Printable Resource List

GPS Standard SS8H7

The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that
occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918.
a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady,
International Cotton Exposition,
Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906
Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case,
and the county unit system had on Georgia during this period.
b. Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim
Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson,
disenfranchisement, and racial violence.
c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, John
and Lugenia Burns Hope, and Alonzo Herndon.
d. Explain reasons for World War I and describe Georgia’s
contributions.

Primary Sources
Allen, James, and John Littlefield. “Without Sanctuary: Photographs and Postcards
of Lynching in America.” Last modified 2005. Accessed February 11, 2011.
http://withoutsanctuary.org/main.html

This is a powerful and disturbing website to use with students to explore racial
violence in Georgia. The site contains over 100 photos and postcards at this time, and the
owners want the collection to grow over time. The descriptions of the photos and
postcards include dimensions, type of print (gel silver, cardmounted, etc.), and any
inscriptions on the front or back, as well as a general description of the event and location
of the lynching.

“Atlanta Life Insurance Company Building.” Atlanta Time Machine. Accessed February
6, 2011.
http://www.atlantatimemachine.com/downtown/insurance.htm

The website provides photos, postcards, and other images of Atlanta past and
present. This page shows a digitized postcard, front and back, of the Atlanta Life
Insurance Company Building, founded by Alonzo Herndon. The photo is a more recent
for comparison. The front of the postcard shows an artist rendering, and the backside has
a short blurb about the home office.
Durham, Suzanne. “World War I Photograph Album.” Manuscript collection, University of
West Georgia, Ingram Library Special Collection. Catalog # MS-0008.

This is a remarkable collection of photographs and postcards that were actually found in a
landfill. The 124 photos and postcards are of French provincial and city scenes, depicting
encampments, biplanes, artillery equipment, soldiers, nurses, farmers, trenches, and ruins.
Durham is the Head of Special Collections for Ingram Library, and the compiler of this
collection.

DuBois, W.E.B. The Souls of Black Folks, 3rd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1903.
http://books.google.com/books?id=7psUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
the+souls+of+black+folk&hl=en&ei=2P1fTc3eA5G4twfF_d3aCw&sa=X&oi=bo
ok_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

DuBois writes his blueprint for achieving civil rights for blacks in America. The
Souls of Black Folks is an authoritative literature that promotes a political activism that is
required to advance African Americans. There are several copies of this book in
circulation, however Google Books has scanned a copy for free public use. Looking at
selections of this text can give good insight into the atmosphere that surrounded the
Booker T. Washington and WEB DuBois debates. Georgia students will find this
particularly relevant because after becoming the first African American to earn a PhD
from Harvard University, he moved to Georgia in 1897 to teach history and economics at
Atlanta University.

Eubanks, J. Steven. “Woodfin Hall Carmical 1891-1981.” Local History Collection,

University of West Georgia, Ingram Library Special Collections, catalog #
LH-0023.

Woodfin Hall Carmical’s collection includes photographs of Camps Wheeler and

Gordon, both of which he was stationed during World War I. Carmical was a resident of
Coweta County, Georgia.

Grady, Henry. “’The New South’ Speech (December 22, 1886).” The American Civil
War. Accessed January 12, 2011.
http://www.anselm.edu/academic/history/hdubrulle/CivWar/text/documents/doc5
4.htm

This transcript of Henry Grady’s New South speech is part of a syllabus for a
course at the University of Puget Sound. There are several versions of the speech
available on the web; this one is listed because in addition to the words Grady spoke, the
transcript also includes in parentheses the audience response, such as laughter and
applause. This will help the student reader understand not just the points Grady was
making (the plantation/agrarian South has given way to an industrialized South, The
South is now part of a larger nation, and blacks and race relations have changed), but how
they were received by his audience.
Grady, Henry. The New South. New York: Robert Bonner’s Sons. 1890
http://books.google.com/books?id=5xwSAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
new+south&source=bll&ots=yGfx5O630W&sig=z8J_knjDvbWitskThEPUWV5
Nj2w&hl=en&ei=Vj5YTfTkNMOAlAfB54CPBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=13&sqi =2&ved=0CHoQ6AEwDA#v=onepage&q&f=false

