Falling Film problem:

a) Falling film on inclined flat surface

A inclined surface of length L, width W are situated to angle b from direction of gravity as
shown in Fig 11.3. Newtonian fluid is freely falling on the surface as a film of thicknessd.
The liquid is flowing in laminar condition. Determine velocity profile, maximum flow rate
and shear force on the plate by fluid. Write appropriate assumption for solving the problem
analytically.

Solution:

Fig 11.3 Laminar flow on inclined surface

Assumption:
 Constant density, viscosity and steady state
 Laminar flow (simple shear flow)
 Newton’s low is applicable
 No slip boundary condition
Non- zero velocity component:
The fluid is flowing in z direction only so only z component of velocity is non-zero.
Profile:
vx   0

v y   0

v z  v z  x, y , z , t 

(11.8)
Since there is no solid boundary at y direction so we can assume initially that vz can’t depends
upon y direction.
Now
vz  vz  x, z 

(11.9)
Use equation of continuity for Cartesian coordinate system.
vx vy vz
  0
x y z
vz
 0
z
(11.10)

Since, density is constant.

Equation (11.10) indicate that vz is not depends on the Z.

vz  vz  x 
So,
(11.12)
There are nine components of shear stress
txx txy txz ® acting on x face
tyx tyy tyz ® acting on y face
tzx tzy tzz ® acting on z face
Since vz is only non-zero velocity which depends on x direction only. tzx is only non-zero
component of shear stress and others are zero.
The liquid is falling freely due to gravity. The pressure is same at both ends of inclined plane
so there is no pressure force on fluid. We can solve this problem by assuming shear stress as
force or shear stress as momentum flux. We will use both methods one by one.
1. Assume txz as momentum flux
Draw control volume of length L, width W and differential thicknessd.
 Fig 11.3 Control volume for falling film problem

The direction of momentum flux should be taken in positive direction of axes.

x  LW  xz
Rate of momentum in across a surface at x

(11.13)
x  x  LW  xz      
Rate of momentum out across a surface at x x

(11.14)

The gravity force acting on fluid in z direction ( LW x)(  g cos  )

(11.15)
Here r is the density of fluid.
 (  vz wdx vz ) z 0
Rate of momentum enter due to convection transport
(11.16)
 (  vz wdx vz ) z  L
Rate of momentum out due to convection transport
(11.17)

Now write the momentum transport equation

When these terms are substitute into the z- momentum balance
(  vz wdxvz ) z 0  (  vz wdx vz ) z  L  LW ( xz x   xz x x
)  ( LW x ) (  g cos  )  0

(11.
18)
Since velocity vz is not depend on z. Thus, equation (11.16) and (11.17) are equal. So they
will be canceling out in equation (11.19).
LW ( xz x   xz x x
)  ( LW x)(  g cos  )  0

(11.19)
Divide equation (11.19) by volume of control volume (LWDx)
( xz |x   xz |x  Dx )
 (  g cosb)  0
x
(11.20)
Take limit x  0
d xz
    g cos 
dx
(11.21)
txz is function of x only.
d xz
  g cos 
dx
(11.22)
dvz
 xz   µ
dx as a momentum flux

d  dvz 
     g cos 
dx  dx 
(11.23)
d 2 vz
  2   g cos 
dx
(11.24)
d 2 vz   g cos  
  
dx 2
  
(11.25)
dvz   g cos  
   x  c1
dx   
(11.26)
  g cos   x 2
vz      c 1 x  c2
   2
(11.27)
Now we have to define boundary condition.
First boundary condition at x  0 liquid surface is in contact with air so that shear stress at
both surface should be equal.
  xz air x 0   xz liquid x 0
So
(11.28)
Both are Newtonian fluids.
dvzair dvzliquid
g g  
dx x 0 dx x0

(11.29)

g
Here is the density and µg is the viscosity of air.
dvzliquid  g  g dvzair

dx x 0  dx x0

(11.30)

In equation (11.31) µgrg is very smaller than µr.

dvzliquid
0
dx x 0

(11.31)

By substituting value of equ.(11.31) in equ.(11.26), we get

C1  0

(11.32)

Boundary condition -2
At solid surface, due to no slip boundary condition, velocity of fluid is equal to velocity of

solids. Since in this problem, the solid surface at x   is stationary. So velocity of fluid at
x   is zero.

At x   ; vz  0
(11.33)
From equation (11.27), we get
  g cos    2
0    x c2
   2
(11.34)
   g cos    2
c 2  
   2
(11.35)
By substituting the value of equation (11.32) and equation (11.35) in equation (11.27)
  g cos   x 2   g cos    2
vz      
   2    2
(11.36)

 g 2 cos    x  
2

vz  1    
2    
(11.37)
Equation (11.37) shows the velocity of falling film.

Now we will solve same problem with assumption that shear stress is force. Draw same
control volume
 Fig 12.1 Control volume for falling film with shear stresses

Solid surface is situated at x   which forced shear on fluid. Therefore every layer of fluid
is forced shear in decreasing direction of x co-ordinate.
LW xz
So shear force at x  x is x

(12.1)
LW xz
Shear force at x  x  x is x  x

(12.2)
Body forces and convective momentum balance equation are also same as previous case.
Now momentum balance for this case.
Momentum Momentum Surface Body Shear
in due to - out due to + Forces + forces + forces = 0
convective convective
transport transport
LW ( xz x   xz x x )  ( LW x )(  g cos  )  0

(12.3)
Divide equation (12.3) by volume of control volume WLDx
( xz x   xz )
x x
 (  g cos )  0
x
(12.4)
Take limit Dx  0
d xz
   g cos 
dx
(12.5)
Now substitute Newton’s low of viscosity as shear force.
dvz
 xz   µ
dx as a shear force
(12.6)
d 2 vz
    g cos 
dx 2
(12.7)
Equation (11.24) and equation (12.7) are same equation which proves that both approach
gives same results.
Determine the maximum velocity:
The shear stress is minimum at x=0 so velocity should maximum at same point.
So Putting x=0 in equation (11.37)
 g 2 cos 
vz ,max 
2
(12.8)
Average velocity and volumetric flow rate of falling film:
vz is linear velocity in z direction. So volumetric flow rate can be determine by integrate it for
full cross section of flow (Wd)
So volumetric flow rate is
w
Q    vz dxdy
0 0

(12.9)
From equation (11.37)

 g 2 cos    x  
w 2

Q   1     dxdy
0 0
2    
(12.10)

w g 2 cos    x3  
Q  x   2 
2   3  0

w g 2 cos   
Q   
2  3

w g 2 cos   
Q 2 
2  3
 w g 3 cos 
Q
3
(12.11)
For average velocity, divide volumetric flow rate to cross section of following section.
Q
vz avg
 w

  dxdy
0 0

(12.12)
w g 3 cos 
3
vz 
avg
w
 g 2 cos 
vz 
avg
3
2
vz avg
 vz ,max
3
(12.13)
For acting on solid surface via fluid
L w
F      xz x   dydz
0 0

(12.14)
L w
 dv 
F    z  dydz
0 0
dx x  

F   g Lw cos 
(12.15)
Falling film on the outside of circular tube:
In a experiment a fluid flows upward through small circular tube and then downward in
laminar flow on the outside. Set up a momentum balance and determine velocity profile,
mass flow rate and force acting on outer surface of tube by fluid.

Fig 12.2 Falling film outside the circular tube

Assumption-
 Isothermal condition, constant density, viscosity and steady state
 Laminar flow (simple shear flow)
 Newton’s low is applicable
 No slip boundary condition
Non zero velocities:
Fluid is flowing in z direction due to gravity. There is no driving force in q direction and
solid surface is present in r direction. Therefore,
vz  v z  r , z 

v  0

vr  0

(12.16)
Now use equation of continuity for cylindrical coordinate system.
  1  1  
 (  vr )  (  v )  (  vz )  0
t r r r  z
(12.17)

 ( vz )  0
z
(12.18)
From equation (12.18), vz is independent on z. So,
vz  vz  r 
Only
(12.19)
Draw the control volume in film of differential thickness dr and length L (It is hollow tube).

Fig 12.3 Control volume for falling film outside the circular tube

There are nine components of shear stress. Since fluid is flowing z direction and it is the
function of r only. Therefore trz is non-zero term of shear stress. The rest components are
zero.
Momentum balance for control volume:
(  vz 2 r rvz ) z 0  
Convective momentum balance in from z  0 is
(12.20)
(  vz 2 r rvz ) z  L  
Convective momentum balance out from z  L is
(12.21)
(2 rL rz ) r  r  
Momentum is coming in to control volume due to shear stress at r  r is

(12.22)
Momentum is coming in to control volume due to shear stress at r  r  r is
(2 rL rz ) r  r r
(12.23)
{Note: momentum flux is always flowing in positive direction of axes}
Fluid is flowing only due to gravity. So, body force is working on control volume due to
gravity is (2 r rL  g )
(12.24)
Now, the momentum balance equation for control volume is given below.
(  vz 2 rDrvz ) z 0    (  vz 2 r rvz ) z  L   ( 2 rL rz ) r r   ( 2 rL rz ) r  r  r  2 r rL  g  0

(12.25)
Since velocity vz is not depend on z direction therefore equation (12.20) and (12.21) are equal
and first two terms of momentum balance can be canceled.
( 2 rL rz ) r  r   ( 2 rL rz ) r  r  r  2 r rL  g  0
(12.26)
Divide equation (12.26) by volume of control volume 2prDrL
(r rz r   r rz r r )
 g
r r
(12.27)
Take limit as dr tend to zero.
1 
  (r rz )    g
r r
(12.28)
1    dv  
   r   z     g
r r   dr  
(12.29)
d  dv   gr
  r z 
dr  dr  
(12.30)
dvz  gr 2
 r   c1
dr 2
(12.31)
dv  gr c1
  z  
dr 2 r
(12.32)
 gr 4
 vz    c1 ln r  c2
4
(12.33)
Boundary condition:
1st boundary condition at r  aR
dv
  z 0
dr
(12.34)

{same as previous problem}

Putting in equation (12.31)
 ga 2 R 2
 c1 
2
(12.35)
Second boundary condition:(12.36)
Putting in equation (12.33)
 gR 2
 c2   c1 ln R
4
(12.37)
From equation (12.35)
 gR 2  ga 2 R 2
 c2   ln R
4 2
(12.38)
Put the value of (16) and (17) in (15)
 gr 2  ga 2 R 2  ga 2 R 2  ga 2R 2
 vz    ln r   ln R
4 2 4 2

 gR 2   r   r 
2

 vz  1     2a ln   
2

4   R   R  

(12.39)
Maximum velocity:
At R = aR, shear stress will be zero and velocity will be maximum. So
 gR 2
 vz ,max  1  a 2  2a 2 ln a 
4
(12.40)
Laminar flow in a narrow slit:
A Newtonian fluid is flowing from narrow slit, formed by the two parallel plates as given in
diagram, due to combine effect of gravity and pressure. Determine velocity profile, average
velocity and mass flow rate for laminar flow.

Fig 13.1 Laminar flow in narrow slit

B<<W<<L
Assumption:
 Constant density, viscosity and steady state
 Laminar flow (simple shear flow)
 Newton’s low is applicable
 No slip boundary condition
Fluid is flowing in z direction only due to gravity and pressure difference. Therefore vz is only
non-zero velocity component. Since, slit is very narrow (B<<W<<L). We can assume that
end effects are negligible in y direction and vz is not the function of y.
vz  v z  x, z 

vx  0

vy  0

(13.1)
Now use equation of continuity for cylindrical coordinate system.
   
 (  vx )  (  v y )  (  vz )  0
t x  z
(13.2)
 
 ( vz )  0
z
(13.3)
Equation (13.3) shows that vz is not the function of z. Now vz is changing with x only.
vz  vz  x 

(13.4)
Therefore txz is only non- zero shear stress component.
Draw control volume:

Fig 13.2 Control volume for laminar flow in narrow slit.

Momentum balance equation for control volume:

(  vz wxvz ) z 0  
Convective momentum flux is flowing in control volume at z  0 is

(13.5)
(  vz wxvz ) z 0
Convective momentum flux leaving from CV at z  L is
(13.6)
( LW xz ) x  x  
Momentum flux by molecular transport entering CV at x  x is
(13.7)
( LW xz ) x  x x  
Momentum flux by molecular transport leaving from CV at x  x  x is

(13.8)
Pressure force at z  0 is P0 xw
(13.9)
Pressure force at z  L is  PL xw
(13.10)
Gravity force on CV is  g xLW
(13.11)
Now equation for momentum balance
(  vz wxvz ) |z 0   (  vz wxvz ) |z  L   ( LW  rz ) |r r   ( LW  rz ) |r r  r   P0 wx  PL wx   g xLW  0

