NCE 420

CORRELATION COURSE

HYDRAULICS
DELIVERED BY:

ENGR. HADJI PEEJAY ARANDA

FACULTY – CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN
HYDRAULICS
●
Hydraulics has been derived from the greek word
“Hudour”, which means “water”.
●
It is defined as the science that deals with the
mechanical behavior of fluids at rest or in motion.
●
In the context of civil engineering, the fluid that is
mostly dealt with is water.
HYDRAULICS
●
Hydraulics has been derived from the greek word
“Hudour”, which means “water”.
●
It is defined as the science that deals with the
mechanical behavior of fluids at rest or in motion.
●
In the context of civil engineering, the fluid that is
mostly dealt with is water.
INTRODUCTION TO
FLOW
●
Since Hydraulics deals with fluids that is also in
motion, it is also important to know the flow
regimes. The following flow regimes are as follows:
– Laminar Flow
This type of flow is visualized in such a way that
fluid particles flow in a relative straight line
– Turbulent flow
this type of flow is visualized in such a way that
fluid particles flow in a haphazard manner
INTRODUCTION TO
FLOW
●
Majority of flow problem in hydraulics deals with
turbulent flow. Mathematically, the difference between
Laminar and Turbulent flow is determined using the
Reynolds formula
vD ρ
Re = μ
Where:
If the flow is
Re = Reynolds Number Laminar,
RE <= 2000
v = velocity
D = Diameter or Hydraulic Diameter If the flow is
Turbulent
μ = absolute viscosity RE >= 2000
ρ = density
INTRODUCTION TO
FLOW
●
Other flow regimes are also quantified and also
coexists with either laminar or turbulent flows:
– Steady Flow
Steady flow exists when the flow quantities does
not depend on time. This is perhaps the most
common type of flow encountered
– Unsteady Flow
This occurs when the flow rate varies with time
INTRODUCTION
– Uniform flow
Uniform flow exists when the fluid properties
are constant over time. The most common
assumption is that the velocity as well as
discharge does not varies over time
– Non Uniform Flow
In non uniform flow, the velocity profile varies
over time.
– One Dimensional Flow
The velocity vector depends only on one
space variable
INTRODUCTION
– Two Dimensional Flow
The velocity vector depends on two space
variables

It should be noted that several flow regimes that were

listed can exists at the same time. For example, a
flowing water can either be Turbulent, 1 dimensional,
uniform and steady at the same time
INTRODUCTION
●
Flow rate can be quantified as follows:
– Volume flow rate Q
– Mass flow rate M
– Weight flow rate W
It can be recalled that the following equations were
obtained in Fluid Mechanics
γ kg
Q= AV W= M=
s s
INTRODUCTION
●
Another important concept in hydraulics is the energy
equation. The energy equation for a particular point in
a liquid consists of the following:
– Potential energy
Pressure Energy P Energy is then
γ quantified in terms of
Elevation Energy z “head”
– Kinetic energy V2
2g

●
According to the principle of conservation, energy
can neither be created nor destroyed.
INTRODUCTION
●
Under ideal condition, the total energy at the first
point is equal to the total energy at the second point.
Mathematically this is represented by the following:
2 2
P1 V 1
P2 V 2
γ + 2 g + z 1= γ + 2 g + z 2
●
In reality, there is what we call the loss of energy. This
energy is not actually destroyed, it is simply
transformed into something that is not usable. The
energy equation will now be rewritten as follows
2 2
P1 V 1
P2 V 2
γ + 2 g + z 1= γ + 2 g + z 2 +HL1−2
INTRODUCTION
●
In a typical conduit flow, the flow can also be affected
by the energy added by the pump as well as the
energy extracted by the turbine.
●
The expanded energy equation will now be written in
the form
2 2
P1 V 1
P2 V 2
γ + 2 g + z 1 +H p= γ + 2 g + z 2 +HL1−2 +H T

where HP and HT are the energy head imparted by

the Pump and Turbines respectively
PIPE FRICTION
EQUATIONS
●
The given head loss equation
2
LV
H L =f
D2g
is also applicable to turbulent flow as well.
●
From the equation above to be applicable to turbulent
flow, the friction factor f of the turbulent flow must
also be determined.
●
Since it was already established that the flow equation
are smooth and rough. The friction factor for each
type of turbulent flow are computed using several
empirical formulas
PIPE FRICTION
EQUATIONS
●
The head loss equation.
2
LV
HL1−2=f
D2g
Is called DARCY-WEISBACH equation and it can also be
written as a function of Q to be
2
0.0826 f LQ
HL1−2= 5
D
DERIVATION OF PIPE
FRICTION LOSS
●
The absolute roughness of common pipe materials are
follows:
ABSOLUTE
PIPE MATERIAL
ROUGHNESS ε

