Experiment 6: Heat Effects

Laboratory Report
Abraham S.P. Francisco, Joselito A. Gardoce,
Marvin Lorenzo J. Gonzales, Maria Therese V. Ibarra, and Stephanie Lazo

Department of Math and Physics

College of Science, University of Santo Tomas
España, Manila Philippines 1015

Abstract

The experiment is about the different intensive variable and has units of energy
effects of heat among objects specifically on per mass per degree (or energy per number
the specific heat, heat fusion, and thermal
of moles per degree). The heat capacity of a
expansion of solids. The students computed
the coefficient linear thermal of the rod by substance can differ depending on what
using the formula , the formula extensive variables are held constant, with
Q=mc∆T for the specific heat capacity, and the quantity being held constant usually
Q= mL for the heat fusion of water where L being denoted with a subscript.
is the latent heat. All of the needed data
were supplied by the experiment and were The method of mixture based on the
all imputed to these equations to solve for
fact that when a hot substance is mixed with
the unknown.
a cold substance, the hot body loses heat and
I. Introduction
the cold body absorbs heat until thermal
Heat is energy produced or equilibrium is attained. At equilibrium, final
transferred from one body, region, set of temperature of mixture is measured. The
components, or thermodynamic system to specific heat of the substance is calculated
another in any way other than as work. The with the help of the law of heat exchange.
specific heat (also called specific heat During a phase transition of a given medium
capacity) is the amount of heat required to certain properties of the medium change,
change a unit mass (or unit quantity, such as often discontinuously, as a result of some
mole) of a substance by one degree in external condition, such as temperature,
temperature. Therefore, unlike the extensive pressure, and others. For example, a liquid
variable heat capacity, which depends on the may become gas upon heating to the boiling
quantity of material, specific heat is an
point, resulting in an abrupt change in II. Theory
volume. The specific heat is the amount of

The measurement of the external heat per unit mass required to raise the

conditions at which the transformation temperature by one (1) degree Celsius. The

occurs is termed the phase transition point. relationship between heat and temperature

The term is most commonly used to describe change is usually expressed in the form

transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous shown in the equation below where c is the

states of matter, in rare cases including specific heat. The relationship does not

plasma. apply if a phase change is encountered,

because the heat added or removed during a
Thermal expansion is the tendency phase change does not change the
of matter to change in volume in response to temperature.
a change in temperature. When a substance
is heated, its particles begin moving more
Q is the heat added, c is the specific heat, m
and thus usually maintain a greater average
is the mass, and ∆T is the change in
separation. Materials which contract with
temperature. The next formula is the one
increasing temperature are rare; this effect is
that is used in the activity in finding the
limited in size, and only occur within limited
specific heat of a metal.
temperature ranges (see examples below). [ ]
The degree of expansion divided by the
change in temperature is called the Where Co is the specific heat of the

material's coefficient of thermal expansion object, MC is the mass of empty calorimeter,

