ARTICLES WRITTEN ABROAD  he went to Spain in 1882 to finish his studies at the University of Madrid.

 Rizal was asked to contribute an article to the Diariong Tagalog by Basilio CIRCULO-HISPANO-FILIPINA
Teodoro Moran, an editorial staffer.
 In 1882, Rizal he joined the Circulo-Hispano-Filipina. This circle was composed of
 He wrote an essay entitled “Amor Patrio” using “Laong Laan” as his pen name.
Filipinos and Spaniards who believed that reforms be introduced in the Philippines.
 The newspaper was founded by Marcelo H. del Pilar in Manila. Its founder was Juan Atayde. Upon the request of the members of the society, he
 FRANCISCO CALVO- The editor praised Rizal, and asked him to contribute more. wrote a poem entitled Mi Piden Versos (They Asked Me For Verses).
 Rizal wrote another article, “Los Viajes.”
 “Revista de Madrid” was not published because the newspaper ceased JOSE RIZAL, THE PROPAGANDIST
publication.
 Señor Roses.
SAD NEWS FROM HOME  Rizal was deeply affected by Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Eugene
Sue’s The Wandering Jew.
 A cholera had killed many lives of Filipinos o Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) in 1886 and El Filibusterismo (The
 Leonor was very much depressed because of his departure Reign of Greed) in 1891.
 Paciano advised him to take his studies seriously. OTHER IMPORTANT PROPAGANDISTS
  CHOLERA- Is an infectious disease that can cause severe diarrhea, dehydration,
and death. Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by GRACIANO LOPEZ-JAENA- a noted orator and pamphleteer who had left the islands for
the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.  Spain in 1880, Fray Botod (Brother Fatso) - an unflattering portrait of a provincial friar.

MADRID STUDIES-THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT- MEDICAL PRACTICE AND  In 1889 he established a biweekly newspaper in Barcelona, La Solidaridad
STUDIES-TOUR OF EUROPE (Solidarity),
 DR. FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT- an Austrian geographer and ethnologist whom
MADRID STUDIES Rizal had met in Germany
November 3, 1882  MARCELO DEL PILAR- Del Pilar was active in the anti-friar movement in the
islands until obliged to flee to Spain in 1888, where he became editor of La
 Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid in two courses, Medicine and Solidaridad and assumed leadership of the Filipino community in Spain.
Philosophy and Letters. Aside from his university studies, he studied painting and
sculpture, took language lessons on French, German and English in the Academy NOTES
of San Carlos, and honed his fencing and shooting skills in the Hall of Arms Sanz
y Carbonell.  He returned to Europe by way of Japan and North America to complete his second
novel and an edition of Antonio de Morga's seventeenth-century work, Sucesos de
MADRID INSPIRATION las Islas Filipinas (History of the Philippine Islands).
 De Morga provided positive information about the islands' early inhabitants, and
 Eduardo de Lete was also courting her, Consuelo came to love Rizal. reliable accounts of pre-Christian religion and social customs.
 Don Pablo Ortega y Rey- He was a former civil governor of Manila. Rizal and other
Filipino Students played parlor games with his two charming daughters, Pilar and Jose Rizal, the Mason
Consuelo.
 Rizal then came into contact with the liberal and republican elements, majority of
THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT them were Masons. Thus in 1883, he joined the Masonry, Rizal naturally ceases
going to church and led a life as a “free thinker”. His first Masonic lodge was
 Between 1872 and 1892, students attending European universities (formed the “Acacia”.
 the Propagandists, who included upper class Filipinos
o Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local NOVEMBER 15, 1890-Rizal became a Master Mason in Lodge Solidaridad in Madrid. Two
products to the government) years later he was awarded Master Mason in Paris by Le Grand Orient de France.

JOSE RIZAL, THE PROPAGANDIST  including Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Marcelo H. del Pilar, were
also active Masons. Rizal, on the other hand, was more placid. His only Masonic
JOSÉ RIZAL-The most outstanding Propagandist ,A physician, scholar, scientist, and writer. writing was entitled "Science, Virtue and Labor," which he delivered in 1889.

 Born in 1861 into a prosperous Chinese mestizo family in Laguna Province, he MASTERS OF THE ARTS
displayed great intelligence at an early age.
  at the National Exposition of the Fine Arts in Madrid, Juan Luna’s canvas  Return to Heidelberg. On JULY 31, 1886
“Spoliarium” won a gold medal (3 won) while Felix Hidalgo’s “Christian Virgins o He wrote a letter to PROF. FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT - Director of
Exposed to the Populace” took home a silver medal (12 won).. Rizal declared in Ateneo of Leitmeritz in Austria. He also gave him a book entitled
the speech called “Brindis” that talent is not a monopoly of any race or country “Arithmetica” by Rufino Baltazar Hernandez
because it can be found in anyone and anywhere around the world.  He befriended PROF. FRIEDRICH RATZEL
o German historian and psychologist at the University of Leipzig. He also
A DOCTOR AND A PHILOSOPHER attended some lectures while in University
 He also translated into Tagalog the legend of “William Tell” and the Fairy tales of
 He then completed his medicine studies for that year at the Universidad Central de Hans Christian Andersen that included The Little Mermaid, Thumbelina and the
Madrid on June 21, 1884. The next academic year (1884-1885) he studied and Ugly Duckling.
passed all the subjects leading to degree of Doctor of Medicine.  Rizal was in Dresden from October 29 to November 1, 1886.
 Licentiate in Medicine and was entitled to practice. On his 24th birthday he was  DR. ADOLPH MEYER-naturalist from Dresden University.
awarded by the university the degree in Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters with  Rizal admired Berlin due to its scientific atmosphere and the absence of racial
the rating of excellent. prejudice.
 He personally met Dr. Feodor Jagor author of “Travels in the Philippines” and
PARISIAN LIFE AND TOUR OF EUROPE Rizal’s favorite writer, Dr. Rudolf Virchow and Dr. Hans Virchow.
 DR. R. SCHULZER-German Ophthalmologist
 He dropped by Barcelona to see his friend MAXIMO VIOLA, a wealthy medical  Dr. R. Virchow- was generous enough to invite him to give a lecture on the Tagalog
student who hails from San Miguel, Bulacan. language. He also wrote “Tagalinsche Verskunst”
 He was introduced to SEÑOR EUSEBIO COROMINAS, editor of La Publicidad.
Corominas introduced him to the owner Don Miguel Morayta. He submitted the
NOTES
article Carolines Questions for publication.
 By OCTOBER 1885
o Rizal was living in Paris. He practiced ophthalmology under Dr. Luis de  He took private lessons in French under Madame Lucie Gerdolle
Weckert at Crugen Clinic, 55 Rue Du Cherche-Midi.
 He paid visits to the Pardo de Tavera Family. He would frequently stay at the A GIFT FROM ABOVE
studio of his Ilocano friend Juan Luna. In the “Death of Cleopatra”, Rizal posed as
an Egyptian priest while Juan Luna posed as Cleopatra himself.  Maximo Viola arrived- He paid all his financial obligations and needs. He also
 NELLY BOUSTEAD-a French-English lady with whom he will fall in love later. financed the initial printing of the Noli amounting to P300. Truly, Viola was Rizal’s
“savior”
HE WROTE MUSICAL PIECES LIKE:
TOUR OF EUROPE
 Leonor
 El Canto del Prisionero  The first stop Rizal and Viola was POTSDAM
 Alin Mang Lahi (a patriotic hymn) o a city near Berlin, which was made famous by Frederick the Great.
 El Canto de Maria Clara (in Noli Me Tangere)
 Their next destination was the GERMAN CITY DRESDEN. Here they paid a quick
 Himno A Talisay
visit to Dr. Adolph B. Meyer and the Museum of Art Dresden.
 El Canto del Viajero (during his Dapitan Exile)
 TESCHEN
o Rizal wired Dr. Blumentritt to inform of his visit to Leitmeritz
IN LOVE WITH GERMANY
 By MAY 3
 They encourage him to join the Chess Players Club. o Rizal and Viola were in LEITMERITZ, AUSTRIA. They were picked up at
 He worked as an assistant ophthalmologist in the clinic of Dr. Javier Galezowski. the station by Blumentritt himself. Blumentritt gave them accommodations
He also attended lectures of Dr. Otto Becker. to the Hotel Krebs during the length of their stay.
 Wrote “A LAS FLORES DE HEIDELBERG” o The two were introduced to Blumentritt’s wife Rosa and their children
o which is about flowers in Neckar River on April 22, 1886. His favorite Dorita, Conrad and Fritz
flower was the bluish “forget-me-not.” He loved to stroll beside the o Rizal met the burgomaster or town mayor who was impressed by Rizal’s
Neckar River. facility in learning the German language in just 11 months
 WILHELMSFELD ON APRIL 26, 1886 o Rizal also remembered when Blumentritt treated them to a drink in a “beer
o to board with Lutheran Pastor Dr. Karl Ullmer and his Family. At present, hausen”. Rizal could not forget the taste of BOHEMIA
Wilhelmsfeld pays tribute to Rizal through a museum that was built in his  Which was considered as the best in Europe.
honor. Outside the museum, a life-size statue of Rizal stands in the middle
of the garden in front of a small pond.
.
 o Rizal and Viola in another occasion attended a meeting of the Tourist Club ceiling using a rope with their hands tied securely behind their back. They were then
of Leitmeritz where Blumentritt serve as secretary. Rizal also got to meet a suspended about six feet from the floor. In this position, heavy iron weights, usually
few scientists in Leitmeritz like Dr. Czepelak and Prof. Klutschak. amounting to about 45 kg, were attached to their feet. The executioners would then
pull on the rope, then suddenly allowing it to slack causing the victim to fall.
 On the 17TH OF MAY the duo boarded a train going to PRAGUE
o A historic Czech City. They were introduced themselves to a certain DR.
RACK - The rack is a favorite of the Inquisition.
WILKOMM - a natural history professor.
o They also visited some sights in Prague like The Tomb of Copernicus,
the Museum of Natural History and the Cave of San Juan THE PEAR OF ANGUISH -The Pear of Anguish is quite possibly one of the most gruesome
Nepomuceno, a catholic Martyr. and painful methods. This device would be inserted into an appropriate orifice – those
o In Brunn, nothing significant happened here accused of Blasphemy the mouth, those accused of sodomy into the anus, and women
accused of adultery, incest or of ‘sexual union with Satan or his familiars’ in the vagina.
 On May 20, they were in VIENNA
o capital of Austria-Hungary and referred to as “Queen of the Danube”. They
stayed in the Hotel Metropole. Rizal met NORFENFALS - one of the TURTLE- The Turtle is a method wherein the accused Heretic would be placed under a
greatest novelists in Europe. wooden board, and large stones placed on top, causing crushing pain and slow suffocation.
o Salzburg is the start of land travel
 After touring around Vienna, the two decided to leave on a cruise to the DANUBE IRON BOOT- The Iron Boot affectionately known as bootikens is designed to crush the foot
RIVER. They also met and got acquainted with a very lovely lady whom Viola and legs.
referred to as, “the Viennese Temptress”
BREAST RIPPER -The Breast Ripper or the Spanish Spider the name of this device speaks
OTHER TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN EUROPE for itself.