(13.12)
vz is not the function of z so equation (13.5) and (13.6) are equal and convective momentum
balance terms are canceling out from above equation
( LW xz ) x  x   ( LW xz ) x  x   x   P0 wx  PL wx   g xLW  0
(13.13)
Divide equation (13.13) by volume of control volume xLW
( xz x   xz x x ) P P
 L 0  g
x L
(13.14)

Now we can add pressure force with gravity and take limit Dx0
  ( PL   gz (0))  ( P0   gz ( L)) 
  ( xz )   
x  L 
(13.16)
 P P 
  ( xz )   c 0 c L 
x  L 
(13.17)
 P P 
  ( xz )   c 0 c L  x  c1
x  L 
(13.18)
Substituting Newton’s low of viscosity
dvz
  xz   
dx
(13.19)

dvz  Pc L  Pc 0 
     x  c1
dx  L 
(13.20)
  P  P  x2 c
 vz    c 0 c L   1 x  c2
 L  2 
(13.21)
B.C-1
dvz
0
At x  0 , velocity profile must be symmetric therefore dx
(13.22)
C1  0
B.C-2
At x  B, vz  0
 Pc 0  Pc L  B 2
 c2   
 L  2
(13.23)
Substitute the value of c1 and c2 in equation (13.21)
 P  P  B2   x  
2

 vz   c 0 c L  1 
   
  L  2   B  
(13.24)
Equation (13.24) describes the velocity profile.

Mass flow rate and average velocity:

Mass flow rate = Volumetric flow rate * Density
w B
   v dxdy
z
0 B

w B  P  P  B 2   x  2  
    0 L  1     dxdy 
  L  2   B  
0 B  

2  w  P0  PL  B 2
B
 x3 
 x 
 3B 2 
2 L  0
(13.25)
Mass flow rate

2  w  P0  PL  B
3

W
3 L
(13.26)
Average velocity = Volumetric flow rate / area of cross section
2 w  P0  PL  B
3

3 L

2 BW
 1 w  P0  PL  B
3

vz 
3 L
(13.27)

Annular flow with inner cylinder moving axially:

In a wire coating machine, the wire of radius kR are moving into a cylindrical hollow die.
Radius of die is R and velocity v0 along the axis of die. Die is filled with Newtonian fluid
coating material. The pressure of both end of die is same so that the fluid moves through the
annular region slowly because of wire motion.
Find the velocity distribution in the narrow annular region. Obtain viscous force acting on the
wire over the length L. Find the mass flow rate through annular region.
 Fig 13.3 Annular flow with the inner cylinder moving axially

Assumptions:
 Constant density, viscosity and steady state
 Laminar flow (simple shear flow)
 Newton’s low is applicable
 No slip boundary condition
Non-zero velocity component:
Fluid is moving due to wire motion in z direction so vz is only non – zero velocity component.
There is no solid boundary in q direction and steady state condition therefore vz will not

v z  v z  r, z 
depend on q and t. So
Now apply equation of continuity
 1  1  
 (  rvr )  (  v )  (  vz )  0
t r r r  z

 ( vz )  0
z
(13.28)
Equation (13.28) shows that vz is not depending on z.
vz  vz  r 
Only
(13.29)
This result proves that trz is only non-zero shear stress among 9 components.
Draw control volume of differential thickness dr and length L.

Fig 13.4 Control volume for Annular flow with the inner cylinder moving axially

Convective momentum flux entering from z=0 is (  v z 2 rrv z ) |z 0  

(13.30)
Convective momentum flux leaving from z=L is (  v z 2 rrv z ) |z  L  
(13.31)
Momentum flux by molecular transport entering control volume at r = r is (2 rL rz ) |r  r  

