THE EFFECT OF DISCRIMINATION IN THE LIVES OF LGBT AT CENTRO

POBLACION, LIBON, ALBAY

A Grade 11- Academic Research Paper

Presented to

The Faculty of Libon Private High School, Inc,

Libon, Albay

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the subject in

Practical Research

BY:

AGUILAR, GERRYMINAH S.
RED, MARIE JESSEL M.
SATUITO, FLOYD CEDRICK R.

Libon Private High School, Inc, Libon, Albay

March 2019
 2

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

1.1 Introduction

In today’s world, LGBT people around the world faced discrimination and

inequality in the modern society, Discrimination is something that has always been

present and a fact of life for everyLGBT people. This is political issue which faces our

nation that the LGBT community has to face challenges which include the workplace

discrimination, catholic protests, and being discriminated for being different.

This is a massive concern when it comes to the pursuing of equality. These

experiencedin the LGBT community of being discriminated can be emotionally and

psychologically painful that can be lead a person to become anxious and fearful also to

feel immediately distress and possibly rejected from family and friends. Discrimination is

a constant problem for the LGBT community that can affect a person’s employment,

housing, business, social environment, and other aspects of daily life.

People who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender have experiencing

discrimination because of who they love and how they look, and how they interact to

others especially about their gender identity and sexual orientation. Feinstein said. “It is

possible that LGBT individuals who are more accepting of their sexual identity may be

less likely to experience negative psychological outcomes subsequent to discrimination,

given their greater self-acceptance”.(1)This information could be used to increase

acceptance and facilitate resilience in LGBT individuals faced discrimination for them to

find the unique relationship between self-acceptance and less discrimination.

 3

The Philippines has a long History of LGBT advocacy, In 1996, LGBT

individuals and groups held a solidarity march to commemorate Pride in Manila, which

many activists describe as the first known Pride March is Asia. Lawmakers began

introducing bills to advance the rights of LGBT people in the country in 1995, including

variations of comprehensive anti-discrimination bill that has been re-introduced

periodically since 2000.(2)

People who lives in this community chose to judge them than to understand and

accept their gender identity where LGBT people are faced with daily discrimination from

society, peers, family and even at school,we all know that we cannot avoid that situation

even in their own family had to discriminate them. Everyone will judge them and it

continuously happen. Acceptance and respect for who they are is an important step into

building meaningful relationships with others.

According to Crosby Burns and Jeff Krehely from the Center for American

Progress states that “studies show that anywhere from 15 to 43 percent of gay people

have experienced some form of discrimination.(3)

In line with this, the researchers choose to study in Centro PoblacionLibon, Albay

because of the increasingnumber of LGBT people in the community that facing a bad

treatment and much discrimination to the society, this is a fear that they have no choice

but to overcome, many people think the problem lies within society itself, and often

enough that may be the case. Society holds the preconceptions and prejudice of the

LGBT community.
 4

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this study was to obtain and testify the following questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age

b. Civil Status

c. Religion

d. Educational Attainment

e. Profession

f. Income Monthly Bracket

2. What are the effects of discrimination to the lives of LGBT community?

3. HowLGBT people can do to avoid discrimination?

1.3 Assumption and Hypothesis

The researchers believe that some of the LGBT people have experience daily

discrimination in their lives that shown to have negative psychological effect in their

lives that also more prone to suffer depression, anxiety, and anguish. Basically there is no

law protecting individuals from discrimination based on actual or perceived sexual

orientation. This means that at any time, someone can be discriminated them by simply

because he/she is perceived to be gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender.

1.4 Significance of the study

This research is very useful and important in our society. This will lead to

acknowledge the people in the community, schools and other places to change their
 5

viewsand treatment towards from gender preference and a good interact with LGBT

people.It also helps for LGBT people who are longing to actively fights for equal rights

and calls for an end to sexual orientation based discrimination.

This study is also to help the people strive their perceptions and attitudes to

possess peace in the community/country.

1.5 The study is highly significant to the following:

LPHS- the school will gain recommendation to have some rules in the school concerning

the effect of discrimination to the lives of LGBT people. It can also help to change the

views and perception of every individual or student in the school.

LPHS Students- this study will help the students, forgiving some knowledge and have

sense of responsibility to prevent the discrimination towards the LGBT people.

School Administrators- Adopt anti-bullying and anti-discrimination policies and

campaign that address sexual orientation and gender identity that would inform students

how they should report and act on incidents of discrimination, and specify consequences

for discrimination.

LGBT People-this study will give them awareness about the effect ofdiscrimination.

This would be an eye opener for them on how and what discrimination is all about.They

would also know what appropriate actions they will take to cope with discrimination for

them to feel freely and enjoy their lives without hesitancy.

Researchers-the researchers also learn a lot from what they study and understand what

the effects of discrimination to the LGBT community are.

 6

Future Researcher- this study will serve as a reference in researches related to the

effects of discrimination to the LGBT community.

LGBT Families- This study will give them a peek on how and what the LGBT

community has gone through and for them to be more sensitive about it.

Government- this study will help the government to seewhat future plans, programs and

activities to would address this issue. With that, they can formulate an action to this

societal issue.

1.6 Scope and Delimitation

The study revolves solely on the members of LGBT who are residents in Centro

PoblacionLibon, Albay. It only focused in the effect of discrimination in the lives of

LGBT people.

The study didn’t revolve to other LGBT members from other leagues.

1.7 Definition of terms:

For the better understanding of the study, the following terms defined

operationally and conceptually which are used in the study.

Bisexual– An individual whose pattern of sexual and emotional arousal is

towardmembers of both sexes.(4)

- They don’t need to had an equal sexual experience with both men and

women, it is the attraction that helps determine orientation.

