Foundations

Chapter No.
04
FOUNDATIONS
“Building Construction and Graphics”

FALL-2013.
By. Engr.Rahat Ullah 1

outline
• Introduction
• Purpose of foundation
• Importance of foundation in building construction
• Foundation requirements
• Load and settlement of foundation
• Factors affecting foundation design
• Underpinning
• Types of foundations
 Shallow foundations
 Deep foundation
• Seismic base isolation
• Construction process of foundation
• Water proofing and drainage
By. Engr.Rahat Ullah 2
Major Building Parts
Superstructure
Substructure
Foundation
Introduction
• “The foundation of a building is that part of walls, piers and columns in
direct contact with the ground and transmitting loads to the ground.”
• Every building needs a foundation of some kind.
• Because of the variety of soil, rock, and water conditions that are
encountered below the surface of the ground and the unique demands
that buildings make upon their foundations, foundation design is a highly
specialized field combining aspects of geotechnical and civil engineering.
Purpose of foundation
• To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area so as to
bring the intensity of load within the safe bearing capacity of soil.
• To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate to avoid differential

settlement.
• To prevent the lateral movement of supporting material.
• To attain a level and firm bed for building operations.
• To increase the stability of the structure as a whole.

 The size and depth of a
Super-structure foundation is determined by the
Ground Level structure and size of a building
it supports and the
foundation nature and bearing capacity of
the ground supporting it.
Distribute building load to the ground
The importance of foundations in building constructions
• Buildings are built for a purpose: schools for education, offices for work, theatres
for culture. Each is constructed for a specific purpose behind with a specific
provision of foundation.
• to be aesthetically pleasing as well as to fulfill the purpose for which it was

created.
• Foundations do not typically contribute to the architectural aesthetics of a

building. Yet, without suitable foundations, a building will not function
effectively, will be unsafe and its architectural merits will rapidly fade.
Requirements of foundation
• Structural stability
• Not impairing function of the building
• Durability
• Economy
Factors affecting design of foundation
• Soil types and ground water table conditions.
• Structural requirements and foundations.
• Construction requirements .
• Site condition and environmental factor.
• Economy etc.
Types of foundation
• There are two basic types of foundations
1. Shallow foundation
2. Deep foundation
• Shallow foundation
• The foundation provided immediately below the lowest part of the structure near the ground
level, transferring load directly to the supporting soil, is known as shallow foundation.
• Shallow foundation is provided when stable soil with adequate bearing capacity occur near to
the ground level.
• Requirements
 Suitable soil bearing capacity
 Undisturbed soil or engineered fill

1) Types of Shallow foundation
a) Spread footing or open trench foundation
b) Grillage foundation
c) Raft foundation
d) Stepped foundation
e) Inverted arch foundation
f) mat foundation
g)Rubble trench foundation
Spread footing
• A spread footing foundation, which is typical in residential building, has a wider bottom
portion than the load-bearing foundation walls it supports. This wider part "spreads" the
weight of the structure over more area for greater stability.
• The design and layout of spread footings is controlled by several factors, foremost of
which is the weight (load) of the structure it will support.
• These foundations are common in residential construction that includes a basement, and
in many commercial structures. But for high rise buildings they are not sufficient.
• A spread footing which changes elevation in several places in a series of vertical "steps"
in order to follow the contours of a sloping site or accommodate changes in soil strata, is
termed a stepped footing.
Spread footing in stone masonry
Grillage foundation
• A type of foundation often used at the base of a column. It consists of one, two or more tiers of
steel beams superimposed on a layer of concrete, adjacent tiers being placed at right angles to
each other, while all tiers are encased in concrete.
• This is dependable foundation and is used in those place where the load of the structure is pretty
and bearing capacity of soil comparatively poor.
• The grillage foundation helps in distributing the load over a wider area of subsoil.
• The grillage foundation helps in avoiding deep excavations as the necessary base area is provided
for the load of transmission.
• This type of foundation generally used for heavy structure columns piers and steel stanchions etc.
Grillage foundation
Raft foundation
• Raft foundation is a thick concrete slab reinforced with steel which covers
the entire contact area of the structure like a thick floor.
• The reinforcing bars runs normal to each other in both top and bottom
layers of steel reinforcement.
• Sometimes inverted main beams and secondary beams are used to carry
column loads that require thicker foundation slab considering economy of
the structure.
• Used generally for higher loads and prevention of excessive settlements.

