WCD Occ 1 PDF

Oilfield Casing Core
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Casing and the Drilling Process
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Why This Module Is Important
 This module is important because

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every oil or gas well in the world

has casing
 If the casing is designed, run and
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cemented improperly bad things will

happen:
• Avoidable risks will be taken
• Costs will be higher
• Well life can be shortened
 If the casing is designed, run and
cemented properly, good things
happen:
• The casing will maintain the structural
integrity of the well
• It will keep out unwanted formation
fluids
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©PetroSkills, LLC. All Rights Reserved. 1
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 For every well in the world,

someone has to:
• Select the number of casing strings
• Choose the specifics of each casing
string and any special equipment
needed
• Run the casing into the well
• Cement it in place
 This module will lay the foundation
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by providing the core knowledge
you need to be sure that casing can
do what it needs to do
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 Subsequent modules and will help
you develop and apply specific
skills to design, run and cement
casing
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someone has to:

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needed
casing
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someone has to:
needed
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casing
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someone has to:

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needed
casing
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Learning Objectives
By the
This end ofwill
section thiscover
lesson,
theyou will learn
following to: objectives:
learning
 Explain the roles of the people on a multi-disciplinary team

 Describe the purpose of casing in an oilfield well
 Explain why casing is cemented
 State how joints of casing are connected together
 Recognize the steps in the process for drilling and cementing
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casing in an oil/gas well
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Multi-Disciplinary Team
Rocky Patty Buck Bob Sue

Pete
Earth Scientist Production Reservoir Engineer Drilling HSE, Legal,
Operations
Engineer Engineer Permitting,
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Superintendent
Contracts
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So, what is
casing?
Casing
Casing is pipe that
is run into a hole
drilled into the earth
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and cemented in
place
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Bob Sue
Drilling HSE, Legal,
Engineer Permitting, Contracts
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Surface Casing Hole

 The well has been started  We stop drilling and pick
by having the conductor up the bit off bottom to
casing set at 150 ft (45 m) circulate the hole clean
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 The installation method for prior to running the casing

the conductor casing  The amount of time to
depends on the circulate the hole clean
environment the well is depends on the volume of
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located the hole and the

circulation rate of the
 A bit has been picked up
pump
that will fit through the
conductor and drill a hole  It is important to have the
large enough to allow the hole clean so when the
surface casing to be run casing is run, it can easily
into this hole section go to the bottom
 The drill bit is on the end
of the drill string, and has
been run to the bottom of
the conductor casing
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Surface Casing Hole
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Surface Casing Hole

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Surface Casing Hole
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Surface Casing Hole

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Surface Casing Hole
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Installing Wellhead
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Surface Casing Hole
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Installing Wellhead
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How Is Casing Used?
How do you
get deeper?
To get the well depth

required, repeat the
process, but use
smaller hole sizes and
smaller casing sizes
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Rocky
Earth Scientist
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Production Liner
We will run a
production liner.
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Bob
Drilling Engineer
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Cementing
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head
Drill pipe Drill pipe

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Liner Fluids
Liner
Drilling mud
Liner wiper Cement slurry
Displacement
plug
fluid
Casing shoe
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Summary of Casing
Primary purpose of casing

is maintaining borehole
integrity.
 Preventing borehole
collapse
 Preventing formation
fracture Casing on
the pipe rack
 Containing formation
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to be run in
fluids the well
 Containing circulating
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fluids
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Summary of Casing
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Additional Purposes
 Structural support:
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Surface and/or conductor

supports wellhead, BOP,
other strings of pipe, and Conductor
sometimes small Casing
platforms.
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Learning Objectives
You
Thishave nowhas
section learned howthe
covered to:following learning objectives:
 Explain the roles of the people on a multi-disciplinary team

 Describe the purpose of casing in an oilfield well
 Explain why casing is cemented
 State how joints of casing are connected together
 Recognize the steps in the process for drilling and cementing
casing in an oil/gas well
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C
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API/ISO Standards
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Learning Objectives
By the
This end ofwill
section thiscover
lesson,
theyou will belearning
following able to: objectives:
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 Identify the API/ISO Standards (American Petroleum Institute/

International Organization for Standardization) by which casing
is manufactured and casing performance is rated
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 Determine the size, weight, grade, thread, and range of casing

based on its description, provided in the standard API naming
convention
 Explain what collapse pressure and burst (internal yield)
pressure are and why these pressures impact casing selection
 Find collapse and burst pressure ratings in API Performance
Tables
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What does the
description of casing
really mean?
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Pete Sue
Rocky Patty Buck Bob
Operations HSE, Legal,
Superintendent
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Earth Scientist Production Engineer Reservoir Engineer Drilling Engineer
Permitting, Contracts
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API / ISO
 Casing standards set by American Petroleum