 7

Discrimination

- as the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or

things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or identified sex and sexual

orientation.(5)

- a negative attitude toward someone because of her or his sexual orientation

Gay

- The adjective used to describe people whose emotional, romantic and have

physical attraction to the same sex. (6)

- In contemporary contexts “lesbian” is often preferred term for woman.

Gender identity

–As it experienced with regard to your individuality as male and female.(7)

- One’s gender identity does not always correspond to biological sex.

Awareness of gender identity is usually experience in infancy and

reinforced in adolescence.

Homosexual

- An individual whose patterns of sexual and emotional arousal are toward

members of the same sex (eg, gay, lesbian)(8)

- this homosexuality is referred to as members of the same sex being sexually

attracted to one another

Heterosexual

- An individual whose patterns of sexual and emotional arousal are toward

members of the opposite sex (eg, straight)(9)

 8

- refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related

behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those

attractions.

Homophobia

- An aversion to lesbian or gay people that often manifest itself in the form of

prejudice and bias. Similarity “Bipobia” (bisexual) and

“Transpobia”(transgender).(10)

- The term homophobia is widely understood, it is often used in an all-

encompassing way to refer to fear, hatred and aversion towards LGBT

people in general.

Harassment

- Aggressive pressure or intimidation.(11)

- in this study it refers to any repetitive acts that bothers LGBT students in

their daily lives.

LGBT

- stands for “ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender” in different cultures

other terms may be used to describe people who form same sex

relationship.

Lesbian

- A woman whose emotional, romantic, and have physical attraction to other

woman.(12)

- In other words, Lesbian is a woman who is physically attracted to other

wowan.
 9

Sexual Orientation

- Emotional, romantic, or sexual feelings towards other people. People who

are straight experience these feelings primarily for people of the opposite

sex.(13)

- People who are lesbian or gay experience these feelings primarily for

people of the same sex.

Suicidal thoughts

- This it refers to any thoughts of ending one's life. It is thinking about or

having an unusual pre-occupation with suicide.(14)

- Suicidal ideation varies greatly from fleeting thoughts, to extensive

thoughts and incomplete attempts.

Transgender

- An individual who believes that his or her innate gender is different fromhis

or her biologically determined gender.(15)

- They may or may not decide to alter their bodies hormonally or surgically

to match their gender identity.

Queer

- is an umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities who are not

heterosexual. Original meaning “strange” or “peculiar”, Queer came to used

pejoratively against those with same sex desires or relationship.(16)

- Due to its varying meanings, this word should only be used when self-

identifies as queer.
 10

NOTES
1
Frenstein, Brian A. Marvin; The relationship between experiences of discrimination and

mental healthhttps://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/how-does-discrimination-affect-lgb-

individuals-1019121; October 19, 2012

2
Bullit Marquez.Just Let Us Behttps://www.hrw.org/report/2017/06/21/just-let-us-

be/discrimination-against-lgbt-students-philippines; June 21, 2017

3
Crosby Burns, Jeff Krehely. High rates of discrimination and harassment

https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2011/06/02/9872/gay-and-

transgender-people-face-high-rates-of-workplace-discrimination-and-harassment/; June

2, 2011
4
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bisexual
5
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/discrimination
6
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gay
7
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/genderindentity
8
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/homosexual
9
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heterosexual
10
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/homopobia
11
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/harassment
12
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lesbian
13
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sexualorientation
14
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/suicidaltoughts
15
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transgender
16
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/queer
 11

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter focuses from all the studies and literature related about theLGBT

discrimination that affecting their lives. This is included the Theoretical framework and

conceptual framework, also the synthesis of the state of the art and Gap bridge by the

study.

2.1 Related Literature

Ocampo (2011) states that the official recognition of LGBT-related

discrimination has a “direct bearing on any future test case, as they can provide the

factual basis, for the protection sought by the litigant and support the claim that LGBT

(people) are discriminated as a class.” Unfortunately, there remain limited studies done

about LGBT rights in the Philippines. Due to this, the discrimination faced by LGBT

Filipinos is often highlighted by anecdotal and documented cases. For instance, the

submission of various civil society organizations (CSOs) on the situations of LGBT

persons in the Philippines for the 13th Session of the UN Universal Periodic Review for

the Philippines in 2011 noted numerous discriminatory acts experienced by LGBT

Filipinos. The plight of LGBT Filipinos continues to be challenging, even if there are

instances of success and hope for the LGBT community.(1)

Human Watch Rights, states that the Philippines has experienced violence and

discrimination place LGBT youth at heightened risk of adverse physical and mental

health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, substance use, and suicide.

As the Psychological Association of the Philippines has noted, “LGBT Filipinos

often confront social pressures to hide, suppress or even attempt to change their identities
 12

and expressions as conditions for their social acceptance and enjoyment of rights.

Although many LGBTs learn to cope with this social stigma, these experiences can cause

serious psychological distress, including immediate consequences such as fear, sadness,

alienation, anger and internalized stigma.” This has been borne out in small-scale

empirical studies on LGBT youth and mental health in schools.

Organizations like the ACLU(American Civil Liberties Union) (2014) states

that sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination is wrong. The ACLU raises

awareness about the issue, and how it can affect a person’s employment, housing,

business, social environment, and other aspects of daily life. LGBT discrimination isn’t

just an internal problem; it has a real affected on the outside world as well(3)

Crosby Burns and Jeff Krehely (2016) from the Center for American Progress

states that “studies show that anywhere from 15 to 43 percent of gay people have

experienced some form of discrimination.(4)

In the study of Eurobarometer (2008) it was carried out to measure the

awareness, perceptions, experiences of LGBT discrimination in the areas of housing,

health care, education and when buying products it was stated that 31% of EU citizens

feel that there is a very or fairly widespread discrimination on the grounds of sexual

orientation in the housing sector, a quarter 26% see that in the education system, 22%

when buying a products or services, 14 % in health care system and 13% when buying

insurance policies.