 MUNICH- is called the “City of Beers” because beer was found anytime and JUDAS CRADLE- The Judas Cradle is another particularly painful and humiliating torture.
anywhere in the entire city The victim was stripped, hoisted and hung over this pointed pyramid with iron belts.
 NUREMBURG, GERMANY
o was the site of the infamous Catholic Holy Inquisition for Catholic heretic HEAD CRUSHER -The Head crusher is a brutal torture device commonly used only by the
 ULM Spanish Inquisition.
o German city famous for its largest and tallest cathedral in the country
 RHEINFALL HERETICS FORK -The Heretics fork is a metal rod with two prongs at both ends attached to
o His last German stop. It is also famous for its waterfalls. a leather strap worn around the neck.
o In Stuttgart and Baden, nothing exciting happened there
TOCA-Toca or Waterboarding is a method of torture wherein the victim’s face is covered
NOTES: with a cloth, and water is poured onto the cloth, so that they had the impression of drowning.

INQUISITION PROCEDURE Tour of Switzerland

 The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical court and process of the Roman Catholic  In SCHAFFHAUSEN
Church setup for the purpose towards the discovery and punishment of heresy, o they stayed there for two days.
which wielded immense power and brutality in medieval and early modern times.  In BASEL AND BERN
The Inquisitions function was principally assembled to repress all heretics of rights, o nothing significant took place there.
depriving them of their estate and assets which became subject to the ownership of  LAUSANNE
the Catholic treasury, with each relentlessly sought to destroy anyone who spoke, or o Swiss winter capital.
even thought differently to the Catholic Church. This system for close to over six  On JUNE 19TH
centuries became the legal framework throughout most of Europe that orchestrated o GENEVA, SWITZERLAND
one of the most confound religious orders in the course of humankind. o Rizal celebrated his 26th Birthday with Viola in Geneva. After 15 days of
stay in the city, the two parted ways on the 23th, for Viola had to return to
METHODS OF PUNISHMENTS TO HERETICS Barcelona.
o Rizal would continue his trip south to Italy
PULLEY
RIZAL TOURS ITALY
 The pulley is known as the strappado or the garrucha this was the first method of
torture the Inquisition usually applied. Executioners would hoist the victim up to the
  Rizal visited the cities of Turin, Milan, Venice, and Florence, birthplaces of the  The kind Governor assigned a bodyguard for Rizal, to protect him from danger. His
Renaissance, the period of revival of classical Greek and Roman cultures bodyguard was a young Spanish Lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade. The
 ROME two became true friends in no time at all because they have common interests.
o He capital city of Italy, also called the “City of the Caesars.”  The powerful friars put the novel under strict scrutiny headed by Manila
o Eternal City Archbishop Msgr. Pedro Payo. He sent a copy to the UST Fr. Rector Gregorio
 VATICAN CITY Echevarria for examination. The latter found the novel heretical, impious, and
o The capital of the Roman Catholic Church, also called the “City of Popes. scandalous.
o The Holy See  The Governor sent the novel for further assessment to the Permanent
Commission on Censorship composed of priests and laymen headed by Fr.
RIZAL’S FIRST HOMECOMING-2ND TRAVEL ABROAD-JAPAN INTERLUDE -SIDE TRIP Salvador Font, Tondo parish priest. The body found the novel with subversive
TO THE USA ideas against the Church and the Spanish government. The Commission
recommended that the book be banned and have its circulation in the islands be
THE FIRST HOMECOMING totally stopped. The move boomeranged because it only made the Filipinos more
curious in reading the novel. Thus, the novel’s price was exorbitantly priced. No
 AUGUST 1886 arrests were made, thanks to the liberal-minded governor.
o Rizal decided to return to the Philippines. He left Rome by train for
Marseilles, boarded the Djemnah bound to Saigon RIZAL’S ENEMIES FROM THE CHURCH

  Among Rizal’s enemies were
 JULY 30, 1886 o MANILA ARCHBISHOP MSGR. PEDRO PAYO
o Rizal arrived in Saigon, where he transferred to the steamer Haifong o UST RECTOR FR. GREGORIO ECHEVARRIA
 AUGUST 6, 1886 o FR. SALVADOR FONT
o Rizal arrived in Manila. He noticed that Manila has not changed that much.  head of the Permanent Commission on Censorship.
 AUGUST 7, 1886 o FR. JOSE RODRIGUEZ
o He reached Calamba, where there was a dramatic meeting. After a few  Published an anti-Noli pamphlet entitled “Caiingat Cayo.” The
days, Rizal turned the ground floor of their house into a medical clinic. His pamphlet stated that “whoever reads the novel commits a mortal
first patient was his mother who could hardly see. He successfully sin.”
restored the eyesight of his mother which had double cataracts  Another attacker of the Noli was VICENTE BARRANTES
 The good news spread like wildfire as many sick people flock to seek medical help. o Spanish writer who openly criticized the novel in the Spanish newspaper
His professional fee was very simple: If the patient is poor, a simple “thank you” is La Esperanza Moderna.
enough. Some patients gave him vegetables, fruits, chickens, etc. If the patient is
rich, he would charge in the European way. The people called him Dr. Uleman Allies of Dr. Jose Rizal
having arrived from Germany.
 Rizal shared his blessings to his townmates. He built a gymnasium for the youth to  MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
discourage them from engaging in different forms of gambling. He wanted them to o using the pen name
spend time on productive activities.  DOLORES MANAPAT
 Unfortunately, Rizal failed to see Leonor in his six months’ vacation due to the o who published a pamphlet entitled “Caiigat Cayo” that refuted and
conflicts of his parents and Leonor’s. ridiculed Fr. Rodriguez’ “Caiingat Cayo.”
 FR. FRANCISCO SANCHEZ
NOLI ME TANGERE CONTROVERSY o Rizal’s beloved Ateneo teacher.

 Rizal received an invitation, a summons, a writ commanding the sheriff, or other Calamba Agrarian Problem
authorized officer, to notify a party to appear in court to answer a complaint made
against him and in the said writ specified, on a day therein mentioned from  6 SEPTEMBER 1890
Governor-General Emilio Terrero regarding the novel which has become a hot o General Weyler began enforcing the will of the Dominicans by sending
issue. artillery and military forces to Calamba which started to demolish the house
 He went to Malacañang to answer any question surrounding his novel. He denied of Rizal’s parents. Rizal’s brother, brothers in law were arrested and exiled
that he was a spy from Germany. He explained that he was only expressing the to different places of the archipelago. On the first day 60 families were
truth of what is going on in the society in his novel. The Governor was satisfied with thrown out of their houses and the sugar mills and all other buildings they
his answer and asked for a copy of the novel, since he had not read the novel had erected were destroyed. The Dominicans forbade the rest of the
himself. townspeople to give the unfortunates lodging and hospitality. By the end of
 Rizal’s enemies kept doing everything to persecute him. They accused the novel to September 400 tenants had been evicted.
have subversive ideas against the church and the Spanish government.
  The liberal governor-general Terrerro was at that time replaced by the conservative  A GLANCE OF EAST ASIA
general Valeriano Weyler in 1888. He was completely on the side of the o February 3, 1888
Dominicans. One of his first acts was to enforce the court ruling for the eviction of  The second time, Rizal sailed to Hongkong as a frustrated being
the tenants. The first to be evicted was the Rizal family. who wanted the utmost reform in his native land.
 The Dominicans put pressure on Malacañang to eliminate Rizal. Governor-general  AMOY
Terrero advised Rizal to leave the Philippines for his own good. o in Hong Kong was the first stop over of the ship. After six months of staying
 The friars were furious because they were attacked on their most sensitive point: in the Philippines Rizal left via the steamer Zafiro bound for Hong Kong.
money! The report never reached the desk of the governor-general. The  Rizal did not get off the ship for the following reasons:
Dominicans responded by filing an action for eviction against the Calamba tenants. o (a) He was not feeling well
However, when the justice of the Peace of Calamba ruled in favor of the tenants, o (b) It was raining hard
the Dominicans immediately brought the case to the Supreme Court in Manila, o (c) He heard that the city is dirty
which immediately decided in the Dominican’s favor. The tenants and the Rizal  HONG KONG
family had no recourse but to appeal their case to the Supreme Court in Madrid. o British colony by that time. Rizal stayed in the Victoria Hotel. There he
 Rizal advised his family to stop paying the rent. The rest of the Calamba tenants
met Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio, and Manuel Yriarte (son of the
followed suit and with Rizal’s encouragement, petitioned the government to
alcalde mayor in Calamba)
intervene by authorizing and supervising the drawing up of a new contract between
 JOSE SAINZ DE VARANDA
the people of Calamba and the Dominican landowners.
o Spaniard and former secretary of Governor-General Terrero shadowed
DOMINICAN CORRUPTION AND FINANCIAL DECEIT ON A MASSIVE SCALE Rizal’s movement in Hong Kong. It is believed that he was commissioned
by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal.
 The original hacienda owned by the Jesuits consisted of only a small part of land  According to Rizal in his letter to Blumentritt, Hong Kong is a small, but very clean
and included only a part of the town, but the Dominicans had claimed a much more city. Many Portuguese, Hindus, English, Chinese and Jews live here. There are
extensive area, no less than the whole town and its surrounding fields. The some Filipinos exiled in Marianas Islands since 1872. They were former financiers
Dominicans were paying the government only the income tax due on the original and rich but now are poor, gentle and timid.
smaller hacienda.  Rizal also VISITED MACAU
 Rizal wrote down his findings, which were signed by the tenants in January 1888, o Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. Rizal together with Basa boarded a
and he submitted the report to the government. ferry named Kiu-Kiang going to Macau. Curiously, Jose Sainz de Varanda
 The friars wanted to withhold the tenants to tell the truth. The Rizal family as well as is among the passengers. Rizal and Basa visited DON JUAN FRANCISCO
the other Calamba tenants wanted to tell the truth. The tenants asked Rizal to draft LECAROS - a Filipino gentleman who is married to a Portuguese lady.
a report for the town council. Rizal asked his town mates to supply him with all the Rizal and Basa stayed in his house for two days while they were in Macau.
relevant facts about the estate from the very beginning. Rizal had not anticipated  During Rizal’s two week vacation in Hong Kong, he studied Chinese life, language,
but he soon became the center of the tenant’s struggle against the Dominicans. drama and customs and found out the following which he wrote in his diary:
 It started innocently. On 30TH DECEMBER 1887 o The celebration of the Chinese New Year was quite very noisy due to the
o When the government, wondering why the revenue paid by the continuous explosion of firecrackers on the streets.
Dominicans Order had remained constant despite the ever-increasing size o The Lauriat party, wherein the guests were served a variety of dishes, shows
of cultivated lands, formally asked the Calamba town council to determine lavishness and hospitality among the Chinese.
whether there had been any increase in the products and the size of the o The Dominican Order, the richest religious order in Hong Kong, had millions of
Dominican estate over the past three years. dollars deposited in various banks earning very high interests.
 What came out was a horror story of Dominican corruption and financial deceit on a o The graveyards for Catholics, Protestants and Muslims were well maintained.
massive scale.
 Ownership of the Calamba hacienda passed on to the Dominicans after the Jesuits, RIZAL in JAPAN, the Land of the Cherry Blossoms
who originally owned it, were expelled in 1768. The Dominicans owned practically
all the lands around Calamba. The tenants suffered since many years due to the  After almost three weeks, Rizal left Hong Kong on board of the Oceanic, an
unjustified taxes they had to pay. Even if there was an economic crisis or the American steamer on his way to Japan and sailed to Japan where he was invited by
harvest was bad, the rent and taxes still went up. The tenants suffered under the
Secretary Juan Perez Caballero to live at the Spanish Legation.
friars.
 . He arrived in Yokohama, Japan and stayed for one day in the Grand Hotel.
RIZAL’S 2ND TRAVEL ABROAD  After spending a day in Yokohama, Rizal went to Tokyo and stayed in Tokyo Hotel
for five days.
 Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave his country for the second  JUAN PEREZ CABALLERO
time in 1888. He was 27 years old, a practicing physician, and a recognized man of o After almost three weeks, on board the American steamer, Oceanic, he
letters. left Hongkong and sailed to Japan where he was invited by Secretary Juan
Perez Caballero to live at the Spanish Legation.
RIZAL IN HONG KONG AND MACAU
 o Secretary of the Spanish legation visited him in the hotel inviting him to “…Your image lives in my memory; and that I am always thinking of you… your name lives in
stay in the Spanish legation. Knowing that it is a plot to monitor him, Rizal the sighs of my lips, your image accompanies and animates all my thoughts…”
accepted the offer for the following reasons:
 He could economize his living expenses O-Sei-San after Rizal’s Departure
 He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities.
 He and Caballero became good friends.  ALFRED CHARLTON
 FILIPINO ENTERTAINERS IN JAPAN o Became the husband of O-Sei-San in 1897, one year after Rizal was
o While strolling around at a park in Tokyo, Rizal went to listen to a group of executed. He was a British teacher of chemistry in Peers’ School in
performers playing the WESTERN STRAUSS MUSIC Tokyo. They had a daughter named Yuriko
 a rare occasion in this Oriental country.  YURIKO
o To his surprise, the musicians started to talk in Tagalog. o who married a son of a Japanese senator.
o They were Filipinos and Rizal introduced himself.  Seiko-Usui died in 1947 at age 80 and was buried beside her husband.