Grady expounds on his speech given half a decade earlier for the vision of the
South. His book is a good text to grasp the ideals of progressives and liberals in the
Progressive Era. Grady indicates points of implementing the dreams of the New South.
His book

Gray v. Sanders, 372 U.S. 368 (1963).

http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=372&invol=368

In 1962, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia decided that
the county unit system was invalid and must be changed. The district court appealed to
the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld the decision. This is the Supreme Court decision,
which includes some wording that could benefit students. For example, the court held:
“5. The use of this election system in a statewide election violates the Equal Protection
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Also: “(d) The conception of political equality
from the Declaration of Independence, to Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, to the Fifteenth,
Seventeenth, and Nineteenth Amendments can mean only one thing - one person, one
vote.”

Jim Crow Image Gallery.” The History of Jim Crow. Last modified 2007. Accessed
February 5, 2011.
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/gallery.cgi

This is a great resource for teachers and students, designed with educators in
mind. In fact, there are lesson plans available on the site. There are several image
galleries offered on this page, including W.E.B. DuBois’ exhibit in the Paris Exposition
Universelle Collection and examples from the Prints and Photographs Division Library of
Congress.

“Jim Crow Stories”. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. PBS. Last modified 2002.
Accessed February 18, 2011.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_narratives.html

Although this series is a few years old, the links and audio files are still active on
this site. The link below is for the “Personal Narratives” page of the site; there are eleven
audio files of people who lived through, and were affected by, the Jim Crow laws. Real
Player is required, but it is worth the time to download the free program.

“John and Lugenia Hope Papers, 1888-1947,” Twenty-one microfilm reels, located at
The Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center.
 This is a collection of personal papers of John and Lugenia Burns Hope, primarily
made up of personal and official correspondences while Hope was president of
Morehouse College and Atlanta University and Lugenia Hope was involved in social
services. There are articles, essays, and speeches by both Mr. and Mrs. Hope, and also
financial records of the universities. The library is located at 111 James P. Brawley
Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA. The papers will give educators and students insight into the
lives of two prominent African Americans, through their courting years and the years
when John Hope was President of Morehouse College and Atlanta University and Mrs.
Hope was engaged in social work.

“Leo Frank Clemency Application, 1915.” Georgia’s Virtual Vault: Georgia Secretary of
State. Accessed January 5, 2011.
http://cdm.sos.state.ga.us/cdm4/frankclem.php .

This collection is from Georgia’s Virtual Vault, managed by the Georgia Archives
and the Secretary of State’s Office. It contains 27 scanned images including the
application for clemency, Governor John M. Slaton’s decision, letters and petition
supporting and opposing clemency and commutation, including letters written by Frank’s
wife. The scans are high-quality and almost all completely legible. Students may need
help deciphering a couple of the letters due to the writer’s style. Most of the documents
are typed.

Mackintosh, Barry. Booker T. Washington: An Appreciation of the Man and His

Times. Washington D.C.: Office of Publications, National Park Service,
1972.

An Appreciation makes a nice supplementary primary source to Washington’s

autobiography because it contains several photographs and original document images,
such as the property inventory sheet of his family’s owner during slavery. This book was
written by the head curator of the Booker T. Washington National Monument, so this
should be considered a fine collection of photographs. It also includes his speech before
the Atlanta Cotton Exposition in 1895.