In this study less than one-fifth of EU citizens say that they (or their families and

friends) have been personally discriminated against on the basis of religion or belief,
 13

disability, age, sexual orientation that is mentioned the least as the reason for respondents

personal experience of discrimination.(5)

Cole (2007) states that discrimination against LGBT youth can create repression

along with a deficiency in their natural growth. Discrimination also has a social and

emotional impact on them. Instead of being social individuals, LGBT youths remain in

the closet and hide. The loneliness that they bear can turn into depression which often

leads to substance abuse or even suicide. LGBT youths have greater chances of alcohol

and substance abuse than heterosexual youths.

Human Rights Watch (2001) interviewed some LGBT youths who say that they

drink to the point of passing out or to feel good and normal. The lack of support from

parents or schools can possibly make them feel like there is no hope of ever living a

happy life and being productive.(6)

2.2 Related Studies

In the study of the national survey of LGBT people commissioned by CAP and

Fielded by knowledge network in January 2017 shows, LGBT people who’ve

experienced discrimination in the past year are significantly more likely to alter their

lives for fear of discrimination, even deciding where to live and work because of it,

suggesting that there are lasting consequences for victims of discrimination. Yet findings

also support the contention that LGBT people do not need to have experienced

discrimination in order to act in ways that help them avoid it, which is in line with

empirical evidence on a component of minority stress theory: expectations of rejection.

 14

In the study of Human Right Watch(2011) states that the Philippines have

courage attempts to provide “spiritual support for men and women with same-sex

attractions” so they can “live chaste lives in accordance with the Roman Catholic

Church’s teaching on homosexuality”.Most LGBT communities believe that a sexual life

is healthy and normal (as it is for heterosexual people) and that if you are homosexual,

you should not have to abstain from sex in order to conform with the belief that sex

between people of the same gender is wrong. This section looks at how religion in the

Philippines affects LGBT people. As a secular country, the Philippines is supposed to

honor the separation of the State and the Church.

Article 3, Section 5 of the 1987 Philippines Constitution states: “No law shall be

made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”

The Philippines is also party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

(ICCPR), and is therefore obliged to comply with the articles that allow the right to

religion, and prohibit discrimination based on the same. However, the segregation of the

State and the Church is not always practiced. In fact, the Philippines has a law to protect

“religious feelings” (Article 133 of the Revised Penal Code). This has been used by the

Roman Catholic Church to persecute those who protested against it.

HumanRights Watch conducted research in 2011, it explains that the LGBT-

related discrimination in educational institutions, the participants recommended the

development of an encompassing approach that highlights education as a commodity of

public interest. This way, LGBT people can argue that as a public issue, education should

be made available to everyone including LGBT people. However, because of the

Constitutional guarantee for academic freedom of educational institutions, there is no

 15

guarantee that this will workLGBT individuals face challenges in employment both on an

individual level and as members of a community that is subject to discrimination and

abuse. This can be compounded by the weak social status and position of the individuals

involved. In the Philippines, the governing law between employers and employees is

known as the Labor Code of the Philippines, also known as Presidential Decree 442.

While several articles of the Code have been amended, its main policy is the protection of

workers. However, LGBT people in the Philippines encounter discriminatory practices

that affect their employment status.

A study by Mallory in 2012 found that LGBT people were preoccupied with

stigma, violence, bullying, discrimination in school, and anxiety over their future career

prospects. Nor do these problems end upon graduation from high school; another study

determined that “LGBT college students exhibited extremely underdeveloped emotional

and social capacity because they continue to experience stigma, prejudice and

discrimination in the Philippine society that served as specific stressors that have an

impact on their emotional and social intelligent behaviors.”(2)

A study conducted by Ocampo (2011) that there are no statistics to show the

extent of employment-related discrimination in the Philippines. Government agencies

that should be involved in issues of SOGI discrimination do not report on LGBT

discrimination. As such, “SOGI discrimination is a category of workplace discrimination

that has not become part of mainstream policy dialogues.For many LGBT people,

discrimination starts even before they are employed. For instance, there are cases of

male-to-female transgender women being told by recruitment officers that they will only

be hired if they presented themselves as males by cutting their hair short, dressing in
 16

men’s clothes, and acting in stereotypically masculine ways.55 For those already

employed, there are cases of dismissals of LGBT employees solely because of their

SOGI.56 In the case of lesbian employees.

A study by Blirt and Dion (2012) explains that “discrimination can occur in the

process of hiring, in the assigning of wages, in the granting of benefits and promotions,

and the retention of… employees.Participants of the national dialogue also reported

instances when LGBT people are specifically hired in order for them to be abused. For

instance, there are allegedly some call centers that hire LGBT people because they are

unable to legally marry. These companies force LGBT employees to take the graveyard

shifts because they do not have families to go home to. LGBT people also forfeit the

legal benefits that those who can marry, such as taking maternity leave.57 Lesbians who

are masculine in appearance are also reportedly hired to do male jobs even if they are

given the same lower wages as heterosexual female.

