force polygon from the data given in Table 1.2 (column 5) as shown in Fig. 1.8 (b).
The vector co represents the balanced force. Since the balanced force is proportional to 0.1 mA,
therefore by measurement, 0.1mA = vectorco = 1.36 kg‐m Or mA = 13.6 kg.
By measurement, the angular position of mA is θA = 208° in the anticlockwise direction from
mass mB (i.e. 16 kg).
Example 1.5 :Four masses 150 kg, 200 kg, 100 kg and 250 kg are attached to a shaft revolving at radii
150 mm, 200 mm, 100 mm and 250 mm; in planes A, B, C and D respectively. The planes B, C and D are
at distances 350 mm, 500 mm and 800 mm from plane A. The masses in planes B, C and D are at an
angle 105°, 200° and 300° measured anticlockwise from mass in plane A. It is required to balance the
system by placing the balancing masses in the planes P and Q which are midway between the planes A
and B, and between C and D respectively. If the balancing masses revolve at radius 180 mm, find the
magnitude and angular positions of the balance masses.
mA = 150 kg rA = 150mm θA = 0°
mB = 200 kg rB= 200mm θB = 105°
mC = 100 kg rC = 100mm θC = 200°
mD = 250 kg rD = 250 mm θD = 300°
rX = rY = 180 mm
Fig. 1.9
Table 1.3
Mass (m) Radius Cent.force ÷ ω2 Distance from Couple ÷ ω2
Plane Angle
kg (r) m (mr) kg‐m Ref. Plane (l) m (mrl) kg‐m2
A (R.P.) 0° 150 0.15 22.5 –0.175 –3.94
P θP mP 0.18 0.18 mP 0 0
B 105° 200 0.2 40 0.175 7
C 200° 100 0.1 10 0.325 3.25
Q θQ mQ 0.18 0.18 mQ 0.475 0.0855 mQ
D 300° 250 0.25 62.5 0.625 39.06
Analytical Method:
Table 1.4
mrlcosθ mrl sinθ mrcosθ mr sinθ
( HC) ( VC) ( HF ) (VF )
–3.94 0 22.5 0
0 0 0.18 mPcosθP 0.18 mP sinθP
–1.81 6.76 –10.35 38.64
–3.05 –1.11 ‐9.4 –3.42
0.0855 mQcosθQ 0.0855 mQ sinθQ 0.18 mQcosθQ 0.18 mQ sinθQ
19.53 –33.83 31.25 –54.13
∑ HC = 0
–3.94 + 0 – 1.81 – 3.05 + 0.0855 mQcosθQ + 19.53 = 0
0.0855 mQcosθQ = – 10.73
mQcosθQ = – 125.497 …………………..(i)
∑ VC = 0
0 + 0 + 6.76 – 1.11 + 0.0855 mQ sinθQ – 33.83 = 0
0.0855 mQ sinθQ = 28.18
θQ = 329.59 ………………..(ii)
125.497 329.59
mQ = 352.67 kg.
329.59
125.497
= ‐2.626
θQ = – 69.15
θQ = 180 – 69.15
θQ = 110.84°
∑ HF = 0
22.5 + 0.18 mPcosθP – 10.35 – 9.4 + 0.18 mQcosθQ + 31.25 = 0
22.5 + 0.18 mPcosθP – 10.35 – 9.4 + 0.18 (352.67) cos 110.84° + 31.25 = 0
0.18 mPcosθP = – 11.416
mPcosθP = – 63.42
∑ VF = 0
0 + 0.18 mP sinθP + 38.64 – 3.42 + 0.18 mQ sinθQ – 54.13 = 0
0 + 0.18 mP sinθP + 38.64 – 3.42 + 0.18 (352.67) sin 110.84° – 54.13 = 0
0.18 mP sinθP = – 40.417
mP sinθP = – 224.54
224.54
63.42
= 3.54
θP = 74.23
θP = 180 + 74.23
θP = 254.23°
Graphical Method :
(a) Couple Polygon (b) Force Polygon
Fig. 1.10
First of all, draw the couple polygon from the data given in Table 1.4 (column 7) as shown in Fig.
1.10 (a) to some suitable scale. The vector do represents the balanced couple. Since the
balanced couple is proportional to 0.0855 mQ, therefore by measurement,
0.0855 mQ = vector do = 30.15 kg‐m2
or mQ = 352.63 kg.
By measurement, the angular position of mQ is θQ = 111° in the anticlockwise direction from
mass mA (i.e. 150 kg).
Now draw the force polygon from the data given in Table 1.4 (column 5) as shown in Fig. 1.10
(b). The vector eo represents the balanced force. Since the balanced force is proportional to
0.18 mP, therefore by measurement, 0.18 mP = vector eo = 41.5 kg‐m
Or mP = 230.5 kg.
By measurement, the angular position of mP is θP = 256° in the anticlockwise direction from
mass mA (i.e. 150kg).
Example 1.6 : A shaft carries four masses in parallel planes A, B, C and D in this order along its length.
The masses at B and C are 18 kg and 12.5 kg respectively, and each has an eccentricity of 60 mm. The
masses at A and D have an eccentricity of 80 mm. The angle between the masses at B and C is 100° and
that between the masses at B and A is 190°, both being measured in the same direction. The axial
distance between the planes A and B is 100 mm and that between B and C is 200 mm. If the shaft is in
complete dynamic balance, determine: 1. The magnitude of the masses at A and D; 2. The
distance between planes A and D; and
3. The angular position of the mass at D.
mA = ? rA = 80 mm θA = 190°
mB = 18 kg
rB= 60 mm θB = 0°
mC = 12.5 kg
rC = 60 mm θC = 100°
(a) Position of planes. (b) Angular position of masses.
Fig. 1.11
The position of the planes and angular position of the masses is shown in Fig. 1.11 (a) and (b)
respectively. The position of mass B is assumed in the horizontal direction, i.e. along OB. Taking
the plane of mass A as the reference plane, the data may be tabulated as below:
Table 1.5
Mass (m) Radius Cent.force ÷ ω2 Distance from Couple ÷ ω2
Plane Angle kg (r) m Ref. Plane (l) m
(mr) kg‐m (mrl) kg‐m2
A (R.P.) 190° mA 0.08 0.08mA 0 0
B 0° 18 0.06 1.08 0.1 0.108
C 100° 12.5 0.06 0.75 0.3 0.225
D θD mD 0.08 0.08 mD X 0.08 mDX
First of all, draw the couple polygon from the data given in Table 1.5 (column 7) as shown in Fig.
1.12 (a) to some suitable scale. The closing side of the polygon (vector c′o′) is proportional to
0.08 mD.X, therefore by measurement,
0.08 mDX = vector c’o’ = 0.235 kg‐m2 ……………….(i)
By measurement, the angular position of mD is θD = 251° in the anticlockwise direction from
mass mB (i.e. 18 kg).
(a) Couple Polygon (b) Force Polygon
Fig. 1.12
Now draw the force polygon, to some suitable scale, as shown in Fig. 1.11 (b), from the data
given in Table 1.5 (column 5), as discussed below :
i. Draw vector ob parallel to OB and equal to 1.08 kg‐m.
ii. From point b, draw vector bc parallel to OC and equal to 0.75 kg‐m.
iii. For the shaft to be in complete dynamic balance, the force polygon must be a closed.
Therefore from point c, draw vector cd parallel to OA and from point o draw vector od
parallel to OD. The vectors cd and od intersect at d. Since the vector cd is proportional to
0.08 mA, therefore by measurement
0.08 mA = vector cd = 0.77 kg‐m or
mA = 9.625 kg.
and vector do is proportional to 0.08 mD, therefore by measurement,
0.08 mD = vector do = 0.65 kg‐m or
mD = 8.125 kg.
Distance between planes A and D
From equation (i),
0.08 mD.X = 0.235 kg‐m2
0.08 × 8.125 × X = 0.235 kg‐m2
X = 0.3615 m
= 361.5 mm
Example 1.7 : A rotating shaft carries four masses A, B, C and D which are radially attached to it. The
mass centers are 30 mm, 40 mm, 35 mm and 38 mm respectively from the axis of rotation. The masses
A, C and D are 7.5 kg, 5 kg and 4 kg respectively. The axial distances between the planes of rotation of
A and B is 400 mm and between B and C is 500 mm. The masses A and C are at right angles to each
other. Find for a complete balance,
(i) the angles between the masses B and D from mass A,
(ii) the axial distance between the planes of rotation of C and D, and (iii) the
magnitude of mass B.
Fig. 1.13 Position of planes
Table 1.6
Mass (m) Radius Cent.force ÷ ω2 Distance from Couple ÷ ω2
Plane Angle
kg (r) m (mr) kg‐m Ref. Plane (l) m (mrl) kg‐m2
A 0° 7.5 0.03 0.225 – 0.4 –0.09
B(R.P.) θB mB 0.04 0.04mB 0 0
C 90° 5 0.035 0.175 0.5 0.0875
D θD 4 0.038 0.152 X 0.152X
(a) Couple Polygon (b) Force Polygon
Fig. 1.14
First of all, draw the couple polygon from the data given in Table 1.6 (column 7) as shown in Fig.
1.14 (a) to some suitable scale. The vector bo represents the balanced couple. Since the
balanced couple is proportional to 0.152X, therefore by
measurement,
0.152X = vector bo
= 0.13 kg‐m2
or X = 0.855 m.
The axial distance between the planes of rotation of C and D = 855 – 500 = 355 mm
By measurement, the angular position of mD is θD = 360° – 44° = 316° in the anticlockwise
direction from mass mA (i.e. 7.5 kg).
Now draw the force polygon from the data given in Table 1.6 (column 5) as shown in Fig. 1.14
(b). The vector co represents the balanced force. Since the balanced force is proportional to
0.04 mB, therefore by measurement,
0.04 mB = vector co
= 0.34 kg‐m or
mB = 8.5 kg.
By measurement, the angular position of mB is θB = 180° + 12° = 192° in the anticlockwise
direction from mass mA (i.e. 7.5 kg).
Example 1.8: The four masses A, B, C and D revolve at equal radii are equally spaces along the shaft.
The mass B is 7 kg and radii of C and D makes an angle of 90° and 240° respectively (counterclockwise)
with radius of B, which is horizontal. Find the magnitude of A, C and D and angular position of A so that
the system may be completely balance. Solve problem by analytically.
Table 1.7
Mass (m) Radius Cent.force ÷ ω2 Distance from Couple ÷ ω2
Plane Angle kg (r) m Ref. Plane (l) m
(mr) kg‐m (mrl) kg‐m2
A (R.P.) θA mA X mA 0 0
B 0° 7 X 7 Y 7Y
C 90° mC X mC 2Y 2mCY
D 240° mD X mD 3Y 3mDY
mrlcosθ mrl sinθ mrcosθ mr sinθ
( HC) ( VC) ( HF ) (VF )
0 0 mAcosθA mAsinθA
7Y 0 7 0
0 2mCY 0 mC
–1.5mDY –2.59mDY –0.5mD –0.866mD
∑ HC = 0
0 + 7Y + 0 – 1.5mDY = 0
mD = 7/1.5
mD = 4.67 kg
∑VC = 0
0 + 0 + 2mCY – 2.59mDY = 0
mC = 6.047 kg
∑ HF = 0 mAcosθA + 7 + 0 – 0.5mD = 0 mAcosθA = ‐4.665
∑ VF = 0 mAsinθA + 0 + mC – 0.866mD = 0 mAsinθA = ‐2.00278
mA = . .
mA = 5.076 kg
2.00278
4.665
θA = 23.23°
θA = 180° + 23.23°
θA = 203.23°
1.7 Balancing Machines
• A balancing machine is able to indicate whether a part is in balance or not and if it is not, then it
measures the unbalance by indicating its magnitude and location.
1.7.1. Static Balancing Machines
• Static balancing machines are helpful for parts of small axial dimensions such as fans, gears and
impellers, etc., in which the mass lies practically in a single plane.
• There are two machine which are used as static balancing machine: Pendulum type balancing
machine and Cradle type balancing machine.
(i) Pendulum type balancing machine
• Pendulum type balancing machine as shown in Figure 1.15 is a simple kind of static balancing
machine. The machine is of the form of a weighing machine.
• One arm of the machine has a mandrel to support the part to be balanced and the other arm
supports a suspended deadweight to make the beam approximately horizontal.
• The mandrel is then rotated slowly either by hand or by a motor. As the mandrel is rotated, the
beam will oscillate depending upon the unbalance of the part.
• If the unbalance is represented by a mass m at radius r, the apparent weight is greatest when m
is at the position I and least when it is at B as the lengths of the arms in the two cases will be
maximum and minimum.
• A calibrated scale along with the pointer can also be used to measure the amount of unbalance.
Obviously, the pointer remains stationary in case the body is statically balanced.
Fig. 1.15
(ii) Cradle type balancing machine
• Cradle type balancing machine as shown in fig. 1.16 is more sensitive machine than the
pendulum type balancing machine.
• It consists of a cradle supported on two pivots P‐P parallel to the axis of rotation of the part and
held in position by two springs S‐S.
• The part to be tested is mounted on the cradle and is flexibly coupled to an electric motor. The
motor is started and the speed of rotation is adjusted so that it coincides with the natural
frequency of the system.
• Thus, the condition of resonance is obtained under which even a small amount of unbalance
generates large amplitude of the cradle.
• The moment due to unbalance = (mrω2 cos θ).l where ω is the angular velocity of rotation. Its
maximum value is mrω2l. If the part is in static balance but dynamic unbalance, no oscillation of
the cradle will be there as the pivots are parallel to the axis of rotation.
Fig. 1.16
1.7.2. Dynamic Balancing Machines
• For dynamic balancing of a rotor, two balancing or countermasses are required to be used in
any two convenient planes. This implies that the complete unbalance of any rotor system can be
represented by two unbalances in those two planes.
• Balancing is achieved by addition or removal of masses in these two planes, whichever is
convenient. The following is a common type of dynamic balancing machine.
Pivoted‐cradle Balancing Machine
• Fig 1.17 shows a pivot cradle type dynamic balancing machine. Here, part which is required to
be balanced is to be mounted on cradle supported by supported rollers and it is connected to
drive motor through universal coupling.
• Two planes are selected for dynamic balancing as shown in fig. 1.17 where pivots are provided
about which the cradle is allowed to oscillate.
• As shown in fig 1.17, right pivot is released condition and left pivot is in locked position so as to
allow the cradle and part to oscillate about the pivot.
• At the both ends of the cradle, the spring and dampers are attached such that the natural
frequency can be adjusted and made equal to the motor speed. Two amplitude indicators are
attached at each end of the cradle.
• The permanent magnet is mounted on the cradle which moves relative to stationary coil and
generates a voltage which is directly proportional to the unbalanced couple. This voltage is
amplified and read from the calibrated voltmeter and gives output in terms of kg‐m.
• When left pivot is locked, the unbalanced in the right correction plane will cause vibration
whose amplitude is measured by the right amplitude indicator.
• After that right pivot is locked and another set of measurement is made for left hand correction
plane using the amplitude indicator of the left hand side.
Fig. 1.17