Glass/plastic 0.0001mm

Brass, lead,
0.0015mm
copper, asphalt
Commercial
0.046mm
steel pipe
Asphalt dipped
0.12mm
Cast Iron Pipe

Concrete 0.3 - 3mm

Riveted Steel 0.9 - 9mm

PIPE FRICTION
EQUATIONS
1 Rϵ COLEBROOKE
√f ( )
=1.8 log
6.9 EQUATION (1)

1 3.7
√f ( )
=2 log ϵ
D
VON KARMAN
EQUATION (1)

1 2.51
√f
=−2log
( ϵ +
3.7 D RE √ f ) COLEBROOKE
EQUATION (2)

1 1.11
6.9
√f
=−1.8 log
((
ϵ
3.7 D ) +
RE ) HAALAND
EQUATION
PIPE FRICTION
EQUATIONS
●
These equations were obtained through direct
measurements using hydraulic bench apparatus or
actual pipe flow measurements.
●
These measurements are checked using the Bernoulli’s
equation
●
Energy losses in pipes flows follows the law of
conservation of energy
PIPE FRICTION
EQUATIONS
●
In order to overcome the difficulty of computing the
flow in darcy-weisbach equations, there are other
empirical formulas that can be use and there are given
as
Hazen-Williams Equation
1.85
10.67 LQ
HL1−2= 1.85 4.87
C D
●
Mannings Formula
2 2
10.29 n LQ
HL1−2= 16

D 3
 EXAMPLE
For a pipe that is 10mm in diameter and it is attached
to a tank 0.43m high and completely filled with water,

use e = 0.015mm at Twater = 200C

43cm

27cm
D = 10mm
L = 45cm
EXAMPLE
●
Determine the head loss from the pipe if the water
level at the second tank is 27cm
●
Determine the depth of the viscous layer
●
Compute the head loss using the appropriate friction
factor
●
Compare the result of Colebrooke/Haaland
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS
* set up the bernoulli’s equation for both free surface
2 2
P1 V 1 P2 V2
γ + 2 g + z 1= γ + 2 g + z 2 +HL1−2
since the reference points are free surface
0
0+ +0.43=0+0+0.27+HL1−2
2g

The head loss will know be

0.16 m=HL1−2
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS

See board for the other solutions

 EXAMPLE
For a pipe that is 10mm in diameter and it is attached
to a tank 0.43m high and completely filled with water,

use C = 140. Also use n = 0.002

43cm

27cm
D = 10mm
L = 45cm
PIPE FRICTION
EQUATIONS
●
For simple set up like the previous problem, the head
loss can be solved directly using the Bernoulli’s
equation. For design situations, the problem can be a
little bit more complex.
EXAMPLE
Two reservoirs are connected by a 5km pipe with a
diameter of 2m. If the friction factor is 0.002 compute
the flow below

209m

D = 2m
L = 5000m

187m
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS
This problem is a simplified water distribution setup
from ipo dam to la mesa dam
* set up the bernoulli’s equation for both free surface
2 2
P1 V 1 P2 V 2
γ + 2 g + z 1= γ + 2 g + z 2 +HL1−2

since the reference points are free surface

0
0+ +209=0+0+187+HL1−2
2g

The head loss will know be 22m

EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS
From part 2 of the lecture it was previously determined
that 2
LV
HL1−2=f
D2g
Taking the loss at 22m we have
5000 V 2
22 m=(0.002)
2 m(2 g)
V = 9.29 m/s
Q = AV;

Q = 29.19m3/s
EXAMPLE
A small diameter horizontal tube is connected to a
supply reservoir as shown. If 6600mm3 is captured at
the outlet in 10 seconds, estimate the velocity of the
water
2m

D = 10mm
L = 1.2m
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS
* set up the bernoulli’s equation for the free surface
and just outside the pipe
2 2
P1 V 1 P2 V 2
γ + 2 g + z 1= γ + 2 g + z 2 +HL1−2

since the reference points are free surface

0 V 22
0+ +2 m=0+ +0+HL1−2
2g 2g
2
0 V fLV 2
2
0+ +2 m=0+ +0+
2g 2g D2g
EXAMPLE
In order to solve for the unknown f and V, let us look
at the other given

Vol
Q=
Time
3 3
6600 mm 6.6 x 10 −6
m
Q= = 6.6 x 10 −7

10 s 10 s s
Q= AV =6.6 x 10 =V ∗7.85 x 10
−7 −5

m
V =8.403 x 10 −3

s
MODELING PIPE FLOW
●
In real life applications, pipes can be laid in several
possible configurations. In order to simplify the
analysis, several configurations are made as follows:
a. Pipes in Series
b. Pipes in Parallel
c. Branching Pipes
d. Pipe Network
a. PIPES IN SERIES
●
Pipes in series is the simplest possible layout. This
consists of pipes laid one after another.