NOTES A TOMODACHI

 TOMODACHI (友達; ともだち; or トモダチ)

 In Japan, Rizal was embarrassed because he did not know how to speak
o A Japanese word meaning "friend(s)".
Nihonggo (Japanese Language) He was mistakenly considered as a Europeanized
Japanese because he looks like a Japanese and yet speaks in different tongues.  Rizal boarded the ship Belgic going to the United States
 TETCHO SUEHIRO
RIZAL’S IMPRESSION OF JAPAN o A Japanese journalist who was sent to exile for his anti-government
article
 The scenic beauty of the country o Rizal and Tetcho became friends, having many things in common.
 The cleanliness, politeness and industry of the Japanese people. o Suehiro wrote a book entitled “The Deaf Traveler” wherein he
 The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women mentioned his travel with Rizal.
 There were few thieves in Japan. o His novel “Storm Over The Southern Seas” had a similar plot like the
 Beggars are rarely seen in the city streets. Noli.
 Rickshaw, a popular mode of transportation which he did not like in Japan.
RIZAL IN THE UNITED STATES
RIZAL AND O-SEI-SAN
 Rizal in steamer Belgic met a semi-Filipino family, Mr. Reinaldo Turner and his
 SEIKO USUI wife Emma Jackson, their children and maid from Pangasinan.
o More fondly called O-Sei-San, is a former samurai’s daughter of 23 years  He also met TETCHO SUEHIRO
old who had never experienced true love. She is a woman of beauty, o Fighting Japanese journalist, novelist, champion of human rights, who was
charm, modesty and intelligence. She speaks French and English forced by the government to leave Japan. Tetcho Suehiro became a
fluently. member of the Japanese Imperial Diet (Parliament). He wrote to novels:
 When Rizal first introduced himself to her, he took off his hat as a sign of respect Nankai-no-Daiharan (Storm over the South Sea) in 1891 resembling Noli
(A German custom). Me Tangere and O-unabara (The Big Ocean) in 1894, resembling El
 O-Sei-San was more than Rizal’s girlfriend, for she was his guide, interpreter and Filibusterismo. He died in 1896 at age 49 due to heart attack.
tutor. She improved his knowledge of the Japanese language. She eases the pain  APRIL 28, 1888
left by Leonor Rivera. Rizal fell greatly in-love with O-Sei-San that he was tempted o Via the steamer Belgic, Rizal arrived in San Francisco, USA
to leave the Philippines and settle down in Japan. He was offered a job in the  According to the Americans, CHOLERA
Spanish Legation but his brother Paciano wrote to him reminding him of his duty o Was an epidemic raging in the Far East. Thus, all passengers are
and why he left the Philippines in the first place. quarantined for safety. But, Rizal was surprised because there is no
 Rizal left Japan via the ship Belgic, an English steamer in Yokohama bound for outbreak of the disease in the Far East, thus he joined other passengers in
United States. It ended 45 days of his unforgettable stay in Japan and his protest. In actuality, there were 643 Chinese coolies who boarded the ship
relationship with O-Sei-San. from China who came as illegal migrants wanting to displace the White
laborers in railroad construction camp. But Rizal was questioning how
Excerpts of Rizal’s Diary: come 700 bolts of silk were unloaded without fumigation.
 After a week Rizal together with other first class passengers were permitted to land.
“…O-Sei-San, Sayonara, Sayonara! I have spent a lovely golden month; I do not know if I But the Japanese and the Chinese and passengers belonging to the second and
can have another one like that in all my life. thirds class remained aboard.
 Rizal stayed in the Palace Hotel (then a first class hotel) in San Francisco. He
“…Love, money, friendship, appreciation, honor… these have not been wanting. stayed there for two days.
  GROVER CLEVELAND  He stayed, as a guest, at the home of DR. ANTONIO MA. REGIDOR
o was the president when Rizal visited the United States. o An 1872 exile and a practicing lawyer. He transferred to a private home in
 There he met LELAND STANFORD No. 37 Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill. This is owned by the Beckett
o the founder and benefactor of the Stanford University who was then a Family.
senator representing California.  MR. BECKETT
o An organist of St. Paul’s Church and Mrs. Beckett had 4 daughters
Rizal Toured the United States (Gertrude, Blanche, Flory and Grace) and 2 sons.
o The Beckett home was conveniently located a walking distance to the
 Oakland, California was the first stop via ferryboat. British Museum where he intended to have some studies.
 Via train Sacramento, where he ate his supper 75cents and slept at his couch. o
 Reno, Nevada, where he had his breakfast  DR. REINHOLD ROST
 Utah, where he saw Mormons, thickly populated o Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost through a letter from Dr. Ferdinand
 Colorado, a lot of snow and pine trees Blumentritt. He was the Librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Dr.
 Nebraska, Omaha City, as big as San Francisco Rost was an Authority on Malayan language and customs. He called
 Missouri River, twice as big as Pasig River Rizal “a pearl of a man” as he was impressed by his learning and
 Chicago, a lot of Indians in cigar stores character.They became friends as they shared common sentiments on the
 Albany, where he saw the Hudson River Malayan race.
 New York, which he considers a big city, where he stayed for three days.
 He left the United States for Liverpool, London on board the City of Rome, A LETTER FROM HOME
and the second largest ship in the world.
 Great Eastern  Bad News from Home
o was the largest ship in the world during his time. o After Rizal left the country, the persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed
the Anti-Friar Petition 1888 escalated. The Calamba Agrarian Conflict of
RIZAL’S IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA 1888 in which the tenants, including Rizal’s family, were being persecuted by
the Dominicans.
 Material progress of the country as shown in its cities, farms, and industries o DOROTEO CORTEZ
 The drive and energy of the Americans  He led the Persecution of Filipino farmers who signed the Anti-Friar
 The natural beauty of the land Petition of 1888
 The high standard of living o MANUEL T. HIDALGO
 The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.
 (Husband of Saturnina) was exiled to Bohol
 America for Rizal was the land par excellence of freedom but only for the Whites.
o MARIANO HERBOSA
 Non-existence of true civil liberty, as Negro cannot marry an American and vice
 (Husband of Lucia) was denied of Christian burial because of the
versa.
malicious rumor that he had not confessed since marriage.
 The existence of racial prejudice as shown in their hatred of the Chinese, Japanese
o LAUREANO VIADO
and Negroes.
 The valuing of money over human life  A medical student at UST and a friend of Rizal, was imprisoned
because of owning a copy of Noli Me Tangere.
STUDIES IN LONDON-PARIS EXPOSITION-LIFE IN BRUSSELS-BELGIUM  Good News from Home
STUDIES IN LONDON (1888-1889) o REV. VICENTE GARCIA
 An authority of Theology from the Manila Cathedral
TRIP ACROSS THE ATLANTIC  Defended the Noli Me Tangere against the attack of the friars.
 He heard this news from Mariano Ponce. On January 7, 1891,
 After visiting the United States, Rizal boarded the S.S. City Of Rome en route to Rizal wrote to Father Garcia expressing his personal gratitude.
London. While on board, he entertained the American and European passengers
with his skill of the yoyo. SHORT VISIT TO PARIS AND SPAIN
 He was to stay in London from May 1888 to March 1889. Why did he choose to
stay in London?  Early in September 1888, Rizal visited Paris for a week in order to search for more
o To improve his knowledge of the English language historical materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale. On December 11, 1888, Rizal
o To study and annotate Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas went to Madrid and Barcelona in Spain to meet with Marcelo H. Del Pilar and
Mariano Ponce
o London was a safe place for him to carry out his fight against Spanish tyranny
 He reached Queenstown in Ireland on May 24, 1888. From there, he embarked on
Christmas in London
a ferry boat going to Liverpool, England and stayed at Adelphi Hotel.
 By train he arrived at London on May 25, 1888. Upon his arrival, he stopped at
Grand Hotel Midland.
  Rizal returned to London on December 24, 1888 and spent Christmas and New  Rizal wanted to write a history to disprove the allegation of the friars that our
Year’s Eve with the Becketts. He was extremely delighted to experience the holiday ancestors were savage and uncivilized people.
season. He reflected on the meaning of the holiday as it reminded him of  He knew that such statements were a product of bigot views of a race who are
memorable days not just from his childhood but also from history. “How it shocks proud of their heritage.
me to see some people misuse His name to commit many crimes.”  He also wrote many articles for the La Solidaridad to counter the attacks of Fr.
 Rizal sent to Blumentritt as a Christmas gift a bust of Emperor Augustus which he Rodriguez on the Noli, generally entitled “Cuestiones de Sumo Interes.”
had made. As another present, he sent to Dr. Carlos Czepelak a bust of Julius  He contributed articles to the Trubners Record, related to Asian Studies such as
Caesar. Mrs. Beckett, knowing of his interest in magic, gave Rizal a book entitled the “Two Eastern Fables,” and “Specimens of Tagala Folklore”
“The Life and Adventures of Valentine Vox, the Ventriloquist.”
Aims of La Solidaridad
SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS
o To establish reform for our country
 Knowledge of the country’s history was an essential tool needed by Rizal to o To show the unfortunate conditions in the Philippines committed by the
effectively campaign for people’s honor and pride. Spaniards
 Rizal engaged in extensive research about the Philippines at the British Museum o To promote free and progressive ideas
 He copied and annotated the 1609 edition of Antonio de Morga’s “Sucesos de o To implement the patriotic vision of the Filipinos
las Islas Filipinas.”  Rizal published his work Los Agricultores Filipinos (The Filipino Farmers) on
March 25, 1889, 6 days after he left London for Paris. This was his first article in La
- Solidaridad.
 Rizal received news on Fray Rodriguez’s attack on his novel Noli Me Tangere. He
HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS wrote a pamphlet entitled La Vision del Fray Rodriguez which was published in
Barcelona under his pen name Dimas-Alang.
 ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
o Chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition LA SOLIDARIDAD
 GASPAR DE SAN AGUSTIN
o Served during Governor Miguel Lopez de Legaspi’s Administration  To protect the interest and welfare of the contributors and writers and their families,
 Their writings described the early life and industry of the Filipinos that proved the the propagandists used pseudonyms.
following points: o Rizal- Dimasalang; Laong-Laan
o That the early Filipinos were engaged in trade with other Asian neighbors. o MH Del Pilar - Plaridel
o That the dominant religion in Manila, the Visayas and Mindanao was Islam; o Mariano Ponce - Tikbalang; Naning; Kalipulako
and o Antonio Luna - Taga-Ilog
o That there was already an organized political government in the country o Jose Ma. Panganiban - Jomapa
called barangay headed by a rajah or a datu.  Official voice of the Propagandists
 Rizal also noted that a Chinese chronicle of the 12th century mentioned that the o HERALDED
people of Luzon were honest and hardworking.  the demand of the ilustrados to push for reforms in the Philippines
 FEBRUARY 15, 1889
ANNOTATING MORGA’S BOOK o A fortnightly newspaper founded by Graciano Lopez-Jaena in Barcelona,
Spain
 Annotating and studying the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609) was the main  FORTNIGHTLY
goal of Rizal in the English capital. Antonio De Morga. o means something that occurs, happens or appears every two weeks
 The THREE MAIN PERSONALITIES:
ANNOTATE
o Dr. Jose Rizal
o Means to supply with critical or explanatory notes; comment upon in notes. o Atty. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
 Antonio Pigafetta Chronicler of the Magellan expedition o Graciano Lopez-Jaena- the founder and editor
 Gaspar De San Agustin Conquista de Las islas Filipinas o Mariano Ponce also contributed actively
 Other Historical Accounts. All three mentioned about early Filipino Life
RIZAL’S ARTICLES at LA SOLIDARIDAD
and Industry
 Early Filipinos already engaged in trade with other Asian nations
 LOS AGRICULTORES FILIPINOS
 The dominant religion of Manila and Visayan town was Islam. o described the deplorable farmers’ conditions
 There was already a government  LA VERDAD PARA TODOS
o (Truth for All)
Annotation of Morga’s, “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas” and others…
 UNA PROFANACION
 o attack against friars’ refusal to bury Mariano Herbosa in a Catholic  But he finally lived together with other Filipinos, Justo Trinidad and Jose Albert. In
cemetery the exposition, there was this International Art Competition where Felix Hidalgo
 DIFERENCIAS won the 3rd prize, Pardo de Tavera and Juan Luna won the 2nd prize, and,
 FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN AÑOS unfortunately, Rizal got nothing.
 SIN NOMBRE  He spent his time in Bibliotheque Nationale, reading and checking with his
 INGRATITUDES historical annotations of Morga’s book. He visited his friends like the Boustead’s,
 SOBRE LA NUEVA - ORTOGRAFIA DE LA LENGUA TAGALA Luna’s, Tavera’s, etc. He also organized societies with his fellow Filipinos.
 COSAS DE FILIPINAS
 SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DELOS FILIPINO” KIDLAT CLUB
 A LA DEFENSA
 CRUELDAD  The Kidlat Club was founded on March 19, 1889. The purpose was to enjoy their
journey in the exposition.
Letter to the Young Women of Malolos  It was called Kidlat because this was only a temporary group. The members include
Antonio and Juan Luna, Gregorio Aguilera, Fernando Canon, Lauro Dimayuga,
 In this article, Rizal addressed Filipino women to work for their education and not to Julio Llorente, Guillermo Puatu, and Baldomero Roxas. Later, the group’s name
merely be influenced by the friars. was changed to Indios Bravos which purpose was to stand and not be ashamed of
 DR. ROST being called Indios.
o Editor of TRUBNERS’ RECORD  Rizal organized a social group with his fellow Filipinos in Paris by the end of March
 A journal devoted to Asian studies, requested Rizal to contribute 1889, called the Kidlat Club.
some articles. Rizal submitted (1) Specimen of Tagala Folklore  It was a temporary society to simply unite the Filipinos here in Paris during the
and (2) Two Eastern Fables. International Exposition.
 By unanimous vote of all the members, Rizal was chosen to be the president of  WILLIAM FREDERICK CODY A.K.A. BUFFALO BILL
society called Asociacion La Solidaridad. o Founder and performer of Wild West shows Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show
in 1890 which presented the skills and life of American Indians became the
AN UNSOLICITED ATTENTION inspiration of Rizal in naming his one societal club as Indios Bravos.

 GETTIE BECKETT 
o came to fall in love with Rizal.  INDIOS BRAVOS
 Rizal decided to leave London to avoid her, having no feeling for her. He left for o Rizal and his Kidlat Club members were inspired by the Buffalo Bills
Paris to finally forget her. troupe, a group of tall, dignified , proud and powerful Indians.
o They decided to change their group’s name to “Indios Bravos” since they
Goodbye, London also don’t have anything to be ashamed of about their race.
 Another group known only as R.D.L.M.
 Rizal was forced to leave London because Gertrude’s love for him has become o Which stands for Redencion de Los Malayos was also formed. Its
serious. He could not take advantage of her affection and she would not be happy purposes were:
because Rizal was still in love with Leonor Rivera. He decided to move to Paris so  to propagate useful knowledge, in any forms, in the Philippines
she would forget about her.  To promote the redemption of Malayan race. This group’s
 Before leaving London, Rizal finished four sculptural works: members don’t know each other, and Rizal doesn’t know them as
o Prometheus Bond well. It is still a mystery. * Mentioned in the letters of Rizal to Jose
o The Triumph of Death over Life Maria Basa on Sept. 21, 1889, and to Marcelo H. del Pilar on
o A composite carving of the heads of the Beckett sisters (gave as farewell November 4, 1889
gift to the Beckett sisters)
o The Triumph of Science over Death WHITE CHRISTMAS IN PARIS
 On March 19, 1889, Rizal departed for Paris. He was sad as he crossed the
English Channel for he had many beautiful memories of London.  DECEMBER 25, 1889
o It was a cold winter in Paris.
THE PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION (1889)  Rizal and Jose Albert planned to have a delightful Yuletide dinner.
 They had fried chicken, rice, and vegetables
 The Exposition Universale held in Paris, France from May 6 to October 31, 1889.  Shortly after New Year, Rizal went to London, then back to Paris again.
The fair attracted exhibits from Europe, South America, United States, and French
colonies, yet it really was a celebration of French achievements on the centennial of ANNOTATED EDITION OF MORGA’S BOOK
French Revolution. Because of the thousands of tourists, almost all hotel
accommodations were taken.  Although this was an outstanding achievement of Rizal, there were still some errors:
 o Commits the error in appraising the history of the past in the light of the  In his moment of despair Rizal had bad dreams. And although he was not
present standard superstitious, he feared that he would not live long. But he wanted to finish his 2nd
o Rizal’s attacks of the church were unfair and unjustified because the novel El Fili before he went to his grave.
abuses should not be construed to mean the Catholic is bad.  In his letter to MH Del Pilar he said: In my childhood I had a strange belief that I
would not reach 30 years of age In the face of sufferings, Rizal planned to go home.
PLAN TO ESTABLISH FILIPINO COLLEGE IN HONG KONG All his friends objected to his plan and warned him of the danger that awaited him at
home. Something happened that changed his decision and he informed MH Del
 Rizal planned to establish a Filipino College in Hong Kong. The purpose was to Pilar that he was going to Madrid to supervise the handling of the case of his family
educate men of good family and financial means. in Calamba.
 Mariano Cunanan promised to raise P40, 000 as initial payment for this college.  While in Brussels, he wrote a poem entitled “A Mi Musa” (to My Muse) a pathetic
 Its curriculum consists of Ethics, Study of Religion, Natural Law, Civil law, poem, lack of exquisiteness. While he waspreparing for his trip to Madrid, two things
Deportment, Hygiene, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Natural History, brought some measure of cheers. The summertime festival of Belgium, which
Geography, Political Economy, Universal History, Philippine History, Logic, was celebrated in carnival style, with colourful costumes, fantastic floats.
Rhetoric, Poetics Spanish, English, French, German, Chinese, Tagalog  His romance with PETITE JACOBY
Gymnastics, Equitation, Fencing, Swimming, Music, Drawing and Dancing. o The pretty niece of his landladies, Rizal was so charming and dignified
 Rizal had been coming back and forth from Paris to London, then Paris at last, with gentleman that Suzanne was attracted to him. He was lonely in a strange
his aim to check up or compare on his annotation of Morga’s book to its original country and Leonor Rivera was so far away. He found certain bliss in the
copy found in British museum. (January 1890) company of a pretty Belgian girl.
 Like all the other girls in Rizal's life, Suzanne fell in love with Rizal. And she cried
LIFE IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM when he left for Madrid.