“Mr. Grady’s Speech.” Atlanta Constitution, December 26, 1886. Accessed April 10,
2011.
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=2&did=527307142&SrchMode=2&sid=6
&Fmt=10&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=13026
23710&clientId=30336

Although not the text of the original speech, “Mr. Grady’s Speech” compiles
reactions from several Northern newspapers, including New York Mail and Expess, New
York Commercial Advertiser, Philadelphia Times, and the New York Evening Post. This
short article shows the favorable reaction of those in the North to Henry Grady’s speech
at the New England Society banquet.
“Platform Adopted by the National Negro Committee, 1909.” African American
Odyssey, American Memory Project, Library of Congress. Accessed February 2,
2011.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/aopart6b.html

This page is actually one of many primary sources on this site. The first is a report
to the secretary of the Anti-Lynching Committee in 1921 detailing the lynching reported
in the previous year. Another document is the “Platform Adopted by the National Negro
Committee”, 1909, which is the precursor to the NAACP. These documents are a record
of men of all color rising up to oppose segregation, disenfranchisement, and racial
violence.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).

http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=163&invol=537

This is the U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding “separate but equal” laws.
What is interesting, besides the well-known information about the impact of this case on
how states used separate but equal laws to legalize segregation, is the text about how
different states determine if a person is “colored” depending on the percentage of black
blood in the person’s background. Using this to get across to students how something so
trivial now was seen practically under a microscope then can be an important lesson on
how separated the races really were at that time.

“The Cotton States Exposition.” Cleveland Gazette (Cleveland, OH), May 18, 1895.
Accessed from the Ohio Historical Center’s African American Experience
In Ohio. Accessed February 18, 2011.
http://dbs.ohiohistory.org/africanam/page1.cfm?ItemID=18351&Current=02_02A

This newspaper article is a short plea from either a reader or possibly an editor
concerning how the “afro-Americans” will be treated at the forthcoming Exposition.
Although rather short, it is interesting to read how other state’s view the South’s
treatment, and includes a comment about how blacks were treated at a previous expo in
Chicago.

“Thomas E. Watson Papers.” University of North Carolina Digital Collections. Accessed

February 17, 2011.
http://www.lib.unc.edu/dc/watson/

Watson’s entire manuscript collection is housed at the Southern Historical

Collection at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. The collection was digitized in a
joint effort between the Southern Historical Collection and the Carolina Digital Library
and Archives. It is a searchable, browsable collection and includes complete runs of
Watson’s Magazine, The Watsonian, and The Jeffersonian. This is a great resource for
students researching Watson and the Populists. Featured materials are broken up into
correspondences, photos, and oral histories.
Toomey, Joseph M. Georgia’s Participation in the World War and the History of the
Department of Georgia: The American Legion. Macon, Georgia: J.W. Burke
Company, 1936.

Toomey compiled all the records he could from the War Department and local
sources into a reference book detailing Georgia’s contribution during World War I in
several areas. There is information about the forts and camps in Georgia, which divisions
were stationed there, an index of Georgians who served, casualties, medal winners, and a
section on “colored” soldiers from the state. The second half of the book is devoted to
the American Legion, its origin in the war, and those involved at the time. There are a
few photos, but most of the primary source material is composed of list information.

Washington, Booker T. The Booker T. Washington Papers. Edited by Louis R. Harlan.

Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1972.

This is a definitive set of writings by Washington, also available on web sources.

It is compiled into four volumes: volume one is made up of autobiographical writings and
includes letters and extracts from other personal works; volumes two through four are
papers arranged chronologically, comprised of letters and other writings.

W.E.B. DuBois, letter to Booker T. Washington, September 24, 1895. Accessed February
20, 2011, African American Odyssey digital exhibit, Library of Congress
American Memory Project.
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/archive/06/0606001r.jpg

Although opposed philosophically as to how quickly and by what means blacks should
gain civil rights, DuBois wrote this letter to Washington congratulating him on his Atlanta
Compromise Speech delivered at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition.