Raft foundation
Inverted arch foundation
• Provided for multi storyed buildings in old times.
• However, with the advent of reinforced cement concrete construction

practice, inverted arch footing is rarely done these days.
• One of the drawbacks in this type of construction is that the end piles have
to be specially strengthened by buttresses to avoid the arch thrust tending
to rapture the pier junction.
• However, the advantage of inverted arch construction is that in soft soils

the depth of foundation is greatly reduced.
Inverted arch foundation
Stepped foundation
• A foundation constructed in a series of steps that approximate the

slope of the bearing stratum.
• The purpose is to avoid horizontal force vectors that might cause

sliding.
• Generally provided in hilly areas.
• It is a special form of strip foundation.

Stepped footing
Mat / slab foundation
• Mat-slab foundations, also called on-grade mat foundations for expansive
soils, are used to distribute heavy column and wall loads across the entire
building area, to lower the contact pressure compared to conventional
spread footings.
• Mat-slab foundations can be constructed near the ground surface, or at
the bottom of basements.
• In high-rise buildings, mat-slab foundations can be several meters
thick, with extensive reinforcing to ensure relatively uniform load transfer.
Rubble trench foundation
• is a type of foundation that uses loose stone or rubble to minimize the use
of concrete and improve drainage.
• It is considered more environmentally friendly than other types of

foundation because cement manufacturing requires the use of enormous
amounts of energy.
• However, some soil environments (such as particularly expansive or poor

load-bearing (< 1 ton/sf) soils) are not suitable for this kind of foundation.
2) Deep foundation
Deep Foundations -
Purpose
transfer building loads deep into the earth
Basic types
– Drilled (& poured)
– Driven
Caisson Installation Sequence
 Hole drilled with a large drill rig

 Casing installed (typically)
 Bell or Tip enlargement (optional)
 Bottom inspected and tested
 Reinforced
 Concrete placement (& casing removal)
Driven Piles
Two basic types of Piles
– End bearing pile - point

loading
– Friction pile - load transferred

by friction resistance between
the pile and the earth
Pile material
 Steel; H- piles, Steel pipe
 Concrete; Site cast or Precast
 Wood; Timber
 Composite
Precast Concrete Plies
Site Cast Concrete Piles
Cased Piles Uncased Piles

Factors affecting choice of foundation
• The type of construction.
• The magnitude of load.
• Drainage conditions.
• Feasibility in terms of available skilled labors and cost.
• The type and bearing capacity of soil.
• The seismic hazard and vulnerability of site to earthquake.
Construction of foundation
• Construction of foundation consists upon the following activities
• Site preparation
• Site layout
• Excavation
• Pour footing
• Pour slab on grade
• Pour concrete foundation walls
Site Preparation
• Remove trees and any debris
• Remove top soil (4-6” below surface)
Site Layout
• Define the boundaries by using chalk powder.
• Layout building perimeter, Establish building corners &
building perimeter.
•Use surveying instruments
Excavation
•Excavate foundation along line created.
•Excavate remainder of soil inside perimeter
•(Don’t excavate inside soil if slab on grade)
•If deep foundation, taper edges to prevent collapse
•If soil unstable, or very deep - use shoring
Pour Footings
•Construct formwork (if required)
•Install reinforcement (rebar) for footing.
•Pour concrete footings
•Smooth / finish surface
Pour Slab on Grade
•Install gravel base (to keep water off of slab)
•Install moisture barrier (to keep water off of slab)
•Install reinforcement (welded wire fabric)
•Pour concrete slab
•Finish slab surface
Pour Concrete Foundation Walls
•Construct formwork (include sleeves / doors / windows)
•Install reinforcement into formwork
•Pour concrete foundation wall
•Install anchor bolts into semi-cured concrete
Pour Concrete Foundation Walls
•Allow concrete to cure adequately (7-10 days)
•Strip forms
•Apply waterproofing
•Backfill
Protecting foundation against moisture
Waterproofing
 Structures Below Ground subject to penetration of

ground water
 More extreme, if below H2O table
 Two basic approaches to Waterproofing
– Waterproof Membranes, or
– Drainage
– Generally - both used in tandem
Waterproofing Membranes
 Materials
– Liquid or Sheet (Plastic, asphaltic, synthetic rubber)
– Coatings (asphaltic)
– Cementitious Plasters & admixtures
– Bentonite clay
 Protecting boards or panels
– Protection Board
– Waterstop
» Unit of Measure - SF, in (thickness)
Drainage Methods
Stone & Perforated Pipe Drainage Mat & Perforated Pipe
Dampproofing
Typically, a liquid asphalt
applied with a
roller or sprayer
Not an effective barrier
for water under pressure.
BUT, will prevent ground
‘moisture’ from migrating
through a wall.
Typically used in conjunction
will drainage pipe.
Underpinning
• underpinning is the process of strengthening the foundation of an existing building or other structure.
Underpinning may be necessary for a variety of reasons:
• The original foundation is simply not strong or stable enough.
• The usage of the structure has changed.
• The properties of the soil supporting the foundation may have changed (possibly through subsidence) or
were mischaracterized during design.
• The construction of nearby structures necessitates the excavation of soil supporting existing foundations.
• To increase the depth or load capacity of existing foundations to support the addition of another storey to
the building (above or below grade).
• It is more economical, due to land price or otherwise, to work on the present structure's foundation than to
build a new one.
• Earthquake, flood, drought or other natural causes have caused the structure to move, thereby requiring
stabilisation of foundation soils and/or footings.
• Underpinning may be accomplished by extending the foundation in depth or in breadth so it either rests on
a more supportive soil stratum or distributes its load across a greater area. Use of micropiles and jet grouting
are common methods in underpinning
ASSIGNMENT NO. 04
• Discuss
1. Methods of subsurface investigation.
2. Bearing capacity of soil, testing the bearing capacity of soil and various
methods for improving bearing capacity.
due date: - 12/12/2013

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Chapter No.

“Building Construction and Graphics”

By. Engr.Rahat Ullah 1

• Every building needs a foundation of some kind.

• To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate to avoid differential

• To prevent the lateral movement of supporting material.

• To attain a level and firm bed for building operations.

• To increase the stability of the structure as a whole.

• to be aesthetically pleasing as well as to fulfill the purpose for which it was

• Foundations do not typically contribute to the architectural aesthetics of a

• Soil types and ground water table conditions.

• Structural requirements and foundations.

• Site condition and environmental factor.

 Undisturbed soil or engineered fill

• Used generally for higher loads and prevention of excessive settlements.

• However, with the advent of reinforced cement concrete construction

• However, the advantage of inverted arch construction is that in soft soils

• A foundation constructed in a series of steps that approximate the

• The purpose is to avoid horizontal force vectors that might cause

• Generally provided in hilly areas.

• It is a special form of strip foundation.

• It is considered more environmentally friendly than other types of

• However, some soil environments (such as particularly expansive or poor

 Hole drilled with a large drill rig

Two basic types of Piles

– End bearing pile - point

– Friction pile - load transferred

Cased Piles Uncased Piles

 Structures Below Ground subject to penetration of

due date: - 12/12/2013

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