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Institute (API) and the International Standards

Organization (ISO)
 The API casing naming convention is:
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9 5/8 in. 47 ppf N-80 LT&C Range 3

244.5mm 69.95 kg/m N-80 LT&C Range 3
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API / ISO

Organization (ISO)
244.5mm 69.95 kg/m N-80 LT&C Range 3
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The size of
the casing
(inches)
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 This number refers to the outside diameter of the body of the pipe
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API / ISO

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Organization (ISO)
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244.5mm 69.95 kg/m N-80 LT&C Range 3
Weight
in pounds
per foot (ppf)
 Because the outside diameter is fixed, as we change the inside diameter

of the casing, we change the effective weight of the pipe
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API / ISO

Organization (ISO)
244.5mm 69.95 kg/m N-80 LT&C Range 3
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Grade
of casing
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 Most people will tell you that that number represents the minimum yield
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of the pipe in thousands of psi, or pounds per square inch
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API / ISO

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Organization (ISO)
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244.5mm 69.95 kg/m N-80 LT&C Range 3
Casing
connection
and threads
 The threads must be compatible, so you want to make sure that when
you're buying casing, it all has the same thread
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API / ISO

Organization (ISO)
244.5mm 69.95 kg/m N-80 LT&C Range 3
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Lengths
of casing
joints
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 When you manufacture pipe, it doesn’t come out the same identical
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length every joint; it comes out in a range of lengths
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Does casing have
different pressure
ratings?
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Pete Sue
Superintendent Permitting, Contracts
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API / ISO Standards
 API/ISO standards are

used to determine the
pressure ratings for all
casing (internal and
external pressures) and
how strong the pipe is in
tension
 As a drilling engineer, we
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have to figure out what
are the maximum
conditions that the well
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might see in the duration
of its producing life
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API / ISO Standards

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 API/ISO standards
 API/ISO collapse rating

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pcollapse  pouter  pinner
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Collapse: Severe Lost Circulation
A lost circulation zone is

encountered while drilling ahead.
The fluid level in the well falls until
the entire casing volume is void.
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API / ISO Standards

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 API/ISO tables and

formulas:
 Burst pressure
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• Burst pressure is also

called Internal Yield
Pressure pburst  pinner  pouter
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Burst Pressure From a Gas Kick
 A gas kick is encountered at Total

Depth of the next hole section
 The casing is filled with gas
 The pressure of the gas is essential
the same as the pore pressure at Total
Depth
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Burst Pressure From a Gas Kick

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 A gas kick is encountered at Total

Depth of the next hole section
 The casing is filled with gas
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 The pressure of the gas is essential

the same as the pore pressure at Total
Depth
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Selecting Casing Based on worst-case Scenarios of

Collapse and Burst Conditions
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Learning Objectives
This
You section
have now has covered
learned to: the following learning objectives:
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 Identify the API/ISO Standards (American Petroleum Institute/

International Organization for Standardization) by which casing is
manufactured and casing performance is rated
C
 Determine the size, weight, grade, thread, and range of casing

based on its description, provided in the standard API naming
convention
 Explain what collapse pressure and burst (internal yield)
pressure are and why these pressures impact casing selection
 Find collapse and burst pressure ratings in API Performance
Tables
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Casing Properties and Dimensions
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Learning Objectives
By the
This end ofwill
section thiscover
lesson,
theyou will learn
following how to:
learning objectives:
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 Explain the meaning and importance of the terms used to

describe casing, including size, weights, grades, connections,
and ranges
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 Describe or explain the relationship between casing size

(outside diameter) and weight
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We’re going to need 7 in. (178 mm) production casing. This is going to
be a really good well. 500 BOPD (2807 ft3 or ~80 m3)
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Pete Sue
Superintendent
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API Casing
Many Standard Sizes: Connections:

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4 ½ in. – 20 in. 4 API connection

(114.3 mm – 508 mm) types
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Lengths:
Various “Weights”:
16 – 48 ft
wall thickness
(4.9 – 14.6 m)
Eleven Grades:
(Yield) 40 – 125 ksi
(276 – 862 MPa)
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Many Standard Sizes
Specific Sizes of API Casing