Websites

“1906 Atlanta Race Riot.” Coalition to Remember the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot. Last
modified 2006. Accessed February 12, 2006.
http://www.1906atlantaraceriot.org/

This site was developed in the centennial year of the riot to raise public awareness
of the riot and foster dialogue on race in Atlanta. Although the site has not been modified
since 2006, it still offers current links to resources on the riot, and includes a slideshow
with the names of the victims.

Blankenship, Glen; Patricia Guillory, and Bonnie Bullard London. “Georgia’s

Redemption Years,” in Georgia and the American Experience, 312-315. Lilburn,
Georgia: Clairmont Press, 2005. Last modified 2007. Accessed February 19,
2011.
http://www.mystatehistory.com/georgia/ga_05/ch_9_3.pdf
 This chapter is part of a Georgia history textbook designed for grades six through
eight. If you follow the root address, it asks for a password and requires and account;
however, I accessed this chapter directly through a search engine. The textbook is
available for purchase from the publisher and information is available at the publisher’s
home page. The chapter offers short biographical information on each member of the
triumvirate, their beliefs, and their clashes with Rebecca Latimer Felton.

Buchanan, Scott E. “County Unit System.” The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last
modified April 15, 2005.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1381&sug=y

This article explains the county unit system in Georgia, and how the system made
it possible for rural counties to have the same or more power than urban counties, such as
Fulton. That control by the rural voters helped keep segregation alive in the state, as well
as Democratic Party rule. The New Georgia Encyclopedia site is a joint project of the
Georgia Humanities Council, the UGA Press, UGA/Galileo, and the Office of the
Governor. The site should be considered very reliable by educators. It has a team of
editors and the contributor guidelines are formally laid out and well-explained.

Dinnerstein, Leonard. “Leo Frank Case.” The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified
August 3, 2009.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-906&hl=y

This is an excellent article on the case written by arguably the foremost authority
on the case, Leonard Dinnerstein. Although the topic has been covered at length in book
form, this article succinctly covers the murder of Mary Phagan, the evidence, the trial,
appeals, the Governor’s decision, and concludes with the pardon and the influence of the
case in such areas as race relations, the arts, and museum exhibits.

Hild, Matthew. “Bourbon Triumvirate.” The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified
November 3, 2006.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3592.

Hild’s article is a one- page description the triumvirate, short biographies of the
three politicians comprising the triumvirate, Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and
John B. Gordon, as well as delving into why the term “Bourbon Triumvirate” is not a
very accurate description of the three men, as they did not refuse to adapt after the Civil
War, nor were they like-minded in all areas.

“Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia” Ferris State University- Jim Crow Museum.
Accessed February 12, 2011,
http://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/index.htm

This site exhibits a history of Jim Crow and the meanings that Jim Crow implies
for African Americans. Dr. Pilgrim is a sociologist who is dedicated to collecting and
displaying artifacts that tell the story of discrimination and injustice of the Jim Crow
south. The museum is made of two separate traveling exhibits; “Hateful Things” and
“Them.”

Mixon, Gregory and Clifford Kuhn. “Atlanta Race Riot of 1906.” The New Georgia
Encyclopedia. Last modified September 23, 2005.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3033&hl=y

Mixon and Kuhn provide a well researched article on the riot, including a small abstract,
causes, a chronology of events during the riots, and a section on the immediate and long-term
aftermath of the riot.

Parker, David B. “Rebecca Latimer Felton (1835-1930).” The New Georgia

Encyclopedia. Last modified January 29, 2010.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?
path=/HistoryArchaeology/LateNin eteenthCentury/People-10&id=h-904 .

This is a recent (2010) article on Rebecca Latimer Felton, with a short biographical
section on her life before she ran for congress at the age of 39. Most of the article covers her
political life, exploring her as a Progressive, but also as a radical, but certainly a representative of
her time, as she was a staunch supporter of lynching to protect women.

“Rebecca Latimer Felton.” Women in Congress. Accessed February 5, 2011.

http://womenincongress.house.gov/member-profiles/profile.html?intID=74

This site was created and is maintained by the Office of the Clerk of the U.S.
House of Representatives. Although the page does not have creation dates on it, students
should expect the content to be trustworthy. This page contains much more information
than the Congressional biography pages, so students should consult this page first in
research. The biographical information is brief, but there is much information here about
her service in Congress. The bibliographical information at the end should be helpful for
students as well.

“The Booker T. Washington Papers.” University of Illinois Press. Accessed February 20,
2011.
http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/

This is a definitive set of text searchable writings by Washington. It is compiled

into four volumes: volume one is made up of autobiographical writings, and includes
letters and extracts from other personal works; volumes two through four are papers
arranged chronologically, comprised of letters and other writings.

Wormser, Richard. “Atlanta Riot 1906.” PBS Jim Crow Stories. Accessed January 9,
2011.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_atlanta.html .

This short article is a part of a four-part series aired on PBS titled The Rise and
Fall of Jim Crow in 2002. Although the article is short, there is a link within the article
that opens a video showing a historian’s account of the riot, describing how the situation
snowballed from a small skirmish to a full-fledged riot, and describing what happened to
those who fought back and those who took the beatings.

Secondary Sources
Ayers, Edward. The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction. Oxford
University Press, 2007.

Ayers points out the complexities of “the New South”. He distinguishes the boastful
rhetoric from the reality of common individuals. Ayers shows that although some envision the
New South as only a new means of achieving the same ends, others see the New South as a
possibility of achieving new racial equality in a progressive society.

Brundage, W. Fitzhugh. Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880-1930.
Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993.

Brundage compares the racial climate in Virginia and Georgia, researching the reasons why
Virginia’s lynching numbers were so much lower than Georgia’s. In the process, he informs
readers as to how blacks combated lynching, by fight or flight.

Bryan, Ferald J. Henry Grady or Tom Watson?. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University
Press, 1994.

Bryan’s work concerns itself with the “rhetorical struggle” between Watson and
Grady in the 1880s, focusing on their messages in their speeches. Grady’s speeches were
focused on how the South was moving to industrialization and away from agrarianism,
and how the South was really progressing towards racial harmony. Watson’s messages
were centered on agrarianism and white supremacy. As a primary source, this book
contains quotes from several of their speeches, and the complete wording of Grady’s
New South Speech and The Farmer and the Cities Speech at Elberton Georgia; Watson’s
commencement speeches at Mercer University and Milledgeville, Georgia are also
included.

Dinnerstein, Leonard. The Leo Frank Case. New York: Columbia University Press, 1968.

Dinnerstein’s book began as a dissertation while at Columbia and is now an oft-

quoted source on the Frank case. He wrote this book with a viewpoint of how it (the
conviction and lynching) was not a singular act of the times, but rather a product of the
times in the state of Georgia. Specifically, it was due to xenophobia at the time because
of the state’s reluctance to move from agrarianism to industrialism, and the resulting
influx of people different than those who lived there at the time (Frank being Jewish). His
book includes a few pictures of those involved as well as reprints of an Atlanta
newspaper headline story.

Golden, Harry. A Little Girl is Dead. Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1965.
 A Little Girl is Dead draws comparison between the Leo Frank case, the Dreyfus case
in France, and the Preparedness Parade bombing in San Francisco, and how repercussions
can carry on for many years. Golden covers the crime briefly, the trial at length, and
offers appendices including the commutation by Governor John M. Slaton, and a
newspaper article written two months prior to Frank’s lynching.

Oney, Steve. And the Dead Shall Rise. New York: Pantheon Books, 2003.

Oney’s book is meticulously researched and well-written. This book, along with
Dinnerstein’s, are probably considered the two best written on the subject. Oney, a
former Atlanta Constitution writer, used court transcripts, articles, first-person accounts,
and other legal documents in his research. His book has more research into all of the
involved parties than most. This would be an excellent source for students researching
not just the facts of the case, but also the mindset of those involved and the temperament
of society in Georgia at the time.