(13.32)
Momentum flux by molecular transport leaving from control volume at r=r+Dr is
(2 rL rz ) |r  r+r  
(13.33)
Now, the momentum balance equation for control volume is given below.
 (  v z 2 rrv z ) |z 0   (  v z 2 rrv z ) |z  L   (2 rL rz ) |r  r  (2 rL rz ) |r  r  r   0
(13.34)
Since velocity vz is not dependent on z direction therefore equation (13.30) and (13.31) are
equal and first two terms of momentum balance can be canceled.
(2 rL rz ) |r  r  (2 rL rz ) |r  r  r  2 rrL g  0
(13.35)
Divide equation (13.35) by volume of control volume 2prDrL
(r rz |r   r rz |r r )
0
r r
(13.37)
Take limit as dr tend to zero.
1 
  ( r rz )  0
r r
(13.38)
 r rz  c1

c1
 rz 
 r
(13.39)
Use Newton’s low viscosity
dvz c1
   
dr r
(13.40)

dvz c
   1
dr r
c1
 vz   ln r  c2

(13.41)
B.C-1
At r = kR, vz = v0 due to no slip boundary condition
(13.42)
c1
 v0   ln kR  c2

(13.43)
B.C-2
At r = R, vz = 0
(13.44)
c1
 c2  ln R

(13.45)
From equation (13.43)
c1 c
 v0   ln kR  1 ln R
 
c1 kR
 v0  ln
 R
(13.46)
v0 
 c1 
ln k
(13.47)
By substituting equation (13.41)
v0 ln r v ln R
 vz    0
ln(1/ k ) ln(1/ k )
(13.48)
v ln(r / R )
 z 
v0 ln(1/ k )
(13.49)
Mass flow rate of coating:
 R
w    v rdrd
z
0  kR

2 v0 R
r
w
ln k  r ln  R  dr
 kR
  R 2  v0  (1  k 2 ) 2
w  ln(1 / k )  2k 
2  
(13.50)
Viscous force acting on the wire:
F  2 kRL rz |r  kR

dvz
 2 kRL
dr r  kR

d  ln(r / R ) 
 2 kRL v0
dr  ln(1/ k )  r  kR

(13.51)
2 L  v0
F
ln(1/ k )
(13.52)
Flow of two adjacent immiscible fluids:
Two immiscible liquid is flowing in between two adjacent plates. Solve the problem for
velocity profile and mass flow rate

Fig 14.1 Flow of two immiscible fluids between a pair of horizontal plates

Assumption:
 Constant density, viscosity and steady state
 Laminar flow (simple shear flow)
 Newton’s low is applicable
 No slip boundary condition
Since fluid is flowing in z direction only. Therefore vz is only non-zero velocity component.
We can assume that end effects are negligible in y direction and vz is not the function of y.
v z  v z  x, z 

vx  0
vy  0

(14.1)
Now use equation of continuity for cylindrical coordinate system.
   
 (  vx )  (  v y )  (  vz )  0
t x  z

 ( vz )  0
z
(14.2)
Equation (14.2) shows that vz is not the function of z. Now vz is changing with x only.
vz  vz  x 

(14.3)
Therefore txz is only non- zero shear stress component.
Draw control volume:

Fig 14.2 Control volume for Flow of two immiscible fluid between a pair of horizontal plates

Momentum balance equation for control volume:

Convective momentum flux is flowing in control volume at z =0 is (  v z wxv z ) |z 0  

(14.5)

Convective momentum flux leaving from CV at z=L is (  v z wxv z ) |z  L  

(14.6)
Here we have taken shear stress as force.

Shear force at x=x is (LW xz ) |x  x   

(14.7)
Shear force at x=x+Dx is (LW xz ) |x  x+x   
(14.8)
Pressure force at z=0 is P0 xw
(14.9)
Pressure force at z=L is -PL xw
(14.10)
Now equation for momentum balance
(  vz wxvz ) |z  0   (  vz wxvz ) |z  L   ( LW  rz ) |x  x   ( LW  rz ) |x  x  D x   P0 wx  PL wx  0

(14.11)
vz is not the function of z so equation (14.5) and (14.6) are equal and convective momentum
balance terms are cancel out from equation (14.11).
(LW rz ) |x  x  Dx  (LW rz ) |x  x    P0 wx  PL wx  0
(14.12)
Divide equation (14.12) by volume of control volume DxLW
( xz |x  x  xz | x ) P P
 L 0
x L
(14.13)
Now we can add pressure force with gravity and take limit Dx 0
 P P 
  ( xz )    0 L 
x  L 
(14.14)
Substituting Newton’s low of viscosity
 P0  PL  x 2 c1
 vz      x  c2
 L  2 
14.15)
This equation is valid for both regions. Therefore,
 P  P  x2 c 1
 vz1    0 L   1 x  c21
 L  2 
(14.16)
 P  P  x2 c 2
 vz 2    0 L   1 x  c2 2
 L  2 
(14.17)
Boundary conditions:
There are four boundary condition used to solve the problem.
1. x=0, vz1 = vz2
2. x=-b, vz1 = 0
3. x=+b, vz2 = 0
dvz1 dvz 2
|x  0  |x 0
4. x=0, dx dx