4 1/2 in. 5 in. 5 1/2 in. 6 5/8 in.
(114.3 mm) (127.0 mm) (139.7 mm) (168.3 mm)
7 in. 7 5/8 in. 7 3/4 in. 8 5/8 in.
(177.8 mm) (193.7 mm) (196.9 mm) (219.1 mm)
9 5/8 in. 10 3/4 in. 11 3/4 in. 13 3/8 in.
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(244.5 mm) (273.1 mm) (298.5 mm) (339.7 mm)
16 in. 18 5/8 in. 20 in.
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(406.4 mm) (473.1 mm) (508 mm)
The size is always the outside

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diameter of the pipe.
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Can you clarify the

pressure ratings for me?
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Pete Sue
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API Casing

(114.3 mm – 508 mm) types
Lengths:
16 – 48 ft
wall thickness
(4.9 – 14.6 m)
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Eleven Grades:
(276 – 862 MPa)
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Various Weights
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The weight of the casing

indicates the thickness of the wall
of the casing as well as how
much steel is in one foot of
casing.
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Knowing the outside diameter of

the casing, the wall thickness can
be calculated to match the
amount of steel per foot.
Consider a piece of pipe with a
certain weight per foot.
Increasing the weight of the pipe
while keeping the outside
diameter constant would decrease
the inside diameter, resulting in a
greater wall thickness.
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Various Weights
The weight of the casing

indicates the thickness of the wall
of the casing as well as how
much steel is in one foot of
casing.
Knowing the outside diameter of
the casing, the wall thickness can
be calculated to match the
amount of steel per foot.
Consider a piece of pipe with a
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certain weight per foot.
Increasing the weight of the pipe
Now, if you make the pipe 50% while keeping the outside
heavier without changing the
diameter constant would decrease
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outside diameter, what
happens to the inside diameter the inside diameter, resulting in a
of the pipe? greater wall thickness.
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API Casing

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(114.3 mm – 508 mm) types
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Lengths:
16 – 48 ft
wall thickness
(4.9 – 14.6 m)
Eleven Grades:
(Minimum Yield)
40 ksi – 125 ksi
(276 – 862 MPa)
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Eleven Grades
 i.e., N-80
• The “N” signifies chemical
composition specification and
heat treat specification.
• The “80” signifies the
The Grade is an alpha- minimum yield strength of the
numeric description of steel in thousands of psi.
the casing.  Example:
• K-55 has a 55,000 psi
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(379 MPa) min. yield strength.
• P-110 has a 110,000 psi
(758 MPa) min. yield strength.
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• Conclusion: P-110 steel is
twice as strong as K-55 steel.
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Do we need the
new VAM thread?
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Pete Sue
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API Casing

(114.3 mm – 508 mm) types
Lengths:
16 – 48 ft
wall thickness
(4.9 – 14.6 m)
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Eleven Grades:
(276 – 862 MPa)
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Casing Connections
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Casing is pipe that is Casing joint

threaded and
screwed together
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Casing collar
or coupling
Casing joint
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Casing Connections
Couplings are put on

Casing is pipe that is at the factory, which
threaded and means that there is a
screwed together box end and a pin
end for each joint
This allows the pipe
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to be picked up and There are many
screwed together types of casing
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when the casing is connections
run in the hole
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Casing Connections
There are four API Casing connections and these

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are used throughout the world.

NL
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Basic power-tight make-up Hand-tight make-up
A common API thread is long thread and coupling

(LT&C).
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Casing Connections
There are four API Casing connections and these

are used throughout the world.
Basic power-tight make-up Hand-tight make-up
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Another common API thread is Buttress.
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Proprietary Casing Threads
 There are many  Example:

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proprietary connections • VAM threads

 Special purpose alloys • Tenaris Blue threads
(Corrosion Resistant • Many more
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Alloys – CRA)
 Uses:
• High pressures, high
tensile and collapse
loads
• High temperatures
• Corrosive applications
• Special clearance
problems
Tenaris Blue Thread
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Thread Run Out VAM Thread
Thread Form
-3°
+10°
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Seal Geometry
Ø 5 in. to 7 5/8 in. - 5 TPI
(127 to 194 mm)
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Ø 8 5/8 in. and up - 4 TPI
(219 mm and up) 15°
IG 10% taper
on diameter
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Tenaris Blue Thread

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Make sure that we
get just Range 3 What do you mean,
casing. Range 3 casing?
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Pete Sue
Superintendent
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API Casing

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(114.3 mm – 508 mm) types
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Lengths:
16 – 48 ft
wall thickness
(4.9 – 14.6 m)
Eleven Grades:
(276 – 862 MPa)
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Lengths
Lengths of casing are known as ranges.
Three Ranges
Range 1 16 to 25 ft (4.9 to 7.6 m)
Range 2 25 to 34 ft (7.6 to 10.4 m)
Range 3 34 to 48 ft (10.4 to 14.6 m)
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Lengths

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Three Ranges
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Range 1 16 to 25 ft (4.9 to 7.6 m)

Range 2 25 to 34 ft (7.6 to 10.4 m)
Range 3 34 to 48 ft (10.4 to 14.6 m)
Range 1 pipe is not

used much anymore.
It had been used for
older, smaller rigs.
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Lengths
Three Ranges
Range 1 16 to 25 ft (4.9 to 7.6 m)
Range 2 25 to 34 ft (7.6 to 10.4 m)
Range 3 34 to 48 ft (10.4 to 14.6 m)
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Range 1 pipe is not Range 2 pipe is the
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used much anymore. length we find in drill
It had been used for pipes, drill collars, and
older, smaller rigs. production tubing.
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Lengths

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Three Ranges
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Range 1 16 to 25 ft (4.9 to 7.6 m)

Range 2 25 to 34 ft (7.6 to 10.4 m)
Range 3 34 to 48 ft (10.4 to 14.6 m)
Range 1 pipe is not Range 2 pipe is the

Range 3 is the
used much anymore. length we find in drill
customary length of
It had been used for pipes, drill collars, and
casing.
older, smaller rigs. production tubing.
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Learning Objectives
This
You section
have now has covered
learned to: the following learning objectives:
 Explain the meaning and importance of the terms used to
describe casing, including size, weights, grades, connections,
and ranges
 Describe or explain the relationship between casing size (outside
diameter) and weight
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C
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The Manufacturing of Casing
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Learning Objectives
By the
This end ofwill
section this lesson,
cover the you learn learning
following how to: objectives:
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 Compare and contrast electric resistance welded (ERW) and

seamless casing
 Explain the different processes for manufacturing seamless and
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ERW casing
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Casing Manufacturing
There are two methods for manufacturing casing:
Weld down
Picture of Seamless VS. Picture of ERW
the seam
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Seamless Electric Resistant Weld (ERW)
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Seamless Casing
Formed from heated billet, pierced by mandrel, and

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then sized
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 Advantages  Disadvantages
• No seams – considered • Variation in wall thickness
“best” for higher pressure (12.5% allowed)
applications
• More expensive
• Uniform temperature during
manufacture
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Steps in the Manufacture of Seamless Tubes
1 Heat the billet to a high temperature
2 Pierce the billet with a mandrel to form a hollow cylinder
3 Size the billet with rollers
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4 Heat treat the resulting tube
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5 Final sizing and straightening
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Image: courtesy of Richard Kruger, Tenaris
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Image: courtesy of Richard Kruger, Tenaris Image: courtesy of Richard Kruger, Tenaris
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ERW Welded Casing
Heated billet rolled flat, trimmed, formed into tube

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and welded (fused – no filler)

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 Advantages  Disadvantages
• Uniform wall thickness • Heating on seam during
welding
• Higher collapse rating
than some equivalent • Not generally considered
seamless for higher pressure
applications
• Less expensive than
seamless
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Steps in the Manufacture of ERW Tubes
Forming the Line
1 Trim steel to desired width (circumference)
2 Form steel into tubular shape with rollers

3 Seam is fused using electric induction current
4 Weld flash is removed externally and internally
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5 Heat treated, cooled, and sized with rollers
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6 Cut to desired length and cold-straightened
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 In the ERW process, high-frequency current enters the tube via sliding
contacts and flows along vee edges to and from the weld point
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Contacts Contacts
Pipe
Vee
Heated Strip Edges
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Apex
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Weld Point
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Steps in the Manufacture of ERW Tubes
Forming the Line

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1 Trim steel to desired width (circumference)
2 Form steel into tubular shape with rollers

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4 Weld flash is removed externally and internally
5 Heat treated, cooled, and sized with rollers
6 Cut to desired length and cold-straightened
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Casing Manufacturing Summary
Weld down
Picture of Seamless VS. Picture of ERW
the seam
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Seamless
Seamless ERW (Electric
ERW (Electric Resistant Weld)
Resistant Weld)
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Learning Objectives
You have
This now
section learned
has how
covered theto:
following learning objectives:
O
 Compare and contrast electric resistance welded (ERW) and

seamless casing

C
Explain the different processes for manufacturing seamless and

ERW casing
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
T
Casing Strings
H
IG
R
PY
Learning Objectives
By the
This end ofwill
section thiscover
lesson,
theyou will learn
following how to:
learning objectives:
O
 Describe the purpose and application of:

 Conductor casing
C
 Surface casing
 Intermediate casing
 Production casing
 Drilling and/or production liners
 Tie-back casing strings
 Identify where the four different casing applications are in

wellbore schematics
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Casing Applications
Types of Casing Strings Conductor 150 ft

(14.7 m)
Conductor casing
Surface 2500 ft
Surface casing
(762.2 m)
Intermediate casing
Production casing
Drilling liner
T
Production liner
Intermediate 12000 ft
Tie-back casing
H
(3658.5 m)
How do you determine Production 14000 ft

sizes and depths?
IG (4268.3 m)
R
PY
Production Liner/Tie-Back Casing
 Size, weight, grade,

O
thread, and range are

used to describe casing 45.7 m
 Types of casing strings:

C
• Conductor 914.6 m
• Surface
• Intermediate
• Drilling Liner
• Production Casing 3201.2 m
• Production Liner
• Tie-Back Casing
4268.3 m
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Casing Applications
20 in. (508 mm) Conductor Casing
13 3/8 in. (339.7 mm) Surface Casing
9 5/8 in. (244.5 mm) Intermediate Casing
T
H
7 in. (177.8 mm) Production Casing
16,000 ft
(4877m)
18,000 ft
(5486m) IG
R
PY
Summary
 Size, weight, grade,

thread, and range are
O
used to describe casing

 Types of casing strings:
• Conductor
C
• Surface 6.1 - 62 m
• Intermediate
• Drilling Liner
• Production Casing Cement
• Production Liner 62 - 609.8 m
• Tie-Back Casing
609.8+ m
609.8 - 9146.3 m
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Congratulations, you have

completed this module. Are you
ready for the exam?
T
H
IG
R
PY
Learning Objectives
This section has covered the following learning objectives:

O
 Describe the purpose and application of:

 Conductor casing
 Surface casing
C
 Intermediate casing
 Production casing
 Drilling and/or production liners
 Tie-back casing strings
 Identify where the four different casing applications are in wellbore

schematics
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
PetroAcademyTM Introductory and Multi-Discipline
 Drilling Operations and Well Completions Core

 Defining Well Objectives Core
 Bit and Hydraulics Core
 Drill String and BHA Core
 Drilling Fluids and Solids Control Core
 Directional Drilling and Trajectory Design Core
 Oilfield Casing Core
 Primary and Remedial Cementing Core
T
 Onshore Conventional Well Completion Core
 Hydraulic Fracturing Core
H
 Formation Damage and Matrix Stimulation Core
 Sand Control Core
 Well Intervention Core
IG
R
PY
O
C
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Oilfield Casing Core

Oilfield Casing Core

Why This Module Is Important

 This module is important because

every oil or gas well in the world

cemented improperly bad things will

Why This Module Is Important

 For every well in the world,

Why This Module Is Important

 For every well in the world,

someone has to:

string and any special equipment

Why This Module Is Important

 For every well in the world,

Why This Module Is Important

 For every well in the world,

someone has to:

string and any special equipment

 Explain the roles of the people on a multi-disciplinary team

Rocky Patty Buck Bob Sue

Surface Casing Hole

 The installation method for prior to running the casing

located the hole and the

Surface Casing Hole

Surface Casing Hole

Surface Casing Hole

Surface Casing Hole

Surface Casing Hole

Surface Casing Hole

How Is Casing Used?

To get the well depth

Drill pipe Drill pipe

Primary purpose of casing

Surface and/or conductor

 Explain the roles of the people on a multi-disciplinary team

Oilfield Casing Core

 Identify the API/ISO Standards (American Petroleum Institute/

 Determine the size, weight, grade, thread, and range of casing

 Casing standards set by American Petroleum

Institute (API) and the International Standards

9 5/8 in. 47 ppf N-80 LT&C Range 3

 Casing standards set by American Petroleum

 Casing standards set by American Petroleum

Institute (API) and the International Standards

9 5/8 in. 47 ppf N-80 LT&C Range 3

 Because the outside diameter is fixed, as we change the inside diameter

 Casing standards set by American Petroleum

 Casing standards set by American Petroleum

Institute (API) and the International Standards

9 5/8 in. 47 ppf N-80 LT&C Range 3

 Casing standards set by American Petroleum

API / ISO Standards

 API/ISO standards are

API / ISO Standards

 API/ISO collapse rating

pcollapse  pouter  pinner

Collapse: Severe Lost Circulation

A lost circulation zone is

API / ISO Standards