2
1 3 4

1. ∑ HL1−4=HL1 +HL2 +HL3 +HL4

2. Q1=Q2=Q3=Q4
EXAMPLE
A pipe carries water at 4 degrees Celsius along the
Pipe shown below.

A B
Ф = 76mm Ф = 102mm
L = 1000m Ф = 300mm
L = 2000m
ϵ = 0.15mm L = 2000m
C = 140
ϵ = 1mm

* A and B are in the same plane

* Neglect minor losses

Determine the flow rate if P1 = 550 kPa and P2 = 415

kPa.
PIPES IN PARALLEL
●
Pipes in parallel is a situation in which pipes branches
out and terminate at two common points

1 3 5
A B

●
For the pipe configuration shown above the following
can be obtain

HL2=HL3=HL4 - the head loss for pipes in parallel are equal

PIPES IN PARALLEL

Q2 +Q3 +Q4=Q1

HLa−b=HL1 +HL2 +HL5

HL1 +HL3 +HL5
HL1 +HL4 +HL5
 EXAMPLE
For the pipe shown below
2
Pipe Ø(mm) CHW L(m)
1 200 140 10
m3
Q1=0.015 2 100 140 25
s 3 50 10
1 3 5 6 140
4 100 140 40
A B C D E
5 75 140 5
6 152 140 10
4

a. Determine the flow at each pipe

b. Determine the total head loss from A - E
PIPES IN SERIES AND
PARALLEL
●
If a series or parallel pipes are to be replaced by a
single pipe; the head loss and discharge must be the
same.
EXAMPLE
For the pipe shown below
1

Pipe Ø(mm) L(m) CHW

3 1 75 15 140
m3 2 102 25
Q1=0.01 140
s A B C 3 152 10 140
2

Determine the diameter of the single 20m pipe that

would replace all 3 pipes if CHW = 110
EXAMPLE
Water flows at a rate of 0.01 m3/s on a 100mm
diameter pipe. If the T is 150C and pipe roughness is
0.15. Determine the Hazen – Williams constant. Take
unit length.
c. BRANCHING PIPES
●
Another pipe configuration to be considered is
branching pipes or reservoir problems. There are two
types of reservoir problems:
TYPE I:
- Given the discharge in one of the pipes or given
the pressure at the junction P and the required is
the elevation of one of the reservoir or the diameter
or length of one of the pipes.
TYPE II:
- Given all the pipe properties and elevations, solve
the flow at each pipe.
EXAMPLE (TYPE I)
For the given 3 reservoir system,
el. 50m
A
el. 44m Pipe Ø(mm) L(m) f
1 1200 1800 0.002
B
2 750 1350 0.002
3 750 1350 0.002

el. ?
C

Determine the elevation at C

EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE (TYPE II)
For the given 3 reservoir system,
el. 89m
A
el. 61m
1 B
2 Pipe Ø(mm) L(m) CHW
1 127 250 140
2 152 185 110
J 3 203 65 100
3
el. 53m

a. Determine the pressure head at the junction.

b. Determine the flow at each pipe.
EXAMPLE
 d. PIPE NETWORKS
●
Another pipe configuration that will be considered is
pipe network. Pipe Network is a pipe configuration that
consists of several loops.
Qout 4
1 4
Qin 1

2 5 6 7

3 10 8
Qout 1
Qout 3
Qout 2
Qin 2

9
d. PIPE NETWORKS
●
In order for this analysis to work, the sum of the
inflows must be equal to the out flow.