and generally varies with temperature. Cc is the specific heat of the calorimeter, MW
is the mass of the water, ∆TC is the
The objectives of the experiment are difference between the final and initial
as follows: to determine the specific heat of temperature of the water and calorimeter,
a solid by method of mixtures, to determine MO is the mass of metal cylinder, and ∆TO is
the latent heat of fusion and latent heat of the difference between the initial
vaporization of water and to determine the temperature of metal cylinder and the final
coefficient of linear thermal expansion of a temperature of the system.
solid.
In finding the activity which includes the Melting and freezing behaviour are
thermal expansion of solids, the formula some of the characteristic properties that
below could be used. give one’s substance its unique
identification. Pure solid water or ice at 0°C
changes to liquid water at also 0°C when
Where ∆L is the difference between energy is added.
the final and initial reading of the To compute for the percent error:
micrometer disc, LO is the initial length of
the rod, and ∆T is the change in temperature.
The most easily observed examples of
thermal expansion are size changes of III. Methodology
materials as they are heated or cooled.
Activity 1: Specific Heat of Metal
Almost all materials (solids, liquids, and
gases) expand when they are heated, and The metal object was weighed. A 30-
contract when they are cooled. Increased cm long thread was attached to the metal
temperature increases the frequency and object which is immediately put into the
magnitude of the molecular motion of the metal jacket. The metal jacket was placed
material and produces more energetic inside a beaker with water. The beaker was
collisions. Increasing the energy of the subjected to heat of 80°C. The inner vessel
collisions forces the molecules further apart of the calorimeter was weighed. After
and causes the material to expand. weighing, 2/3 of it was filled with water and
In the heat fusion of water activity, the weighed again. The inner vessel was placed
following formula is being used. in its insulating jacket and the temperature
was measured. When the object in the
[ ] [ ]
beaker reached 80°C it is quickly transferred
into the calorimeter. The water was stirred
Where Lf is the heat fusion of ice,
with the thermometer inside it. The
MW is the mass of water, MC is the mass of
equilibrium temperature was recorded. The
empty calorimeter, Cc is the specific heat of
specific heat of the object and percent error
the calorimeter, TO and T is the initial and
were computed.
final temperature of the system,
respectively. Mi is the mass of the ice.
Activity 2: Heat Fusion of Water times. The final temperature of the rod was
recorded. The disc was then moved until it is
The empty inner vessel of the
in contact again with the rod. The final
calorimeter was weighed. It is then filled
reading of the disc was recorded. The
with water and weighed again. The inner
coefficient of linear thermal expansion of
vessel was placed into its insulating jacket.
the rod and the percent error were computed.
The initial temperature of the water was
recorded. Dried pieces of ice were added
into the calorimeter. The equilibrium IV. Results and Discussion
temperature was recorded after the ice Activity 1. Specific Heat of Metal
melted. The inner vessel was again weighed
In activity 1, the specific heat of a
together with the water and melted ice inside
sample metal was calculated (Table 1). The
it. The heat of fusion of ice was computed
ability of a substance to absorb or release
by Conservation of Heat Energy. The
energy is known as specific heat. The
percent error was also computed.
specific heat of a substance is defined as the
amount of heat energy required to change
Activity 3: Thermal Expansion of Solids
the temperature of one gram of a substance
one degree Celsius. If a substance absorbs
The initial length of the rod was
energy easily, it is said to have a low
measured. It is then placed inside the steam
specific heat capacity. Most metals have a
jacket. The steam jacket was mounted in the
low specific heat capacity Which means
metal flame. The first outlet of the jacket
they will absorb energy easily. In the
was connected to the boiler by rubber
experiment, Heat energy flows from the
tubing. The initial temperature of the rod
sample to the water and its container
was recorded. The metal frame was then
(the calorimeter), causing the temperature of
connected to the galvanometer. The
the water and container to rise and the
micrometer screw was moved so that it will
sample's temperature to fall. It is assumed
touch the end of the rod. The initial reading
that the heat lost by the sample is absorbed
of the micrometer disc was recorded. The
by both the water and the calorimeter thus
disc was unwound so that the rod can
we can calculate the specific heat of a
expand freely. Using a steam coming from
sample metal. We calculated the specific
the boiler, the rod was heated for twenty
 .0
heat of a sample metal to be 0.097 cal/g C calculated Latent heat was 117.6 cal/g
and yielded 18% error. Possible sources of yielding a high % error of 47 %. Possible
error include the error in reading the causes of error includes Improper Stirring
thermometer and temperature changes due that causes the final temperature to be too
to heat transferring to the environment. warm and gives an experimental value of the
Latent Heat of Fusion that is too low.
Table 1. Data on Specific Heat of a metal
Another one is not drying the ice, If the ice
is not dried there will be water at 0ᵒC on the
Mass of empty
44.04 g ice. The added water will contribute to the
Calorimeter (Mc)
Mass of Calorimeter final mass of liquid but it will not gain the
142.61g
with Water
Mass of Metal amount of heat that an equivalent amount of
49.43 g
Cylinder (Mo) ice would gain. The initial temperature of
Initial Temperature of
25ᵒ C the water in the calorimeter will not have to
water & calorimeter
Initial Temperature of
96 ᵒC drop as far. Hence the final temperature will
the metal cylinder
Final temperature of be too high. The result will be an
28 ᵒC
the system
experimental value of the Latent Heat of
Mass of Water 95.57 g
Calculated specific Fusion that is too low.
0.097 cal/g . 0C
heat of sample
Accepted value of Table 2. Data on Heat fusion of water
0.118 cal/g . 0C
specific heat Mass of Calorimeter 43.82 g
% error 18% Mass of Calorimeter 158.10g
w/ Water
Activity 2. Heat Fusion of Water Mass of water 114.28g
Initial temp of water 25 ᵒC
In Activity 2, The latent heat of and calorimeter
Fusion was determined (table 2). During the Mass of ice, water and 175.42 g
calorimeter
process of melting, the solid and liquid Mass of ice 17.32 g
phases of a pure substance are in Final temp of the 7.5 ᵒC
system
equilibrium with each other. The amount of Calculated latent heat 117.6 cal/g
of fusion
heat required to convert one unit amount of
Accepted value of 80 cal/g
substance from the solid phase to the liquid latent heat of fusion
% error 47%
phase — leaving the temperature of the
system unaltered — is known as the latent
heat of fusion (Wakeham, 2011). The
Activity 3. Thermal Expansion of Solids Percent error can be calculated by dividing
the difference of the accepted value of
Activity 3 Thermal Expansion of Solids
thermal coefficient and experimental value
Initial length of the rod 54.80 cm
of coefficient of thermal expansion to the
Initial temperature of the 25⁰C
rod accepted value of thermal coefficient of
Initial reading of micrometer 0.245 cm
thermal expansion and multiply it by 100.
disc
Final temperature of the rod 95⁰C
Final reading of micrometer 0.271 cm
disc
Experimental value of 6.82 x10-6/⁰C The increase in any one dimension of
coefficient of thermal
a solid is called linear expansion, linear in a
expansion
Accepted value of thermal 2.5x10-5/⁰C sense that the expansion occurs along a line.
coefficient of thermal
When the temperature of the rod increases to
expansion
% error 73% T0 +∆T, the length becomes Lo + ∆L where
∆T and ∆L are the changes in temperature
In activity 3, the length L0 of an and length respectively. Conversely, when
object changes by an amount of ∆L when its temperature decreases to To – ∆T, the length
temperature changes an amount of ∆T. decreases to Lo - ∆L. The experiment
showed that the change in length is directly
Where α is the coefficient of linear
proportional to the change in temperature.
expansion.
∆L is proportional to both L0 and ∆T by
We can obtain the coefficient of thermal using a proportionality constant α, which is
expansion through dividing both sides by the coefficient linear expansion.
L0∆T
V. Conclusion
α
In the experiment we were able to
determine the specific heat of a metal by
To get the elongation of the rod ∆L, the final
method of mixtures and the computed
reading of the micrometer disc was
specific heat of the metal is 0.097 cal/g0C.
subtracted to the initial reading of
The latent heat and of vaporization of water
micrometer disc.
was also computed based from the results
α 6.82 x10-6/⁰C and it is 117.6 cal/g. Lastly, we were also
able to determine the coefficient of linear Answer: Sand has the property of getting an
environmental temperature very quickly
thermal expansion of a solid and the
that’s why it is warm in the morning and
computed value is 6.82 x10-6/⁰C. We are cold at night.
tasked to complete all the values needed for
4. Explain why alcohol rub is effective in
the computations and it is shown in Tables 1, 2 reducing fever.
and 3.
Answer: Rubbing alcohol cools the skin by
convection, as the alcohol evaporates it
VI. Application carries the heat away from the body with it.