The study of Leonard in 2015 states that the LGBTQ students who attend

schools with anti-bullying or antidiscrimination policies that include sexual orientation

and gender identity experience less anti-LGBT victimization than LGBT youth at schools

without those protections. Heightened exposure to bullying and harassment by sexual and

gender minority youth is associated with increased risk of absenteeism, lower GPAs,

school discipline and decreased rates of college or other post-high school plans. It is also

associated with increased odds of negative health outcomes and risky behaviors, such as

lower self-esteem, higher levels of depression, and increased alcohol consumption,

cigarette smoking, marijuana use, and use of other illicit drugs.

 17

2.3 Synthesis of the State of the Art

The related literature and studies showed pieces of relevant information which

served as a tool and guide to the researchers in understanding the topic further.

Based on the statement by Cole that discrimination against LGBT youth can

create repression along with a deficiency in their natural growth because it can affect the

LGBT lives in social and emotional impact on them. Instead of being social individuals,

LGBT youths remain in the closet and hide. The loneliness that they bear can turn into

depression which often leads to substance abuse or even suicide. LGBT youths.

Blirt and Dion explains that “discrimination can occur in the process of hiring, in

the assigning of wages, in the granting of benefits and promotions, and the retention of…

employees.Its hard to hired if your Gender indentity don’t fit them. So the people easily

fired them.

Gap bridged by the study

The present study gave attention to the member of LGBT community who are

experiencing discriminationin Centro PoblacionLibon, Albay. The related literature and

related studies discussed and mentioned of some effects of discrimination to the lives of

LGBT people.

The gap to be bridged is the limited number of studies that deal with the effect of

discrimination in the lives of LGBT people in the community. This only focuses on the

result of the study.

 18

Theoretical framework

The effect of LGBT discrimination can be the best explained through the minority

stress theory. The “Minority Stress Theory” was proposed by Meyer and Pearlin in 1995.

The Minority stress theory proposes that sexual minority health disparities can be

explained in large part by stressors induced by a hostile, homophobic culture, which often

results in a lifetime of harassment, maltreatment, discrimination and victimization.

A strong correlation may be drawn between (a) minority stress theory, which

underscores stress processes (experience of prejudice, expectations of rejection,

internalized homophobia) and ameliorative coping processes (Meyer, 2003); and (b) a

greater likelihood for psychological distress and physical health problems among gay and

bisexual men and other sexual minority populations. Stress theory provides a useful

framework to explain and examine health disparities and the role of homophobia as a

sociological paradigm that views social conditions as a cause of stress for members of

disadvantaged social groups.

In that regard, gay and bisexual men, along with other sexual minorities, often

draw upon personal and community-level coping mechanisms and resources to develop

resilience, coping and hardiness (Meyer, 2003; Ouellette &DiPlacido, 2001). Similarly,

individuals who adopt a strong sexual minority identity may be better equipped to

manage minority stressors, invalidate stereotypes and dismiss or address perceived or

actual homophobia while affirming a positive self-evaluation (Herek& Garnets, 2007).

As conceptualized by Meyer (2003), minority stress theory explicates stressors

particular to those with minority status. Individuals who identify as LGBTQ may
 19

experience increased stress specific to their sexual identity above and beyond general

stressors experienced by heterosexual individuals. These stressors and the additional

coping mechanisms they warrant have deleterious effects on an individual's mental health

(Meyer, 1995).

Additionally, most research related to gay and bisexual men and their risk

behavior patterns typically relies on convenience-based samples, often without

heterosexual control groups. This ultimately results in ambiguity about whether gay and

bisexual men experience stressors such as prejudice, rejection and discrimination more

frequently than heterosexual men and women (Mays & Cochran, 2001).

Social-identity Theory

Social-identity theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1986), persons desire positive self-

esteem, and their self-esteem is tied inextricably to the way their in-group is evaluated

relative to other groups. Social groups or categories not only systematize the world, they

also provide a system of orientation for self-reference; they create and define the

individual's place in society. "Out-groups" are any social group with which individuals

compare their own in-group to assess it and thus make judgments about themselves.

According to Tajfel and Turner, differentiation of the in-group from an out-group

both fosters and is generated by group conflict. Social-identity theory can help explain

why lesbians and gay men are especially likely to be victims of hate-motivated violence.

As a group generally held in low regard by society, lesbians and gay men are likely to

represent a relevant out-group for all quarters of society, particularly for persons lower in

the social system. This paper also identifies the limitations of social-identity theory in
 20

explaining discrimination against homosexuals and suggests implications of social-

identity theory for the prevention of discrimination and hate toward homosexuals.

Relative Deprivation (RD) theory

Relative deprivation theory originated from Samuel Stouffer and colleagues’

(1949) classic sociological work states that the perception of the relative positions of

one's group and an out-group in terms of status and privilege is psychologically

important.Relative deprivation theory is used to analyze the organizational issues of pay

satisfaction and sex-based pay inequities. Relative deprivation theory focuses on feelings

and actions. RD theory predictions for members of oppressed groups include increased

endorsement of militant acts, decreased feelings of control and life-satisfaction as a

function of perceived relative deprivation and perceived discrimination. RD measures

encompassed the cognitive-affective (i.e. concerned with knowledge vs. feelings about

the deprivation) and egoistical-fraternal (i.e. concerned with the status of the individual

vs. the in-group) dimensions, with a measure of concrete fraternal discrimination (CFD).
 21

Relative Deprivation
Theory

Minority Stress Theory

(actualexperiences of Social- identity Theory
discrimination) (a system of orientation for self-
reference)

The effect of discrimination in the lives of Lgbt at Centro

PoblacionLibon, Albay

Figure 1: Theoretical Framework

 22

Conceptual Framework

The concept of this study evolved in three profiles such as Input, Process, and the

Output which is related to the study. The researchers were able to conceptualize the

framework of the study.

Input. The inputs considered in the study were the socio-demographic profile of

the LGBT respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status, religion, education

attainment, profession and the monthly bracket income of the respondents. It also

considered the effect of discrimination in the lives of LGBT community.

Process.The data gathering process is through giving a survey-questionnaire and

a checklist that related to the study. The course of the research study was dominated by

data collection, retrieval and interpretation of the data collected.

Output.The Output of this study is the changing of view, perception, and the

treatments of the people to the LGBT member. It also increase the discrimination against

LGBT community.

Feedback. The respondents feedback will be collated and evaluated according to

category so necessary recommendation will be planned. Tally of each respondents answer

will be provided to the department that can take actions and work on them.
 23

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

- Data gathering process
-The socio-demographic profile through:
a. - To change the view,
of the LGBT member in terms
SurveyQuestionnaire perception, and the
of: b. Checklist treatment of the
people to the LGBT
a. Age
-Qualitative and member.
b. Civil Status Quantitative analysis and
c. Religion interpretation of data - To know the level
gathering of discrimination
d. Educational attainment against LGBT
e. Profession People

f. Monthly income
- Highlight the
-The effect of discrimination in importance of
Gender Equality
lives of LGBT in the community.
and ensure gender
right

Feedback

Figure 2: Conceptual Framework

 24

NOTES
1
UNDP, USAID (2014).Being LGBT in Asia: The Philippines Country Report.

Bangkokhttps://www.undp.org/content/dam/philippines/docs/Governance/Philippines

%20Report_Final.pdf;
2
Mallory and Laura E.

Dursohttps://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2017/05/02/429529/widesprea

d-discrimination-continues-shape-lgbt-peoples-lives-subtle-significant-ways/ May 2,

2017
3
BullitMarquez.Just Let Us Behttps://www.hrw.org/report/2017/06/21/just-let-us-

be/discrimination-against-lgbt-students-philippines; June 21, 2017

4
Sejal Singh and Laura E.

Dursohttps://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2017/05/02/429529/widesprea

d-discrimination-continues-shape-lgbt-peoples-lives-subtle-significant-ways/ May 2,

2017
5
Crosby Burns, Jeff Krehely. High rates of discrimination and harassment

https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2011/06/02/9872/gay-and-

transgender-people-face-high-rates-of-workplace-discrimination-and-harassment/; June

2, 2011
(6)
Rachel Dowd. LGBT youth experience https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/press/lgbt-

youth-bullying-press-release/; March 22, 2018

 25

Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter describe and discusses how the researchers will gather data and

information that will be used in the entire study. It presents the design of the study,

respondents of the study, research instrument and data gathering and the research locale

where the study will be conducted.

3.1 Research design

The design of the study is bothqualitative and quantitative research. The

qualitative research is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and

motivations. It provides insights into a problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses

for potential quantitative research.(1)A quantitative research is used to quantify the

problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable

statistics.(2) Quantity that use an emergent designs, a design that emerges during the

course of data collection. The researchers gathered data regarding the Effect of

discrimination to the lives of LGBT people at Centro, Poblacion, Libon, Albay.

The study also used the descriptive survey method to investigate the effect of

discrimination in the lives of LGBT people at Centro PoblacionLibon, Albay. The

possible solutions were obtained through the survey questionnaire prepared by the

researchers and validated by experts.

 26

3.2 Sampling Design

The primary source of data for analysis and interpretation was taken from the

respondents in Centro, Poblacion, Libon, Albay. The Random Sampling technique was

used for selecting participants in the study. The technique was employed to ensure fairly

equal presentation of the variables for the study.

3.3 Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study will be the member of LGBT people that

experiencing discrimination, regarding the age of the respondents, age has no escape in

discrimination, anyone can experience discrimination including the educational level,

religion, profession, and the civil status of LGBT respondents. The researchers recruited

(50) LGBT people in Centro Poblacion Libon, Albay.

The researchers were able to gather the respondents by purposive sampling.

Purposive sampling, which is also known as a selective sampling, is based from the

researchers judgement and was done by asking random LGBT people residents in Centro

PoblacionLibon, Albay. Those who answered yes were categorized as a part of the

respondents and were given a survey questionnaire while those who said no were not

given any more attention.

3.4 Data Gathering Tools

The researchers personally administered the research instruments to the

respondents. The respondents were given ample time to accomplish and answer the

questionnaire.
 27

After the questionnaires have been accomplished, the results were tallied and

tabulated. These data became the bases of analysis and interpretation.

3.5 Research Instrument

The researchers used thesurvey questionnaire as the main tool in gathering data.

The questionnaires were distributed and filled out by the respondents.

The researchers prepared a questionnaire which has three parts: the first part

wasthe socio-demographic profile of the LGBT respondents; the second part is the list of

effects of discrimination and the last part contains the action of every LGBT people to

avoid the discrimination in the society.

Finally, the gathered data was interpreted and analysed by the researchers to

understand the concepts of the study.

3.6 Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher started the interview on themonth ofmarch 2019. The researchers

contacted and meet each of the participants for the survey-questionnaire. The researcher

established first its legitimacy by showing some identification, moreover, the researcher

gained the participant’s cooperation and then proceeded to the importance of the

research. The interview consisted of a self-made questionnaire, having questions

formulated based on the objectives of this research.

The survey questionnaire had gathered data about their experiences as LGBT,

perception about their sexuality and discrimination experiences. After they answered all

the questionnaire, the researchers begin to gather information based on their answered.
 28

The researchers meet the participants individually and thank them afterwards. The

gathered data were kept confidential and organized.

3.7 Validation of the Instrument

The research instrument was validated through the help of researcher’s adviser in

Libon Private High School. The validation of instrument will be done by giving the draft

of the questionnaire to the adviser to identify the mistakes in the questionnaire, and to

ensure that the statements involve all relevant areas in the study.

3.8 Statistical Treatment

The researchers used statistics to analyze and describe the data that they were

collected, they also use it to help them interpret the results that obtained from the

research. The responses of the respondents were classified and tabulated systematically

according to the different variables included in the study. All data gathered were

presented quantitatively. The statistical used were frequency count, percentage technique

and weight mean.

Frequency Count. It tallies the answers of the respondents and determined the

percentage of each response.(3)

Percentage Technique.It is used in computing the percentage equivalent of the

percentage comparison to others.(4)The formula is:

P=
∑ f x 100
N
 29

where: P = Percentage

∑ f = Summation of Frequency
N = Total number of respondents

Weighted mean.It was another statistical tool used in determining the effect of

discrimination in the lives of LGBT member in Centro PoblacionLibon, Albay. The

formula is:

x=
∑ f ( x)
n

where: f(x) = frequency of number of responses

x = mid-interval value of each class

n = number of respondents

∑ f (x) = sum of the products of mid-interval values and their corresponding

frequency

Finding of the mean:

x=
∑ f ( x)
n

332
x=
50

x = 6.64

To qualify the weighted mean of each the datum with accuracy, the rating scale

below was used.

Weight mean Verbal Interpretation

3.32-6.64 Yes
1.68-3.36 No
 30

NOTES
(1)
Susan E. DeFranzo. SnapSurvey.https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/qualitative-vs-

quantitative-research/; September 16, 2011

(2)
Susan E. DeFranzo. SnapSurvey.https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/qualitative-vs-

quantitative-research/; September 16, 2011

(3)
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/frequency-count

(4)
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/percentage-technique
 31

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the results and discussion of the analysis of data gathered on

the effect of discrimination in the lives of LGBT at Centro PoblacionLibon, Albay. The

instrument dealt with the socio-demographic profile of the respondents, and the actions

they take to avoid discrimination in the community. The researchers provided graphs,

tables, statistical tool and discussion to provide comprehensive interpretation.

4.1 Planning

Documentation

Figure 1.Planning of the study

 32

Figure 2.Planning of the study

Figure 3.Data Gathering

 33

Figure 4.Data Gathering

Figure 5.Data Gathering

 34

Figure 6.Data Gathering

Preparation

The preparation of this study is to make first the self-made questionnaire that was

needed to know the socio-demographic profile of each LGBT member and also to know

the effect of discrimination in the lives of LGBT community. After the data gathered, the

researchers prepare the data to be analyzed and organized. The researchers use graphs

and tables to provide comprehensive interpretation. All the data gathered was used the

statistical tool to determine the weight mean and the percentage of each responses of the

respondents. And lastly, after computing all the data the researchers explained each

figures and tables for the better interpretation.

 35

4.2 Respondents

This presents the important data about the socio-demographic profile of the

respondents such as age, gender, civil status, religion, educational attainment, profession

and the monthly income bracket. The researchers believe that the data they’re gathered on

the LGBT profile are influential in finding the effects of discrimination in the lives of

LGBT at Centro PoblacionLibon, Albay.

Figure 1
Distribution of Respondents by Age

20

18

16

14

12

10

0
16 17 18 19 20 31 37

38%
Dis

24%
22%
Dis

10%
Dis
2%
2% 2%
 36

Figure 1 shows the distribution of respondents by age. Among the 50 respondents,

1 or 2% belong to ages 16, 31 and 37 years old; 12 or 24% belong to 17 years old; 19 or

38% belong 18 years old; 11 or 22% belong to 19 years old and 5 or 10% belong to 20

years old. Based from the data , it is found out that most of the respondents were young

with the age of eighteen (18) years old.

In the study by Cole (2007) states that discrimination against LGBT youth

can create repression along with a deficiency in their natural growth. Discrimination also

has a social and emotional impact on them. Instead of being social individuals, LGBT

youths remain in the closet and hide. The loneliness that they bear can turn into

depression which often leads to substance abuse or even suicide. LGBT youths have

greater chances of alcohol and substance abuse than heterosexual youths

Most of the respondents were teenagers because nowadays, teenagers are

more exposed on social media. Social media are more prone for them to catch

discrimination about their gender identity and sexual orientation.

Figure 2
Distribution of Respondents by Gender Identity
 37

25

20

15

10

0
Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Queer

Figure 2 shows the distribution of respondents by gender identity. Among the 50

respondents, 8 or 16% are lesbians; 22 or 44% are gays; 11 or 22% are bisexuals; 2 or 4%

are transgender and 7 or 17% are queers. This means that most of the respondents are

gays with the percentage of 44% or 22 gays.

According to Crosby Burns and Jeff Krehely from the Center for American

Progress states that “studies show that anywhere from 15 to 43 percent of gay people

have experienced some form of discrimination

Most of the respondents are gays because in this modern society, people most

preferred gays than other gender sexuality.

Figure 3
Distribution of Respondents by Civil Status
 38

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Single Married

Figure 3 shows the distribution of the respondents by civil status. Among the 50

respondents, 50 or 100% are single. This means that all the respondents are single.

All LGBT respondents are single because they are very open in discovering

themselves and haven’t settled yet. Also because of their gender identity, they afraid to

show up their true feelings with the same sex or the one who they loved. They have the

freedom to do whatever they want and who they want to love.

Figure 4
Distribution of Respondents by Religion
 39

60

100%
50

40

30

20

10

0
Roman Catholic

Figure 4 shows the religion distribution of the respondents. It illustrates that

among the 50 respondents. 50 or 100% were Roman Catholic. This means that all the

respondents are Roman Catholic.