∑ Qinflow =∑ Qoutflow
●
There are two methods to solve the flow in a given
pipe network:
a. Hardy Cross
– b. Nodal Method
Hardy Cross
●
The Hardy Cross method is named after its inventor,
Professor Hardy Cross. He is also the inventor of the
moment distribution method in your TOS2 subject!
●
The Hardy Cross method works by assuming the flow
at each pipe and the correcting the flow in an iterative
manner.
●
Note: Don’t just assume! The assumption must
conform the
∑ Qinflow =∑ Qoutflow
Hardy Cross
●
The correction factor is
n
−∑ k Q
Qcorr = n−1
n ∑ |kQ |
●
Where;
n=2 (Darcy)
k = friction constant = 1.85 (Hazen - Williams)
0.0826fL
= 5
- Darcy
D

=
10.67 L - Hazen - Williams
1.85 4.87
C HW D
EXAMPLE
For the pipe network shown
Determine the flow at Qin = 0.01 m3 / s
each pipe after 1
iteration only

0.004
1
3 4
0.004
0.002
Qout = 0.003 m3 / s
2 5 0.001
Qout = 0.003 m3 / s 0.001 Qout = 0.004 m3 / s

Pipe Ø(mm) L(m) CHW

1 75 60 120
2 75 50 120
3 50 40 140
4 75 60 130
5 50 70 130
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS
Since the assumed flow were already given, the values
of the Corrected flow per node can now be computed
PUMPS AND TURBINES
●
Pumps are devices used to add energy to flowing
water.
●
Turbines are devices that are used to extract energy
from flowing water.
The basic equations for pumps and turbines are given
as follows:
P =Q γ H
WHERE:
P – POWER (Watts)
Q – FLOW RATE (cu.m/s)
H – HEAD
(ADDED BY PUMP OR EXTRACTED BY TURBINES)
Γ – UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER IN N/cu.m
PUMPS AND TURBINES
●
In terms of Horse Power, the equation below can be
given as follows:
Q γH
P=
746
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
●
The Chezy formula is basically good but it is made
inaccurate by the values of the chezy C constant
so the need to improve it resulted in many formulas
such as
– Kutter’s Formula
– Manning’s Formula
– Darcy-Weisbach Formula
●
The darcy-weisbach equation was adopted for
open channel with the C value to be
8g WHERE:
C=
f√ g – gravitational acceleration
f – Darcy’s Friction factor
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
●
The C of the Chezy equation was improved by
Manning to be
1 WHERE:
R 6 R – Hydraulic Radius
C= = Area of Flow / Wetted perimeter
n n – Manning’s Roughness Coefficient
●
Kutter improved on the work of Manning and the
value of C was given to be
1 0.00155 WHERE:
23+ + R – Hydraulic Radius
n S
C= = Area of Flow / Wetted perimeter
n 0.00155 n – Manning’s Roughness Coefficient
1+
√R
23+( S ) S – Slope of the hydraulic Grade line
EXAMPLE
A fully flowing rectangular channel has a depth of
1.2m and a width of 10m. What will be the flow if
the slope of the channel is 0.005 and the manning’s
coefficient is given to be 0.0013. Take e = 1mm
– Determine the flow using manning’s equation
– Determine the flow using Kutter’s method
– Determine the flow using Darcy-Weishbach
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS
The flow is generally determined using Q = AV
Applying the Chezy’ formula, the velocity of the flow
will be given as
V =C √ RS
The slope is taken to be 0.005 while the hydraulic
radius is taken to be
AreaFLOW
R=
Wetter Perimeter
1.2m x 10 m
R= =0.9677 m
2 x 1.2 m+10 m
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS
For Darcy’s equation, the value of C is taken to be

8g
C=
√
f
The value of f will be computed using the haaland’s
equation which is given to be
1 1.11
6.9
√f
=−1.8 log
((
ϵ
3.7 D h ) +
RE )
For the Reynolds number, the diameter D can be
replaced with hydraulic diameter Dh
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS
The hydraulic diameter is determined to be
4 Area
Dh=
Wetted Perimeter
4∗1.2∗10
D h= =3.87 m
2∗1.2+10
The Reynolds number is determined to be
VD
R e= ν
V ∗3.87 m −6
R e= x 10
1.004
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS
The value of the square root of f will now be
1
√f =
ϵ
1.11
6.9
−1.8 log
( (
3.7 D h ) +
V ∗3.87 m
1.004
x 10
−6
)
●
Substituting this in C

√ 8g AND V =C √ RS
C=
√f
Solve for V using newtons approximation
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS
For manning’s equation, the solution is rather
straightforward. From the value of C
8g
C=
√
f
The Chezy’s equation will be
2 1
1 3 2
V= R S
n
using the value of R – 0.9677m and S = 0.005 we
get
2 1
1 3 2
V= 0.9677 0.005 =¿
0.0013
CHEZY MANNINGS
EQUATION
●
Using the Kutter formula, we get the following:
1 0.00155
23+ +
n S
C=
n 0.00155
1+
√R (
23+
S )
1 0.00155
23+ +
0.0013 0.005
C=
0.0013 0.00155
1+
√ 0.9677 (
23+
0.005 )
The value of V will now be given to be: