Experiment 4

EXPERIMENT-4
Aim: To determine the force in the various members of a Jib Crane.

Apparatus Required: Jib Crane, Hangers, Weight, Meter Scale.
Theory:
The jib crane apparatus is based on the principle of concurrent forces in a plane.
If a principle body is in equilibrium under the influence of several coplanar
concurrent forces, then these forces form a polygon.
The member of apparatus under compression is called jib while that under
tension is known as tie. When the forces acting at the point where load is
applied, namely the compression in jib, tension in the tie and load applied form
a closed triangle such that the whole apparatus is in equilibrium.
Let
L1: length of tie
L2: distance of end of tie to jib till hinger
L3: length of the stand to which the post is connected
Procedure:
 Take the initial reading of forces in the compression spring balance of
rod and tension spring balance of the tie rod.
 Suspend a known weight ‘w’ with the help of weight hanger.
 Take final reading of force in jib rod and tie rod of spring balance.
 From the final reading subtract the initial reading to get observed
value of the forces in rod and tie rod.
 Measure the length of jib rod from the point on the platform, the
position where string is attached, length of the tie rod and vertical
height of the post.
 From the above measurement, draw the space diagram to a suitable
scale and name the member by bow’s notation.
 Measure the internal angles contained between the two forces in
vector diagram.
 Measure angle α, β and γ and apply Lami’s theorem to find out the
forces in the member
W/sinα=C/sinβ=T/sinϒ
 Compare the calculated values of forces with observed values and
determine the percentage error.
 Repeat the experiment either by changing the load or by varying the
length of the vertical post.
Observations:
Verification:
Result & Discussion:
The load transmitted was found using Lami’s Theorem.
Average % error in T =
Average % error in C =
Precautions:
 The weight should not be suspended with jerk.
 Measure L1, L2 , L3 carefully.
 Take zero error into consideration.
EXPERIMENT-5
Aim: To calculate the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of a
single start worm and worm wheel.
Apparatus Required: Worm and Worm wheel apparatus, weight strings, meter
rod, pan etc
Theory:
Worm and worm wheel consists of a square threaded screw (known as worm)
and a toothed wheel (known as worm wheel) geared with each other. A wheel is
attached to the worm, over which passes a rope a load is securely mounted on
the worm wheel.
Formula Used:
Let R= Radius of the wheel
r = Radius of the load drum
W = Load lifted
P = Effort applied to lift the load
T = Number of teeth on the worm wheel
If the worm is single threaded (i.e., for one revolution of the wheel, the worm
pushes the worm wheel through one tooth) then for one revolution of the wheel
the distance moved by the effort = 2πR
The load drum will move through = 1/ T revolution
Distance, through which the load will move = 2πr / T
V.R = (Distance moved by P) / (Distance moved by W) = (2πR / (2πr / T)) = RT
/r
In general, if the worm is n threaded then, V.R = RT / nr
M.A = W / P
η = M.A / V.R
Procedure:
1. First stabilize the Single Start Worm and Worm Wheel machine and wrap
the cord around the load drum and the effort wheel.
2. Put some weight on the load drum. And add the same effort to the effort
wheel via hanger.
3. Hit the machine with some material, thus you will see some kind of
movement in the load drum as well as in effort wheel.
4. Write down the reading in the observation table
5. After this apply the above procedure, four to five times with gradually
increasing the Load as well as Effort to the load drum and effort pulley
respectively.
6. Write down the all reading in the given observation table.
7. Measure the radius of the load drum and the radius of the effort wheel.
8. Calculate the MA, VR and η of machine.
Observations:
Verification:
Result & Discussion: The efficiency of the single start worm and worm wheel
is
Precautions:
1. Lubricate the screw before starting the experiment.

2. Trapping should be done after adding the weight in the effort hanger.
3. Overlapping of string should not be there.
EXPERIMENT-3
Aim: To verify the Law of Moment by Bell-Crank Lever.
Apparatus Required: Bell Crank lever apparatus, hangers, weights, scale.
Theory: Principle of Moment states that the algebraic sum of the moments of a system of
coplanar forces about any point in the plane is equal to the moment of the resultant force of
the system about the same point.
This principle would be verified for a bell crank lever arrangement. A lever whose two arms
forms a right angle, or nearly a right angle and having its fulcrum at the apex of the angle is
referred to as a bell crank lever. These levers were originally used to operate the bell from the
long distance especially where the change in direction of bell wires was involved and hence
the name. Now, bell crank levers are used in machines to convert the direction of
reciprocation movement.
Procedure:
1. Arrange three hangers at arbitrary locations on the horizontal arm. Note the locations
x1, x2, and x3 of these hangers from the hinge. Adjust the tension in the spring
connected to the vertical arm such that the two pointers come in the same vertical line.
In this position the horizontal arm is truly horizontal. Note the tensile force in the
spring as the initial tension Ti. Also note the location Y of the spring from the hinge.
2. Hang the weights W1, W2 and W3 from the hangers. This will cause the arms to tilt
and the pointers to move away from each other. Now adjust the tension in the spring
such that the pointers once again come in the same vertical line. The horizontal arm is
once again in its horizontal position. Note the tensile force in the spring as the final
tension Tf. The tensile force T on the vertical arm is the difference Tf —Ti.
3. Since the external forces are being supported by the single hinge at the apex of the
arms, implies that the resultant of these external applied forces passes through the
supporting hinge. Therefore, to verify the principle of moments we need to take
moments (ΣM) of all the external forces (which includes the weights of the hangers
hanging from the horizontal arm and the tension in the spring connected to the vertical
arm) about the hinge and if the total sum is zero, verifies the law of moments since the
moment of the resultant is also zero at the hinge.
4. Repeat the above steps by changing the weights and their location on the horizontal
arm for two more set of observations.
Observations:
Verification:
Result & Discussion:
Law of moments is verified using Bell Crank lever apparatus with an average %
error of
Precautions:
 Weights should not oscillate while taking readings.

 Keep the horizontal arm perfectly horizontal.
 Knife Edge and hanger should fit exactly in the slot provided for them.

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EXPERIMENT-4

Aim: To determine the force in the various members of a Jib Crane.

1. Lubricate the screw before starting the experiment.

 Weights should not oscillate while taking readings.

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