According to the Article 3, Section 5 of the 1987 Philippines Constitution

states: “No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the

free exercise thereof.” The Philippines is also party to the International Covenant on Civil

and Political Rights (ICCPR), and is therefore obliged to comply with the articles that

allow the right to religion, and prohibit discrimination based on the same. However, the

segregation of the State and the Church is not always practiced. In fact, the Philippines

has a law to protect “religious feelings” (Article 133 of the Revised Penal Code). This has

been used by the Roman Catholic Church to persecute those who protested against it.
 40

Figure 5
Distribution of Respondents by Education Level

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Elementary High School College

As shown above, the highest percentage goes to the respondents who have

reached the high school level with 39 or 78%, the college with 11 or 22% and the

elementary has 0 percentage. This means that the most of the respondents reached the

high school level.

A study by Mallory in 2012that LGBT high school were preoccupied with stigma,

violence, bullying, discrimination in school, and anxiety over their future career

prospects. Nor do these problems end upon graduation from high school; another study

determined that “LGBT college students exhibited extremely underdeveloped emotional

and social capacity because they continue to experience stigma, prejudice and
 41

discrimination in the Philippine society that served as specific stressors that have an

impact on their emotional and social intelligent behaviours.

Based on the study, it is evident that high school level is the highest rates of

discrimination, the next is the college level who experienced stigma and discrimination

from the society. This is a massive effects in the lives of LGBT community.

With this, it is evident that mostly LGBT person are student who receive

discrimination in their school. They very prone to receive discrimination everytime they

go to school because of their classmate or co students who continuously discriminate

them because of their gender identity and sexual orientation.

Figure 6

Distribution of Respondents by Profession

 42

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Student Teacher Make -up Artist Host /handler Welder

As shown in the figure 6, among the 50 respondents, 42 or 84% were students and

3 or 6% were make-up artist, 2 or 4% were teacher and a host/ handler and lastly the

percentage of 2% or 1 is the welder. This means that most of the respondents were

students.

A study conducted by Ocampo (2011) that there are no statistics to show the

extent of employment-related discrimination in the Philippines. Government agencies

that should be involved in issues of discrimination do not report on LGBT discrimination.

As such, “discrimination is a category of workplace discrimination that has not become

part of mainstream policy dialogues. For many LGBT people, discrimination starts even

before they are employed.

Figure 7
Distribution of Respondents by Monthly Income
 43

40
74%

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Less than 10,000 30,000-70,000 no monthly income

Figure 7 presents the complete breakdown of the monthly income bracket of the

respondents. Among 50 respondents, 20 or 20% have a monthly income less than 10,000

php; 3 or 6% have a monthly income of 30,000- 70,000 php and 37 or 74% has no

monthly income bracket. This means that over 50LGBT respondents 37 or 74% is highest

that are no monthly income bracket.

4.3 Data

This part will be the data that are collected by the researchers form the

respondents of this study. The gathered information are assessed through the weighted

mean.

x=
∑ f ( x)
n
 44

To qualify the weighted mean of each the datum with accuracy, the rating scale

below was used.

Weight mean Verbal Interpretation

3.32-6.64 Yes
1.68-3.36 No

Table 2

The Effect of Discrimination in the Lives of LGBT Community

EFFECTS Frequency Weighted Interpretatio Rank

Mean n

1. I feel depress everytime 33 3.45 YES 8

someone mocked at me

2. I feel anxious when people 35 4.23 YES 5

make fun at me

3. I feel I have to end my life 27 2.24 NO 10

when people around me don’t
accept me

4. It lowered my self-esteem 40 6.61 YES 2

when my family and friends
are against about my gender
identity

5. It lessen my self- 39 4.37 YES 3

confidence when people
bully me
6. I feel ashamed when
people around me disgusts 34 3.45 YES 7
me
7. I feel I’m treated less
courtesy than other people 36 4.53 YES 5

8. I feel afraid to show my

real identity to others for they 29 2.35 NO 9
might not accept me
 45

9. I feel disappointed when

people don’t see my worth 41 6.64 YES 1

10. I feel stress when

someone can’t respect me as 38 4.55 YES 4
a human.

In the Table 2 shows the effect of discrimination in the lives of LGBT people in

Centro PoblacionLibon, Albay. The highest weighted mean is about 6.64 or interpreted as

the highest experience of discrimination ortreatment of the people to LGBT community

that always treated of less courtesy than other people.

A study by Mallory in 2012 found that LGBT people were preoccupied with

stigma, violence, bullying, discrimination in school, and anxiety over their future career

prospects. Nor do these problems end upon graduation from high school; another study

determined that “LGBT college students exhibited extremely underdeveloped emotional

and social capacity because they continue to experience stigma, prejudice and

discrimination in the Philippine society that served as specific stressors that have an

impact on their emotional and social intelligent behaviours.

With this, it is evident that mostly LGBT person are student who receive

discrimination in their school. They very prone to receive discrimination everytime they

go to school because of their classmate or co students who continuously discriminate

them because of their gender identity and sexual orientation.

4.4 Investigation Results

The researchers come up to this following result from the data gathered from the

respondents.
 46

Most of the respondents are teenagers with the age of 16-19 years old, among the

50 respondents the maximum respondents are the gays with 22 or 44%. All the LGBT

respondents are Roman Catholic and Single based on the result of the data.

The mostly victim of discrimination is the student because of the discrimination

happened inside the school. According to the results of data, the main victim of this is the

non-monthly income than the other who gain income, because of the low status in life the

LGBT person is more prone in discrimination while the high status is so moderate to

receive discrimination. It is proven that if you have a status in life you always receive

discrimination to the society.