1. Is it possible to add heat to a body without 5. Cite instances where the thermal
changing its temperature? expansion is beneficial to man. Cite also
examples where thermal expansion is a
nuisance.
Answer: No, it is not possible to add heat
without changing its temperature because Answer: An example of its advantage to
heat is defined as energy in transit from a man is bimetallic strip which is used in
high temperature object to a lower mechanical switch in thermostat. It is a
temperature object. Therefore to transfer nuisance it its use in roadway construction,
heat, there must be movement of heat energy if roadway were poured as one continuous
slab (the cheapest way possible), when it
from a high temperature object to a low one
expanded in the heat of the day, or
thus affecting the temperature of the object contracted in the cool of night, it can
itself. But it should be taken noted that the fracture or crack and separate where the
heat energy of the system is conserved all road meets the wall, or at some point on the
throughout. road in between, causing surface defects and
potholes.
2. Explain why steam burns are more painful
than boiling water burns. 6. Why is water not used in liquid in glass
thermometer?
Answer: A steam burn is worse than a hot
water burn because the steam is in a Answer: Water will not rise or fall at
different phase. When the steam comes in Temperature changes as mercury. water has
contact with your body, the steam must turn a none linear thermal expansion (Its thermal
into water before it can cool down to body expansion coefficient at 20C is not the same
temperature. This releases more energy into as at 90C). Also, at atmospheric pressure,
the skin due to the phase change, thus water is only liquidus over a narrow
causing a worse burn. temperature range of 100C which limits its
usefulness. Further it has massive problems
3. Early in the morning when the sand in the at phase transitions- for instance when it
beach is already hot, the water is still cold. turns to a gas it consumes a lot of energy
But at night, the sand is cold while the water (latent heat). A thermometer should have a
is still warm. Why? nice linear response to a rise in temperature.
 After reaching its boiling point, water will begin
3
7. The density of Aluminum is 2700kg/m at to evaporate. The amount of heat needed to
200 C. What is its density at 1000 C? vaporize 1g of water is given by:

Answer: Linear thermal expansion

coefficient of Aluminum : 24x10-6 /K
Forumla to be used: ∆L/L = α∆T, α is linear The sum of these is 720 cal.
thermal expansion coefficient
9. An aluminum calorimeter has a mass of
Take a cube 1 meter on a side, which at 150g and contains 250g of water at 30 .
20ºC weighs 2700 kg Find the resulting temperature when 60g of
copper at 100 is placed inside the
What does the length change to at 100º ?
∆L/L = α∆T calorimeter.
∆L = Lα∆T = (1)(24x10-6)(80) = 0.00192
meter Answer:

Mass of Calorimeter 0.15 kg

so the new cube is 1.00192 m on a side and
Mass of water 0.25 kg
the volume is that cubed or 1.00577 m³
Mass of Calorimeter and 0.40 kg
Water
Density is 2700 kg / 1.00577 m³ = 2685
Mass of Copper 0.60 kg
kg/m³
Mass of Calorimeter, 1 kg
The density of aluminum at 100 ᵒC is 2685 water, and copper
kg/m³ or 2.69 g/cm3 Initial Temperature of 30
water in Calorimeter
8. How much heat is needed to change 1g of We can combine first the calorimeter with
ice at 0oC to steam at 100oC? water:

Answer: First compute for the amount of

heat needed to turn ice into water by
multiplying its mass by the latent heat
needed to melt ice into liquid (80 cal/g 0C).
( )

Liquid water must be allowed to boil to

reach eva[oration. The heat needed to raise
the temperature of liquid water from 0oC to
its boiling point is given by:
We can then use m3, c3 and T3 to combine
copper

( )

( )

References:

[1] Austin Community College. (n.d.). Latent

Heat of Fusion. Retrieved February 25, 2012,
from
http://www.austincc.edu/mmcgraw/Labs_1401
/19c%20Latent%20Heat%20of%20Fusion.pdf

[2] University of Brigham Young University -

Idaho. (2005, October 14). Specidic Heats.
Retrieved from Chemistry 105 : Experiment 2:
http://www2.byui.edu/Chemistry/lab_manuals/
chem_105/chem_105_exp_2_specific_heat.pdf

[3] Wakeham, W. (2011, February 11). Latent

heat of Fusion. Retrieved from Thermopedia: A-
Z Guide to Thermodynamics, Heat & Mass
transfer and Fluids engineering:
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/915/?ti
d=110&sn=16

[4] http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.html

[5]http://www.bookrags.com/research/ther
mal-expansion-wop/

[6]http://www2.vernier.com/sample_labs/
CWV-04-COMP-heat_of_fusion.pdf