(14.18)

This leads to solution

 C11  C12
C 21  C 2 2

P P  2  2 1 
 C12   0 1 L b  1 2 
(14.19)  2 L    

(14.20)

 P0  PL   x 1      
1 2
  xz      1 2 
 L   b 2     
(14.21)

 P  P   2  1    1   2  x  x  
2

 vz   0 1 L  b 2  1
1

2   1 2 
  
 2  L            b  b  
(14.22)

 P  P   2  2    1   2  x  x  
2

 vz   0 1 L  b 2  1
2

2   1 2 
  
 2  L            b  b  
(14.23)

Derivation of equation of motion:

In this section, we will derive a generalized equation which can be used to solve all type of
momentum transport problem. This equation is based on axiom 2.
Axiom 2: momentum is conserved.

Take a control volume of xyz , fixed in space.

(1) Rate of accumulation of momentum in control volume = (2) Net rate of inflow of
momentum by convection + (3) Net rate of inflow of momentum by viscous transport + (4)
Pressure forces + (5) Force due to gravity
 z

Fig 15.1 Cubical control volume fixed in space

d
( xyzvx )
Rate of change of momentum in control volume = dt
(15.1)

Net rate of x-directed momentum inflow in control volume from x-plane =

[(  v x zy)v x  x –  (  v x zy)v x ]x  x

(15.2)
Net rate of x-directed momentum inflow in control volume from y-plane =

[( v y xz)v x  y –  (  v y xz)v x ]y   y

(15.3)
Net rate of x-directed momentum inflow in control volume from z-plane =

[(  v z xy)v x  z –  (  v z xy)v x ]z  y

(15.4)

Net rate of change of momentum in control volume due to viscous transport = Shear stress
has 9 components.
τ xx τ xy τ xz

{
τ = τ yx
τ zx
τ yy τ yz
τ zy τ zz }
(15.5)
Here, a second index shows the direction of momentum and first index shows the surface
from which momentum is flowing. For example, yx shows x directed force working on y
surface. Therefore, x directed shear stresses are xx yx and zx.
Net rate of change of x directed momentum flowing in x plane
( xx zy) |x – ( xx z y) |x x

(15.6)
Net rate of change of x directed momentum flowing in y plane
( yx xz) |y – ( yx xz) |y y
(15.7)
Net rate of change of x directed momentum flowing in z plane
( zx xy) |z – ( zx xy) |z  z

(15.8)

Change of x directed momentum due to pressure force = (pyz) |x – (pyz) |x   x

(15.9)

Net rate of change x directed momentum due to gravity = ( xyz) g x

(15.10)
Now add all above terms and divide all the terms by volume of control volume x y z
 (  vx)
t
(15.11)
(  vxvx) | x  (  vxvx) | x  x (  vyvx) | y  (  vyvx) | y  y (  vzvx) | z  (  vzvx) | z  z
 
x y x

∂( v x v x ) ∂( v y v x ) ∂(v z v x )
− − −
= ∂x ∂y ∂x
(15.12)
∂τ xx ∂τ yx ∂ τ zx
− − −
∂x ∂ y ∂ z
(15.13)
p x −p x + Δx −∂ p
=
Δx ∂x
(15.14)
gx

(15.15)
Take the individual limits
x 0, y 0 and z 0
x-direction:
 (  vx )   (  vx vx )  (  v y vx )  (  vz vx )    xx  yx  zx  p
          gx
t  x y z   x y z  x

(15.16)
Above equation represents equation of motion for x directed momentum for Cartesian
coordinate system.
Similarly for y-direction:
(  vy )   (  vx v y )  (  v y v y )  (  vz v y )    xy  yy  zy  p
         gy
t  x y z   x y z  y

(15.17)
Similarly for z-direction:
 (  vz )   (  vx vz )  (  v y vz )  (  vz vz )    xz  yz  zz  p
          gz
t  x y z   x y z  z

(15.18)
We can write equation of motion in tensor form
 (  v)
 .(  vv )  .  p   g
t
(15.19)