The effect of discrimination in the lives of LGBT community was decreased

based on the result of the study. The researchers determined the effects of discrimination

in the lives of LGBT respondents and based on the data the highest effect is: (1) they feel

disappointed when people don’t see their worth and (2)It lowered their self-esteem when

their family and friends are against about their gender identity and sexual orientation.

This is the mostly effect that they receive from the society/ community.

Chapter 5

Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendation

 47

This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations

of the study.The summary includes the major findings upon which the conclusions were

based. The researchers formulated the recommendations for further researchers are also

found at the end of this chapter.

Summary

The main focus of the study is to determine the effect of discrimination in the

lives of LGBT at Centro PoblacionLibon, Albay. Specifically, it sought to answer the

following questions: 1.) What the socio-demographic of the respondents in terms of: (a)

age, (b) gender identity (c) civil status (d) religion (e) educational attainment (f)

profession (g) income monthly bracket; 2.) What are the effects of discrimination in lives

of LGBT community; 3.) How LGBT can do to avoid discrimination?

The study was a descriptive, qualitative and quantitative research. The data were

provided by a total number of 50 LGBT respondents from Centro PoblacionLibon,

Albay. A survey questionnaire was prepared by the researchers as the main instrument in

gathering data for this study and was analysed and interpreted using frequency counts,

weight mean and percentage technique.

After analyzingthe data, the following are the findings, conclusions and

recommendations that were gathered from the study.

Findings
 48

After analyzing the data gathered from the respondents, the following are the

findings:

1.The socio-demographic of LGBT respondents in terms of:

a. Age. Among the 50 respondents, 1 or 2% belong to ages 16, 31 and 37 years

old; 12 or 24% were 17 years old; 19 or 38% were 18 years old; 11 or 22% were 19 years

old and 5 or 10% were 20 years old. It is found out that most of the respondents were

young with the age of eighteen (18) years old.

b. Gender Identity. Among the 50 respondents, 8 or 16% are lesbians; 22 or 44%

are gays; 11 or 22% are bisexuals; 2 or 4% are transgender and 7 or 17% are queers. This

means that most of the respondents are gays with the percentage of 44% or 22 gays.

People most preferred gays than other sexuality.

c. Civil Status. Among the 50 respondents, 50 or 100% are single. This means

that all the respondents are single.

d. Religion. Among the 50 respondents. 50 or 100% were Roman Catholic. This

means that all the respondents are Roman Catholic.

e. Educational Attainment. The highest percentage goes to the respondents who

have reached the high school level with 39 or 78%, the college with 11 or 22% and the

elementary has 0 %. This means that the most of the respondents reached the high school

level.

f. Profession. among the 50 respondents, 42 or 84% were students and 3 or 6%

were make-up artist, 2 or 4% were teacher and a host/ handler and lastly the percentage

of 2% or 1 is the welder. This means that most of the respondents were students.
 49

g. Monthly Income Bracket. . Among 50 respondents, 20 or 20% have a

monthly income less than 10,000 php; 3 or 6% have a monthly income of 30,000- 70,000

php and 37 or 74% has no monthly income bracket. This means that over 50 LGBT

respondents 37 or 74% is highest that are no monthly income bracket.

2. The effect of discrimination in the lives of LGBT community has decrease, the LGBT

respondents said that they feeling depress everytime someone mocked them and it

lowered their sel-esteem when they family and friends are against about their gender

identity. It means that the effect of discrimination is still existing and it continuously

happened.

3. The LGBT respondents make an essay of how to avoid discrimination. The most

respondents said “We cannot avoid discrimination because discrimination is already

given by the modern society” and by the once said “the only thing that I can contribute is

to show respect to everyone for me to respect too” Each respondents have their own

perceptions to avoid discrimination.

Conclusions

Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Young LGBT respondents are the highest experience of discrimination in Centro

PoblacionLibon, Albay. It means teenagers is more prone to suffer depression,

anxiety, lack of confidence and lack self-esteem that can affect their everyday

living as a member of LGBT community.These respondents have the desire to

learn new things and time to know themselves, They are free to do what they want

and who they love. LGBT people deserved to be respected and accepted in the
 50

community. LGBT respondents who reached high school level has the highest

experienced of discrimination. This is a problem for them to live freely as a

student.

2. The effect of discrimination in the lives of LGBT community is continuously

happen and existing from this modern society. The highest victim of

discrimination is the student second is the college level. LGBT respondents

experienced that they treated less courtesy than other people. It is unfair for the

LGBT people to associate with others. Sometimes, They also experienced

depression anxiety and tend to commit suicide when people around them can't see

their worth or not accept from their friends and families.

3. Discrimination is already given by the society, LGBT people can’t control to stop

it. But there is one thing that possibly avoid discrimination. Through the self-

respect, self- confidence and specially by loving yourself and at the same time

people will respect and believe in you so that the discrimination wouldn’t possible

anymore.
 51

Recommendation

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the researchers came up with

the following recommendations:

1. Take a strong public position against violations of the human rights of LGBT

person and promote respect on issues related to sexual orientation and gender

identity.

2. Everyone must have the knowledge about the effect of discrimination in the

lives of LGBT community for them to be aware what possible happen if they

continuously discriminate them about their sexual orientation and gender

identity.

3. Include LGBT people in existing initiatives such as gender anti-discrimination

programs of Local Government Units.

4. To conduct further research on issues of concern and needs of the Filipino

LGBT community the thematic area ( i.e. education, health, employment,

religion, and community)

5. LGU should focus on creating significant projects and platforms that benefited

each every individual focussing on discrimination, we should accept the

beauty of diversity in which it would be understood that every individuals

value each other.