FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.

0 10-July-2020

Study Guide in PROF ED 103: Foundations of Inclusive and Special Education

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Name: ______________________________________ Program & Section:___________

STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 1 (LAS 3)

INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES

MODULE OVERVIEW

According to UNICEF, Inclusive education is the most effective way to give all children a fair chance to go
to school, learn and develop the skills they need to thrive. Hence, most countries from all over the world are led
towards the promotion of inclusive education to all learners.

On this learning module, you will understand more the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA-US) and be
able to present the promotion of Inclusive Education in other countries.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this Module, you should be able to

1. Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA-US); and
2. Compare and contrast Inclusive Education in the Philippines with that of International standards.

IDEA-US (The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a law that makes available a free appropriate
public education to eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation and ensures special education and
related services to those children.

The IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and
related services to more than 7.5 million (as of school year 2018-19) eligible infants, toddlers, children, and
youth with disabilities.

Infants and toddlers, birth through age 2, with disabilities and their families receive early intervention
services under IDEA Part C. Children and youth ages 3 through 21 receive special education and related
services under IDEA Part B.

Additionally, the IDEA authorizes:

 Formula grants to states to support special education and related services and early intervention
services.

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 Discretionary grants to state educational agencies, institutions of higher education, and other nonprofit
organizations to support research, demonstrations, technical assistance and dissemination, technology
development, personnel preparation and development, and parent-training and -information centers.
Congress reauthorized the IDEA in 2004 and most recently amended the IDEA through Public Law 114-95,
the Every Student Succeeds Act, in December 2015.

In the law, Congress states:

Disability is a natural part of the human experience and in no way diminishes the right of individuals to
participate in or contribute to society. Improving educational results for children with disabilities is an essential
element of our national policy of ensuring equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, and
economic self-sufficiency for individuals with disabilities.

Purpose of IDEA

The stated purpose of the IDEA is:

 to ensure that all children with disabilities have available to them a free appropriate public education
that emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs and
prepare them for further education, employment, and independent living;
 to ensure that the rights of children with disabilities and parents of such children are protected;
 to assist States, localities, educational service agencies, and Federal agencies to provide for the
education of all children with disabilities;
 to assist States in the implementation of a statewide, comprehensive, coordinated, multidisciplinary,
interagency system of early intervention services for infants and toddlers with disabilities and their
families;
 to ensure that educators and parents have the necessary tools to improve educational results for
children with disabilities by supporting system improvement activities; coordinated research and
personnel preparation; coordinated technical assistance, dissemination, and support; and technology
development and media services;
 to assess, and ensure the effectiveness of, efforts to educate children with disabilities.

History of the IDEA

On November 29, 1975, President Gerald Ford signed into law the Education for All Handicapped
Children Act (Public Law 94-142), now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). In
adopting this landmark civil rights measure, Congress opened public school doors for millions of children with
disabilities and laid the foundation of the country’s commitment to ensuring that children with disabilities have
opportunities to develop their talents, share their gifts, and contribute to their communities.

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The law guaranteed access to a free appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive
environment (LRE) to every child with a disability. Subsequent amendments, as reflected in the  IDEA, have led
to an increased emphasis on access to the general education curriculum, the provision of services for young
children from birth through five, transition planning, and accountability for the achievement of students with
disabilities. The IDEA upholds and protects the rights of infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities
and their families.

In the last 40+ years, we have advanced our expectations for all children, including children with
disabilities. Classrooms have become more inclusive and the future of children with disabilities is brighter.
Significant progress has been made toward protecting the rights of, meeting the individual needs of, and
improving educational results and outcomes for infants, toddlers, children, and youths with disabilities.

Since 1975, we have progressed from excluding nearly 1.8 million children with disabilities from public
schools to providing special education and related services designed to meet their individual needs to more
than 7.5 million children with disabilities in 2018-19.

In 2018-19, more than 64% of children with disabilities are in general education classrooms 80% or
more of their school day (IDEA Part B Child Count and Educational Environments Collection), and early
intervention services are being provided to more than 400,000 infants and toddlers with disabilities and their
families (IDEA Part C Child Count and Settings).

Other Laws for Children with Disabilities

The U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) provides additional resources of
interest for individuals with disabilities and their families.

OCR does not enforce the IDEA; however, OCR does enforce the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section
504 and Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Title II rights of IDEA-eligible students with disabilities.

Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504 addresses protections for students with disabilities. Section
504 is a federal law designed to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities in programs and activities that
receive Federal financial assistance from the department. OCR enforces section 504 in public elementary and
secondary schools.

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Section 504 states: “No otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the United States… shall,
solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance….”

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Title II

OCR also enforces Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which extends protection
against discrimination to the full range of state and local government services, programs, and activities including
public schools regardless of whether they receive any Federal financial assistance.
OCR shares in enforcement of Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act with the U.S. Department of
Justice.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 3: INFOGRAPHIC

Infographic Activity: Compare and contrast Inclusive Education in the Philippines to other countries through an
infographic.

SUMMARY

Here are some pointers to remember:

 The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a law that makes available a free appropriate
public education to eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation and ensures special
education and related services to those children.
 IDEA ensures that all children with disabilities have available to them a free appropriate public
education that emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs
and prepare them for further education, employment, and independent living;
 IDEA ensures that the rights of children with disabilities and parents of such children are protected;
 IDEA assists States, localities, educational service agencies, and Federal agencies to provide for the
education of all children with disabilities;
 IDEA assists States in the implementation of a statewide, comprehensive, coordinated,
multidisciplinary, interagency system of early intervention services for infants and toddlers with
disabilities and their families;
 IDEA ensures that educators and parents have the necessary tools to improve educational results for
children with disabilities by supporting system improvement activities; coordinated research and

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personnel preparation; coordinated technical assistance, dissemination, and support; and technology
development and media services;
 IDEA assesses, and ensures the effectiveness of, efforts to educate children with disabilities.

REFERENCES

 https://sites.ed.gov/idea/about-idea/#IDEA-Purpose

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