 On JANUARY 28, 1890 ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN LA SOLIDARIDAD

o Rizal left Paris for Brussels, Belgium.
 BETTER IN BRUSSELS  La Defensa
o In Brussels, Belgium  La Verdad Para Todos
 Lifestyle was cheap  Vicente Barrantes
 Beautiful  Profanacion
 Architecturally impressive  Verdades
 Two reasons why Rizal left Paris:  Nuevas
o The cost of living in Paris was very high because of the Universal  Crueldad
Exposition.  Diferencias
o The gay social life of the city hampered his literary works, especially the  Inconsequencias
writing of his second novel El Filibusterismo.  Llanto y Risas
 While in Brussels, he lived in Rue Philippe run by 2 Jacoby sisters (Suzanne and  Ingratitud
Marie). He was busy writing El Fili and articles for the La Solidaridad. Despite of his
European education and his knowledge of foreign languages, Rizal loved his own EL FIBUSTERISMO
native language. He was the 1st to advocate to the Filipinization of our letters c and
o and use instead K and w.  Served as the continuation of Noli
 Rizal spent most of his time writing the El Filibusterismo, the sequel of the Noli.  In the Noli, he exposed the cancer present in the society by presenting the day to
 Rizal gave Valentin Ventura a sculpture of a naked woman. day events in the country under Spanish oppressive rule
 SUZANNE JACOBY  The El Filibusterismo was a call for a revolution, the last resort and ultimate solution
o Rizal and Suzanne spent a lot of time together. against Spanish oppression.
 El Filibusterismo
o Affectionate sentiments were developed between them
o (The Reign of Greed) is the sequel to Noli Me Tangere.
o Rizal did not pursue whatever he feels towards Suzanne
 It is Rizal’s novel on a nation that is on the brink of a revolution.
 Rizal received news from Juan Luna and Valentin Ventura, that there are some
 It is presented as an alternative course to the reform efforts of Filipinos.
Filipinos who were destroying the reputation of Filipinos by gambling too much.
 It also presented the dangers of taking an alternative based on hate and
Thus, he wrote a letter address to Del Pilar, to remind the Filipinos in Madrid that
vengeance.
they did not come to Europe to gamble, but to work for their Fatherland’s freedom.
 For AUSTIN COATES
The gambling Filipinos were angry when they learned or Rizal’s moralizing. They
o Rizal’s Biographer
called him “PAPA” instead of Pepe.
o El Fibusterismo is a morality, a profound description of the mentality and
 Rizal received bad news from home as follows:
o Paciano and his brother-in-law were deported to Mindoro climate of revolt… to Spain it was a last and terrible warning.
o M. Hidalgo were vanished for the 2nd time to Bohol
SAD EXPERIENCES IN EUROPE-RIZAL’S SECOND HOMECOMING-HONGKONG Minister of Colonies to protest the injustices committed against the
MEDICAL PRACTICE- BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT Calamba tenants.
o He even asked his comrades in the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina to assist
him
ANTI-GAMBLING POPE o Asked the Spanish media: La Justicia, El Dia, El Globo, to publish
article about the issue to exert pressure on the government.
 He received news from Juan Luna and Valentin Ventura that some Filipinos in  Nothing came out of Rizal's interview. More terrible news reached Rizal as he was
Spain are engaged in too much gambling waging a futile war for justice. He learned that there was already an ejectment order
 He advised them not to waste their money but continue supporting the Propaganda against Rizal's family and the other Calamba tenants. He further learned that their
instead, which was the main reason for coming to Madrid. parents were forcibly ejected from their homes and were then living in the house of
 The gambling Filipinos were angered upon learning about Rizal’s comments and Narcisa. He even sought the help of liberal Spanish statesmen but he was again
ridiculed him for acting like a “Pope.” disappointed. They just gave him honeyed words of sympathy and nothing else.
 Rizal countered, in his letter to Del Pilar that his fellow Filipinos came to Madrid to  Blumentritt urged him to talk with Queen Regent Maria Cristina (the ruler of Spain).
work for the Fatherland’s freedom. But he could not because he had neither powerful friends to bring him to the queen
nor gold to grease the palms of influential courtiers. Another disappointment
happened when his friend Jose Ma. Panganiban died in Barcelona after lingering
THE CALAMBA DEPORTATION illness.
 PANGANIBAN DIES
o Called “Avenger of Filipino Honor”
 From the time Rizal left Calamba, the agrarian problem had turned from bad to o Born in Mambulao, Camarines Norte, on February 1, 1863.
worse. o A good friend and co-worker of Rizal.
 The Dominicans increased the land rent without reason o He was Bicolandia's greatest contribution to the historic campaign for
 Rizal advised his family and other tenants to refuse paying
reforms more popularly called the Propaganda Movement.
 This move only enraged the administrators.
o He wrote articles for La Solidaridad, under the pen names Jomapa and
 The Dominicans filed a suit against the Calamba tenants
 Through the order of Gov. Valeriano Weyler, the tenants were persecuted and J.M.P.
ejected from their lands and homes in Calamba o Died in Barcelona, Spain, on August 19, 1890.
 25 members of the Mercado family were affected o Rizal wrote the “Eulogy to Panganiban,” whom he admired as an
 THE CALAMBA DEPORTATION (1890) energetic patriot who had pure love for the country.
o Paciano and brothers-in-law Antonio Lopez and Silvestre Ubaldo were  DUEL FOR NELLY’S HONOR
exiled to Mindoro. o August 1890
o Manuel Hidalgo was earlier exiled to Bohol  Rizal had a heated argument with Antonio Luna
o Rizal felt guilty about these sufferings of his family and town mates. o Towards the end of August, Rizal attended a social reunion. At that time
o Spain’s hate on him had turned to his loved ones. Antonio Luna was bitter because of his frustrated romance with Nellie
o Rizal decided to return home no matter what the dangers are. Boustead. He was blaming Rizal for his failure to win her. In a fit of
jealousy, caused by his alcohol be-fogged mind, he uttered unsavoury
o He confided to MH del Pilar his death wish.
remarks about Nellie.
o He expressed his readiness to die if it would do good to his family and o Rizal overheard him and due to his high regards to women. Angrily he
country.
o He called himself “Laong-Laan” which means “Ever Ready” challenged Luna to a duel. The Filipinos was shocked and tried to pacify
Rizal and Luna pointing that it could damage their cause in Spain. The two
exchanged words. Rizal challenged Luna to a duel. He offered Luna to
SAD EXPERIENCES IN EUROPE choose between a pistol or saber. Luna chose the saber Luna when he
became sober realized that he made afoul of himself and apologized to
MISFORTUNES IN MADRID Rizal.
o
 ALMOST ANOTHER DUEL FOR HIS FAMILY’S HONOR
 AUGUST 1890 o WENCESLAO RETAÑA
o Rizal arrived in Madrid. He immediately secured the help of the Filipino
 A pro-friar journalist, made disrespectful remarks against the
colony and the association of the Hispano-Filipino and the liberal Spanish Rizal family and the Calamba tenants in the anti-Filipino
newspaper. In securing justice for the oppressed Calamba tenants newspaper La Epoca.
including his family. Together with MH Del Pilar (acted as his lawyer) and o On another occasion, Rizal challenged another man to a duel, Wenceslao
Dr. Dominador Gomez (secretary of the association) called on the
Retaña, his bitter enemy of the pen. He wrote in his article that the friends
 of Rizal had not paid their rents so that they were ejected from their lands A Biarritz Interlude
in Calamba. Such insult stirred Rizal to action, he challenged Retaña to a
duel and he said that Retaña's blood or his apology could vindicate the  Rizal went to see Nelly in Biarritz. He finally decided to marry Nelly Boustead.
good blame of Rizal's family and friends. Conditions made by Nelly’s father:
o Retaña to save his own skin, he published a retraction and an apology in o Abort all travels abroad and stay with Nelly
the newspaper after being warned of Rizal's superior skills in both pistol o Practice medicine and stay away from politics
and sword. o Become a Protestant before marriage
 Rizal, however, decided to back down from his proposal thinking he wasn’t ready
End of 11-Year Engagement yet to answer the given conditions set by Nelly’s father

 Amidst Rizal’s frustrations in Madrid, he received a letter from Leonor Rivera, his Printing of the El Filibusterismo
girlfriend for 11 years informing him that she was getting married. It pained his heart
greatly. He still loved Leonor despite having courted girls before. He grew pale and  In FEBRUARY 1891
sickly having been jilted by Leonor. o Rizal went back to Brussels to edit and revise the novel.
 In his letter to Blumentritt, he accused Leonor of infidelity. His love turned to hatred.  By END OF MAY 1891
 GALICANO APACIBLE o The novel was ready for printing. He brought the novel to Ghent because
o A UST friend, consoled him by saying there are many girls in the world. He printing was cheaper there. There was no financial aid sent by the Centro
informed Rizal that the daughter of Pi y Margall, was deeply in love with de Propaganda. He had spent all his money for the printing cost.
him, ready to marry him.  He only received P100 from his countrymen as part of his allowance. He was
 On Leonor’s side, she was mad at Rizal having been very quiet. She said that she abandoned by the society after just a month. He was consoled by the financial help
still loved Rizal, that her decision to marry was not because she no longer loved given by Valentin Ventura.
him. She did it because she thought Rizal no longer loved her. 11 years of waiting  The novel was printed at F. Meyer van Loo Press. Rizal gave the original
was too long. Leonor wasn’t getting younger and lamented the fact that Rizal didn’t manuscripts to Ventura.
bother to see her. Rizal could have misunderstood her. Leonor married Henry
Kipping, an Englishman in Manila. Rizal Resigns

The Leader of All Filipinos (Responsible)  Before leaving for Manila

o He sent a letter of resignation as a contributor of the La Solidaridad.
 In a banquet at Calle de Atocha some Filipinos proposed for the creation of a o He also sent a message to his compatriots his decision to give up his
movement to bind the colony together. A leader called “Responsible” would be the political leadership and fight in his own. This news saddened many
official representative of all Filipinos abroad. Rizal felt he would be the rightful Propaganda members.
person.  He quickly visited Nelly to bid goodbye. He will go back to the Philippines to take
 Others thought otherwise. They endorsed MH del Pilar’s candidacy. In the first care of his family’s problems.
meeting, Eduardo de Lete presided. Rizal was in favor of the creation of a new  He boarded the SS Melbourne, a ship from Marseilles bound to Hong Kong.
movement. Del Pilar objected because to him they already have the La Solidaridad He was with the company of many friars including Fr. Volunteri, less like Fr.
and the AHP to take care of the said objectives. His argument lost was overruled. A Damaso.
committee was formed to draw the statutes.
 Rizal and Del Pilar became the two candidates. They both wanted to withdraw. -
 The RULE OF THE ELECTION
o The winner must garner 2/3 majority vote. DR. JOSE RIZAL MEDICAL PRACTICE IN HONG KONG
 1ST BALLOTING
o Rizal was ahead but not enough  RIZAL AND THE GERMAN LADIES
 2ND AND 3RD BALLOTING o Rizal was alone, having dinner; he overheard the German ladies which
o Gave the same results. The meeting adjourned were gossiping loudly about him, being lonely. The door in the dining room
 The next day, del Pilar was absent. The results didn’t change. Rizal grew impatient. was blown open when the steamer encountered a heavy squall (a gust of
He announced his withdrawal from the race. He bade farewell. But Ponce quickly wind). One of the ladies said “if this man in front of us were a gentleman,
asked Lete, Sandiko, Luna and others to shift their votes to Rizal. Dominador he would close the door”. Rizal heard this, and, without saying a word,
Gomez spoke in behalf of the Pilaristas saying they changed their votes for the closed the door. This incident made the ladies embarrassed and treated
sake of unity. Thus, Rizal was voted unanimously. Rizal with respect and admiration.
 Rizal gave his admonitions to the group in his acceptance speech. Rizal blamed  ARRIVAL IN HONG KONG
Eduardo de Lete for the election fiasco. Expressed disappointment with del Pilar. o On NOVEMBER 20, 1891
He said it would have been a disappointing news to the nationalist movement in
Manila to know that Rizal was defeated because he was the acknowledged leader
back home.
  Dr. Jose Rizal was welcomed by old friends, especially Jose Ma.  MGA KABABAYAN
Basa. He established his residence in No.5 D’ Aguilar St., No.2 o Was written on December 1891, explaining the Calamba agrarian
Rednaxela Terrace where he also opened his medical clinic. situation.
o On DECEMBER 1, 1891  In THE HONG KONG TELEGRAPH
 Rizal wrote to his parents to ask their permission for him to come o Rizal contributed articles to this British daily newspaper. The editor was
home. Mr. Frazier Smith, who was his friend.
o His brother-in-law (Manuel T. Hidalgo) wrote him a letter regarding  UNA VISITA A LA VICTORIA GAOL
 “deportation of 25 persons from Calamba including his father, o On March 2, 1892 Rizal wrote Una Visit to Victoria Gaol, an account of
Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the rest of us.” He also his visit to the colonial prison of Hong Kong.
stated in his letter that he is preparing a letter to the Queen o VICTORIA GAOL PRISONS
Regent of Spain explaining the Calamba situation in order to  He wrote that the British prison was more humane and more
secure justice. “If the Queen will not listen, we will write to Queen modern than the cruel Spanish prison system in the Philippines.
Victoria of England to appeal for protection in the name of
 When the Spanish censors discovered it, they immediately banned the Hongkong
humanity.”
 FAMILY REUNION IN HONG KONG newspaper.
o BEFORE CHRISTMAS OF 1891  To elucidate his pet Borneo colonization project he wrote:
 Rizal’s father, brother and Silvestre Ubaldo (brother-in-law) o Colonisation du British North Borneo, par de Familles de Iles Philippines”
arrived in Hong Kong. o Proyecto de Colonization del Vritish North Borneo por los Filipinos
 Not long afterwards his mother (who was then 65 years old and o JUNE 1892
almost blind) and sisters, Lucia, Josefa and Trinidad arrived.  He wrote “La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand)
o The CHRISTMAS OF 1891 in Hong Kong
 was one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in Rizal’s life. He BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT
even wrote to Blumentritt on Jan. 31, 1892 about the pleasant life
they’re living in Hong Kong.  Rizal conceived the establishment of a Filipino colony in North Borneo (Sabah).
 Ophthalmic Surgeon in Hong Kong  He planned to move the landless Filipino families to that rich British-owned island.
o Rizal practiced medicine in order to earn a living for his family. Dr.  He also planned to carve out of its virgin wildness a “New Calamba”
Lorenzo P. Marques, his friend and admirer, turned over to him many of
his patients with eye diseases; truly, he helped Rizal to build a wide -
clientele (customers/clients).
o Rizal successfully operated on his mother’s left eye so that she was able  MARCH 7, 1892
o He went to Sandakan on board the ship Menon to negotiate with the
to read and write again. Some of his friends gave him moral and
substantial aid in his medical practice, from Biarritz, Mr. Boustead, British authorities for the establishment of a Filipino colony
Nellie’s father, wrote to him in March 21, 1892, praising him for practising o The British North Borneo Company agreed to give about 100,000 acres
his medical profession. His successful medical practice made him popular of land free of charge if Rizal would be able to bring in 50 families who will
to Asians and Europeans alike migrate to the area.
o DR. ARISTON BAUSTISTA LIN o Rizal thought this was enough to compensate the lands they lost in
 From Paris, sent him a congratulatory letter and a book, on Calamba.
Diagnostic Pathology by Dr. H. Virchow and another book, o He called this the British North Borneo Colonization Project
Traite Diagnostique by Mesnichock.  MAY 26, 1892
o DON ANTONIO VERGEL DE DIOS o Lopez-Jaena wrote to Rizal expressing his support and great desire in the
 Also from Paris, offered his services for the purchase of medical project along with their other friends:
books and instruments which he might need in his profession.  Juan and Antonio Luna, Blumentritt, Dr. Bautista Lin, etc.
 MANUEL HIDALGO
Writings in Hong Kong o the brave Batangueño, one of Rizal’s brothers-in-law, objected to his
project
 ANG MGA KARAPATAN NANG TAO o For him it was not very patriotic to go off and cultivate foreign soil
o Rizal translated the “The Rights of Man” in Tagalog which was  LETTER TO GOVERNOR EULOGIO DESPUJOL
proclaimed in the French Revolution 1789. o In hope of the Governor-General’s sincerity in his promises of a better
 government, Rizal wrote to him offering him his cooperation. However,
 governor-general did not acknowledge Rizal’s letter, violating the simple
 A LA NACION ESPAÑOL rule of Spanish courtesy.
o (To the Spanish Nation) An appeal to Spain to right the wrongs done to o MARCH 21, 1892
the Calamba tenants.
  After waiting for 3 months for a reply for his first letter, Rizal o Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal and his widowed sister Lucia arrived in
wrote another letter which asked for permission for the landless Manila
Filipinos to establish themselves in Borneo. o At 4:00PM, he went to Malacañang Palace to seek audience with the
o Instead of performing the simple “courtesy of a reply”, Despujol notified Spanish governor-general.
the Spanish consul general in Hong Kong. He did not approve the Filipino  They checked in at the Hotel de Oriente
immigration to Borneo, alleging that: “the Philippines lacked laborers” o They were met by carabineers and their luggage were inspected
 JUNE 27, 1892
DECISION TO RETURN TO MANILA o At 6:00pm, Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his
friends in Malolos, San Fernando, Tarlac, and Bacolor.
 MAY 1892 o Unknowingly, he was followed and watched carefully by spies sent by the
o Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila. This decision was spurred by government.
the following: o The Guardia Civil raided the houses he visited and seized copies of the
 To confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Borneo Noli and Fili found in their possession.
colonization project
 To establish the Liga Filipina in Manila FOUNDING OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA-DAPITAN EXILE
 To prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in
Madrid FOUNDING OF THE LIGA FILIPINA
 To request the lifting of the exile order against his family  JULY 3, 1892
 To prove to the propagandists that he had not abandoned the o On the evening of Sunday, following his morning interview with Governor
country General Despujol, Rizal attended a meeting with patriots at the home of
the Chinese-Filipino mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco, on Ylaya Street,
LAST HONG KONG LETTERS Tondo, Manila.
o As he had planned, on July 3, 1892 he founded the La Liga Filipina in the
 Relatives and friends of Rizal opposed his decision to return home because it was house of Doroteo Ongjunco in Tondo, Manila.
like bearding the lions in their den.  Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga Filipina, a civic league of Filipinos, which
 JUNE 19, 1892 he desired to establish and its role in the socio-economic life of the people.
o He spent his birthday in Hong Kong. Evidently, he had a premonition of his  In attendance were:
death, for the following day, o PEDRO SERRANO LAKTAW (Panday Pira)
 JUNE 20  a mason and a school teacher
o He wrote two letters which he sealed, inscribed on each envelop “to be o DOMINGO FRANCO (Felipe Real)
opened after my death” and gave them to his friend Dr. Marquez for  a mason and a shopkeeper
safekeeping. o JOSE A. RAMOS (Socorro)
 His first letter addressed To My Parents, Brethren and Friends.  an engraver, printer and owner of Bazar Gran Bretana
 The second letter addressed to The Filipinos. o AMBROSIO FLORES (Musa)
 JUNE 21, 1892  a retired lieutenant of infantry
o Rizal penned another letter in Hong Kong for General Despujol. He o AGUSTIN DE LA ROSA
informed the governor-general of his coming to Manila and placed himself  bookkeeper and mason
under the protection of the Spanish government. o LUIS VILLAREAL
 JUNE 21, 1892  a tailor and mason
o Rizal and his sister Lucia, widow of Herbosa, left Hong Kong for Manila. o FAUSTINO VILLARUEL (Ilaw)
They carried a special passport or “safe-conduct” issued by the Spanish  a pharmacist and mason
consul-general in Hong Kong. o MARIANO CRISOSTOMO
 a landlord
RIZAL FELL INTO SPANISH TRAP
o NUMERIANO ADRIANO (Ipil)
 Immediately after Rizal’s departure from Hong Kong: the Spanish consul-general,  a notary public and mason
who issued the government guarantee of safety, sent a cablegram to Gov. Despujol o ESTANISLAO LEGASPI
that the victim “is in the trap” On the same day, a secret case was filed in Manila  an artisan and mason
against Rizal and his followers “for anti-religious and anti-patriotic agitation” o TEODORO PLATA
 a court clerk and mason
Arrival in Manila with Sister o ANDRES BONIFACIO
 a warehouse employee
 JUNE 26, 1892 o APOLINARIO MABINI (Katabay)
  a lawyer and mason o In any want, injury, or injustice, the member may invoke the whole aid of
o JUAN ZULUETA the Liga Filipina.
 a playwright, poet, and government employee o He may request capital for an enterprise whenever there are funds in the
 The officers of the new league were elected, as follows: treasury.
o AMBROSIO SALVADOR (President) o He may demand a rebate of all the institutions or members sustained
 gobernadorcillo of Quiapo, a mason directly by
o DEODATO ARELLANO (Secretary) o The Liga Filipina, for all articles [sold him] or services rendered him.
 brother in law of MH Del Pilar and a civilian employee of the army o No member shall be judged without first being allowed his defense.
o BONIFACIO AREVALO (Treasurer)
 Harem RIZAL’S ARREST AND BANISHMENT
 a dentist and mason
o AGUSTIN DE LA ROSA (Fiscal)  JULY 6, 1892
 GOVERNING BODY OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA o Wednesday, Rizal went to Malacañang Palace to resume his series of
o SUPREME COUNCIL interviews with the governor-general. He was asked about the Pobres
 The governing body of the league which has control over the Frailes (Poor Friars) incriminatory leaflets, which allegedly found in Lucia’s
whole country. It had jurisdiction over the whole country. It was pillow cases. It is under the authorship of Fr. Jacinto and printed by the
composed of a president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a fiscal. Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila.
o PROVINCIAL COUNCIL o A satire exposing the fabulous wealth of the friars contrary to the vows of
 Formed in every province. The Provincial Council shall have poverty.
command of the Popular Chiefs. It is in every province.  Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by RAMON
o POPULAR COUNCIL DESPUJOL
 Formed in every town. The Popular Council only shall have o nephew and aide of Governor General Despujol
command of the members. It is in every town.  Later, he learned that he would be brought to Bataan, but instead he was banished
 The MOTTO OF THE LIGA FILIPINA in Dapitan, a distant military district in Mindanao
o Onus Instar Omnium (One Like All)
 AIMS OF LA LIGA FILIPINA REASONS FOR RIZAL’S DEPORTATION AND JAILED IN FORT SANTIAGO
o To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and
homogenous body;  Rizal published books and articles abroad which showed disloyalty to Spain which
o Mutual protection in every want and necessity; were anti-Catholic and anti-friar
o Defense against all violence and injustice;  Found bundles of incriminatory leaflets which satirized the friars
 Published and dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo to the three martyred “traitors”
o Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
 Four days after the civic organization's foundation, Jose Rizal was arrested by the
o Study and application of reforms.
Spanish authorities on four grounds:
 The DUTIES OF THE LIGA MEMBERS are as follows o for publishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar books and articles;
o Obey the orders of the Supreme Council
o for having in possession a bundle of handbills, the Pobres Frailes, in which
o To help in recruiting new members
advocacies were in violation of the Spanish orders;
o To keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the Liga authorities o for dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo to the three “traitors” (Gomez,
o To have symbolic name which he cannot change until he becomes Burgos and Zamora) and for emphasizing on the novel's title page that “the
president of his council only salvation for the Philippines was separation from the mother country
o To report to the fiscal anything that he may hear which affect the Liga (referring to Spain)”; and
o To behave well as befits a good Filipino o For simply criticizing the religion and aiming for its exclusion from the
o To help fellow members in all ways. Filipino culture.
 RIGHTS OF THE MEMBERS  JULY 7, 1892
o Every member has a right to the moral, material, and pecuniary aid of his o The Gaceta de Manila published the story of Rizal’s arrest which
o Council and of the Liga Filipina. produced indignant commotion among the Filipino people, particularly the
o He may demand that all the members favor him in his trade or profession members of the newly organized Liga Filipina. The same issue of the
o Whenever he offers as many guaranties as others. For this protection, he Gaceta (july 7, 1892) contained Governor General Despujol’s decree
shall deporting Rizal to “one of the islands in the South.”
o transmit to his Popular Chief his real name and his footing, so that the  JULY 14, 1892
latter o Shortly after midnight, (that is 12:30AM of July 15, 1892)
o May hand it to the Supreme Chief who shall inform all the members of the  Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the steamer Cebu which
o Liga Filipina of it by the proper means. was sailing for Dapitan.
o This steamer under Captain Delgras departed at 1:00AM
 o July 15 sailing south, passing Mindoro and Panay and reaching Dapitan o Conduct himself as a model Christian and man
on Sunday
o 17th of July at 7:00PM. Captain Delgras handed Rizal to CAPTAIN FRIENDSHIP WITH CAPT. CARNICERO
RICARDO CARNICERO
 Spanish commandant of Dapitan.  Rizal refused to abide with the conditions set by the Jesuit Society.
o July 17, 1892  He preferred to stay at the CASA REAL
 Rizal began his exile in lonely Dapitan, until July 31, 2896, for a o The official residence of the commandant, CAPT. CARNICERO, his
period of four years. warden.
 A new friendship developed between them.
JOSE RIZAL’S PERSECUTION AND EXILE IN DAPITAN (1892-96)  The relations between Carnicero (the warden) and Rizal (the prisoner) were warm
and friendly.
 JUNE 26, 1892  Carnicero realized that Rizal was not a common felon, nor a filibuster.
o Jose Rizal's arrival in Manila had become very sensational among the  He gave good reports on his prisoner to Gov. Despujol.
Filipinos. His popularity feared the Spaniards, and as such, paid careful  He gave him complete freedom to go anywhere, reporting only once a week at his
attention to his every move office.
o All houses where he had been searched and the Filipinos seen in his  Rizal on his part, admired the kind, and generous Spanish Captain.
company were suspected.  He wrote a poem, entitled “A Don Ricardo Carnicero”
o As he had planned, on JULY 3, 1892  AUGUST 26, 1892
 He founded the La Liga Filipina in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco o On the occasion of the captain's birthday.
in Tondo, Manila.  They even shared in buying a Lottery Ticket No. 9736 that won second prize worth
 JULY 31, 1896 P20,000 which was divided between the 3 of them: Capt. Carnicero, Jose Rizal
o Dapitan became the bear witness to one of the most fruitful periods in and Francisco Equilor.
Rizal's life. His stay in the province was more than “he” living in exile – it  They divided the prize and got P6,200 each. Rizal gave P2,000 to Jose Ma. Basa
was the period when Rizal had been more focused on serving the people in Hongkong, the rest was used to buy farm lands in Talisay, Dapitan.
and the society through his civic works, medical practices, land
development and promotion of education. BIRTH OF THE KATIPUNAN
 In Dapitan, Rizal had a scholarly debate with Father Pablo Pastells regarding
religion. This exchange of heated arguments revealed the anti-Christian Rizal – his  Right after Rizal was deported to Dapitan, the Liga members had a meeting to
bitterness on the abuses performed by friars, doing such under the name of the discuss the future of the organization
sacred religion. Father Pastells tried his best to win Rizal back to the faith but  The group of patriots was divided into two factions:
fortunately or unfortunately, in vain. These series of debate ended inconclusively in o THE LOS COMPROMISARIOS
which neither of them convinced the other of his judgments/arguments.  Those who are conservative members of the La Liga Filipina and
 Rizal had maximized his stay in Dapitan by devoting much of his time in improving still willing to demand reforms and compromise with the Spanish
his artistic and literary skills; doing agricultural and civic projects; engaging in government.
business activities, and writing letters to his friends in Europe, particularly to o THE SEPARATISTS
Ferdinand Blumentritt and Reinhold Rost.  Patriots who wanted to launch an armed rebellion to achieve
independence from the colonizers.
THE DAPITAN EXILE (1892-96)  JULY 7, 1891
o the Katipunan was founded on Azcarraga St. (C.M. Recto) in the house
 Rizal lived as exile in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte, under the aegis of the of Deodato Arellano.
Jesuits.  FOUNDERS OF KKK were:
 He was abundantly fruitful with varied achievements: o Andres Bonifacio
o Practiced medicine o Teodoro Plata
o Pursued scientific studies o Ladislao Diwa
o Kept his literary works
o Enhanced linguistic acumen RIZAL-PASTELLS RELIGIOUS DEBATES
o Established a school for boys
o Promoted community development projects  Fr. Pablo Pastells sent Rizal a book Sarda advising the latter to refrain from being
o Invented a brick-making machine proud and too judgmental
 Rizal’s letters revealed his anti-Catholic ideas caused by the abuses committed
o Engaged in farming and commerce
against his family and people
 Conditions for him to stay at the Parish Convent:
 He criticized the friars for using their religious authority to oppress and abuse other
o Publicly retract errors committed vs. the Church and the government
people
o Perform church rites and make general confessions
  He said that individual judgment is a gift from God and everyone should use it to o was also assigned to proceed to Dapitan. Fr. Sanchez was chosen by the
light his way; that self-esteem if used moderately, saves man from unworthy acts. Jesuit superiors being a well-liked professor of Rizal. He wasn’t able to
 He further argued that pursuit of truth has different paths, thus, religions may vary, persuade Rizal. He respected whatever Rizal believed in
but they all lead to the light. o Rizal gave Fr. Sanchez a manuscript “Estudios Sobre la Lengua Tagala”
 Fr. Pastells tried to win back Rizal to the fold of Catholicism. on the latter’s birthday
 He admonished Rizal that divine faith supersedes everything: reason, self-esteem
and individual judgment. RIZAL’S COMMUNITY PROJECTS
 No matter how intelligent a man is, his intelligence is limited; he still needs God’s
guidance.  Developed the Dapitan Municipal Park
 He failed to convince Rizal o Clean and green
o Beautification
DAPITAN WRITINGS o A Relief Map
 Equipped the town with a lighting system using coconut oil
 HIMNO A TALISAY  Constructed the first water system using bamboo pipelines
o Hymn to the Talisay Tree
o A hymn/poem written in tribute to a tree to which a town was named after; HIS CAREERS AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN DIFFERENT FIELDS
where Rizal often stayed. Rizal and his students have always used the
talisay tree as a meeting place. In gratitude, the students would always  AS A PHYSICIAN
sing the hymn. o Rizal provided free medicine to his patients, most of them were
 MI RETIRO underprivileged. However, he also had wealthy patients who paid him well
o My Retreat enough for his excellent surgical skill.
o depicts Rizal’s life as an exile in Dapitan o Among them were:
 CANTO DEL VIAJERO  DON IGNACIO TUMARONG
o Song of the Traveler  who gave Rizal 3000 pesos for restoring his sight
o poem celebrating his renewed opportunity to travel abroad and end of his  an ENGLISHMAN who gave him 500 pesos
exile in Dapitan  AKLANON HACIENDERO, DON FRANCISCO AZCARRAGA
 who paid him a cargo of sugar.
AN ABORTED Duel o AUGUST 1893
 His skill was put into test in his mother, Doña Teodora Alonzo,
 JUAN LARDET was placed under ophthalmic surgery for the third time. The
o A French businessman who was a personal acquaintance of Rizal had a operation was a success, however, Alonzo, ignored her son's
quarrel that almost ended up in a duel. instructions and removed the bandages in her eyes which lead to
 Reason: irritation and infection.
o Lardet bought logs from Rizal  AS AN ENGINEER
o Found some of the logs to be of poor quality o Rizal applied his knowledge through the waterworks system he
o Accused Rizal as a cheater constructed in Dapitan. Going back to his academic life, Rizal obtained the
 Lardet wrote a letter to ANTONIO MIRANDA title of expert surveyor (perito agrimensor) from the Ateneo Municipal.
o a Dapitan merchant expressing disgust over the business deal he had with From his practical knowledge as agrimensor, he widened his knowledge
Rizal. Miranda sent the letter to Rizal by reading engineering-related books. As a result, despite the inadequacy
 Rizal confronted Lardet and challenged him to a duel of tools at hand, he successfully provided a good water system in the
 The Frenchman asked for an apology province.
 AS AN EDUCATOR
JESUIT MISSION: “WIN RIZAL BACK” o Rizal established a school in Dapitan which was attended by 16 young
boys from prominent families. Instead of charging them for the
 Fr. Pastells instructed two Jesuit fathers to proceed to Mindanao on a mission “Win matriculation, he made the students do community projects for him like
Rizal Back to the Catholic fold” maintaining his garden and field. He taught them reading, writing in English
 FR. OBACH and Spanish, geography, history, mathematics, industrial work, nature
o Dapitan parish priest study, morals and gymnastics. He encouraged his students to engage in
 FR. JOSE VILACLARA sports activities to strengthen their bodies as well. There was no formal
o Dipolog parish priest room, like the typical classroom nowadays. Classes were conducted from
 FR. FRANCISCO SANCHEZ 2 pm to 4 p.m. with the teacher sitting on a hammock while the students
sat on a long bamboo bench.
 AS AN AGRICULTURIST
 o Rizal devoted time in planting important crops and fruit-bearing trees in his o Rizal shared his interest with nature to his students. With his boys, they
16-hectare land (later, reaching as large as 70 hectares). He planted explored the jungles and searched for specimens which he sent to
cacao, coffee, sugarcane, and coconuts, among many others. He even museums in Europe, particularly in Dressed Museum. In return, scientific
invested part of his earnings from being a medical practitioner and his books and surgical instruments were delivered to him from the European
6000-peso winnings from a lottery on lands. scientists. He also made a bulk of other researches and studies in the
o From the United States, he imported agricultural machinery and introduced fields of ethnography, archaeology, geology, anthropology and
to the native farmers of Dapitan the modern agricultural methods. Rizal geography. However, Rizal's most significant contribution in the scientific
also visualized of having an agricultural colony in Sitio Ponot, within the world was his discovery of three species:
Sindañgan Bay. He believed that the area was suitable for cattle-raising  DRACO RIZALI – small lizard popularly called flying dragon
and for cash-crops as the area had abundant water. Unfortunately, this  APOGONIA RIZALI – small beetle, rare kind of beetle
plan did not materialize.  RHACOPHORUS RIZALI – rare peculiar frog species.
 AS A BUSINESSMAN  Rizal also partakes in civic works in Dapitan. Upon arriving in the province, he
o The adventurous Rizal, with his partner, Ramon Carreon, tried his luck in noticed its poor condition. He drained the marshes of Dapitan to get rid of malaria-
the fishing, hemp and copra industries. In a letter to his brother-in-law, carrying mosquitoes.
Manuel T. Hidalgo, he pointed out the potential of the fishing industry in the o He also provided lighting system – coconut oil lamps posted in dark
province (as the area was abundant with fish and good beach). He also streets – in the province out of what he earned from being a physician. He
requested that two good Calamba fishermen be sent to Dapitan to teach beautified Dapitan by remodeling the town plaza, with the aid of his Jesuit
the fisher folks of the new fishing methods, using a big net called pukutan. teacher, Fr. Francisco Sanchez, and created a relief map of Mindanao
But the industry in which Rizal became more successful was in hemp, (footnote: using stones, soil and grass) right in front the church.
shipping the said product to a foreign firm in Manila.
 AS AN INVENTOR PERIOD OF PAIN and JOSEPHINE BRACKEN
o Little was known of Rizal as an inventor. In 1887, during his medical
practice in Calamba, he invented a special type of lighter called sulpukan  Rizal had always been missing his family and their happy moments together in
which he sent to Blumentritt as a gift. Calamba until his mother, three sisters and nephews arrived and stayed with him
o According to Rizal, the wooden lighter's mechanism was based on the and his despair doubled upon the announcement of Leonor Rivera's death.
principle of compressed air. Another of his inventions was the wooden  AUGUST 1893
brick-maker can manufacture about 6,000 bricks a day. o Leonor Rivera’s death
 AS AN ARTIST
o Rizal had contributed his talent in the Sisters of Charity who were JOSEPHINE BRACKEN
preparing for the arrival of the image of the Holy Virgin. Rizal was actually
the person who modeled the image's right foot and other details. He also o Not soon, to his surprise, an Irish girl enlightened his rather gloomy heart.
conceptualized its curtain, which was oil-painted by a Sister under his This girl was the 18-year old Josephine Bracken who, to Wenceslao
instruction. He also made sketches of anything which attracted him in Retaña’s words, was “slender, a chestnut blond, with blue eyes, dressed
Dapitan. Among his collections were the three rare fauna species that he with elegant simplicity, with an atmosphere of light (gaiety).”
discovered (dragon/lizard, frog and beetle) and the fishes he caught. o FEBRUARY, 1895
o WORKS  From Hong Kong, she arrived in Dapitan in with his blind foster
 THE MOTHER'S REVENGE father, George Taufer, and a Filipina named Manuela Orlac.
 He also sculptured the statuette called “The Mother's Rizal's fame as an ophthalmic surgeon reached overseas, and
Revenge” which represented his dog, Syria, avenging one of Rizal's friends, Julio Llorente referred the group to Rizal.
her puppy to a crocodile which killed it Rizal and Bracken instantly fell in love with each and in just one
 THE DAPITAN GIRL month, they agreed to marry which appalled and disturbed Taufer.
 JOSEPHINE’S IMAGE However, the parish priest of Dapitan, Father Pedro Obach,
 BUSTS OF FR. GUERRICO AND ST. PAUL refused to do so unless they be permitted by the Bishop of Cebu.
 AS A LINGUIST o On the other hand, Taufer returned to Hong Kong uncured. Because no
o Rizal was interested in the languages used in Dapitan, thus, studied and priest was willing to marry the two, the couple exchanged their vows before
made comparisons of the Bisayan and Malayan languages existing in the God in their own way, which scandalized Fr. Obach. In 1896, their love
region. In fact, Rizal had knowledge in 22 languages bears its fruit – Josephine was pregnant. Unfortunately, Bracken gave birth
 Tagalog, Ilocano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, to a one-month premature baby boy who lived only for three hours. The
English, French, German, Arabic, Malayan, Hebrew, Sanskrit, child was buried in Dapitan, bearing the name Francisco, after Rizal's
Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish father.
and Russian.
 AS A SCIENTIST Notes
 Prior to the outbreak of the revolution, the Katipunan leader, ANDRES BONIFACIO,
seek the advice of Jose Rizal.
 MAY 2, 1896
o In a secret meeting at Bitukang Manok near Pasig River, the group
agreed to send Dr. Pio Valenzuela as a representative to Dapitan who will
inform Rizal of their plan to launch a revolution against the Spaniards.
JUNE 15, 1892
o On board the steamer Venus, Valenzuala left Manila on June 15, 1892
and in 6 days, arrived at Dapitan with a blind companion, Raymundo
Mata. At night, Rizal and Valenzuela had a talk in the former's garden.
There, Valenzuela told him of the Katipunan's plan. Regarding this, Rizal
outspokenly objected Bonifacio's “premature” idea for two reasons:
o The Filipinos were still unready for such bloody revolution
o The Katipunan lacked machinery – before plotting a revolution, there must
be sufficient arms and funds collected.
 Valenzuela also told Rizal of their plan to rescue him in Dapitan. Again, the exiled
hero disagreed because he had no plan of breaking his word of honor to the
Spanish authorities.
 During the peak of the Cuban revolution, Rizal offered his services as a military
doctor to compromise with the shortage of physicians in the said country. It was his
friend Ferdinand Blumentritt who informed him of the situation in Cuba and
suggested that he volunteer himself as army doctor.
 DECEMBER 17, 1895
o Rizal sent a letter to Governor General Ramon Blanco rendering his
service for Cuba. But for months Rizal waited in vain for the governor's
reply, and loss hope that his request will be granted.
o JULY 30, 1896
 Rizal received a letter from Governor Blanco, dated July 2, 1896,
accepting his offer. The letter also stated that Rizal will be given a
pass so that he can go to Manila, then to Spain where its Minister
of War will assign him to the Army of Operations in Cuba.
o MIDNIGHT OF JULY 31, 1896
 Jose Rizal left Dapitan on board the steamer España, together
with Narcisa, Josephine, Angelica (Narcisa's daughter), three
nephews and six of his students. Many were saddened as the
adopted son of Dapitan left.
 In Cebu, on their way to Manila, Rizal successfully performed an ophthalmic
operation to a merchant who paid him fifty silver pesos.
 AUGUST 6, 1896
o After almost a week, on August 6, 1896, España arrived in Manila. Rizal
was supposedly to board the Isla de Luzon for Spain, but unfortunately,
left ahead of time. Instead, he was transferred to the Spanish cruiser
Castilla to stay and wait for the next sail boat that would sail for Spain next
month. He was prohibited from leaving the vicinity but was allowed to
accept visitors so long as they were his immediate family. Of course, all
these delays were part of the drama – Rizal has now fallen to the
critical/deadly Spanish trap.