Phagan, Mary. The Murder of Little Mary Phagan. Far Hills, New Jersey: New Horizon
Press, 1987.

The Mary Phagan who wrote this book is the great niece of the murder victim Phagan.
Critiques of the book are mostly negative, condemning the book for many reasons: too
much attention is paid to the author and not the victim; the assertion that Leo Frank was,
in fact, guilty; the poor writing style, etc. I would not recommend this book to 8th graders
researching the Frank case.

Resource Guide: 1906 Atlanta Race Riots. Coalition to Remember the Atlanta Race Riot.
Last modified 2006. Accessed February 12, 2011.
http://www.1906atlantaraceriot.org/1906_resources_Ga_Archives.pdf

This page does not contain the actual primary sources, but it does offer a guide for
researchers who wish to access the Georgia Archives, detailing the state records available
(since the militia was involved), personal accounts, and newspaper sources. The root site
is also included in the website portion.

Rouse, Jacqueline Anne. Lugenia Burns Hope: Black Southern Reformer. Athens:
University of Georgia Press, 1989.

Rouse’s biography is listed under primary sources due to the number of photographs of
Hope throughout her life. This resource can also be listed under secondary sources, as it
is a well- written biography of Hope, wife of John Hope (president of Morehouse and
Atlanta University, and herself a social activist.

Woodward, C. Vann. Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel. New York: Oxford University
Press 1938.
 This has been reissued in 1955 and reprinted in 1969, so the early publication date
should not dissuade students from using this resource. The book is mainly concerned with
his political life, and the bibliography offers excellent information on his writings and
others’ about him.

Exhibits:

The New South

A- The period following the Civil War and Reconstruction in the South was
harsh. The economy spiraling downward, African Americans on the rise, and
awkward social relationships places the southerners into uncharted territories. In
reaction to the transforming southern political leaders, such as Tom Watson,
began pushing for reforms in the interest of the people. The locus of his platform
was under the populist movement in the South.
This movement is opposed to the “New South” doctrine of Henry Grady.
Grady’s ideal rested on industrial growth and the restoration of white supremacy.
Grady was the managing editor for the Atlanta Constitution. The paper was
Grady’s platform for the growth of Atlanta and also promotes international events
such as the International Cotton Exposition that was held in Atlanta on three
separate occasions.
The political maneuvering of these figures along with the works of the
Bourbon Triumvirate creates a tension in the air. Tensions and animosities built
up among Populists and Democrats, Catholics and Protestants, and blacks and
whites. Tensions between the races transforms from mere tensions to outright
violence in the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot. The riot cements the fate of dozens of
blacks that die amidst the rioting.
The Progressive Era is marked by several different innovations. Some
being a part of the industrial revolution, some being a part in the forward
progression of civil rights, and some a part of the gender struggle. Rebecca
Latimer Felton plays an important role in the push for women’s rights. Felton was
the first woman to receive a seat in the US senate.

Jim Crow South

B- The Plessy v. Ferguson decision in 1896 sets the foundation for all the
following “separate but equal” legislation that follows. In the wake of the decision
white supremacist groups begin organizing their efforts to increase segregation
among the races. The “separate but equal” doctrine dominates the entire country
for the next half century until the ruling is determined to be unconstitutional in
1954 in the Brown v. Board case.
Jim Crow South results from the segregation of the races. Jim Crow is the
“black codes” that negate the rights gained by freed slaves from the 13 th, 14th, and
15th amendments. The codes were not limited to laws enacted, but become a way
of life for southerners. Disenfranchisement took away all political power African
Americans could muster up in Reconstruction. Jim Crow is an idea that goes
 beyond using separate public restrooms, and sitting in different seats; living in
Jim Crow South means African Americans are an inferior race.
In the era there were certain social expectations that must be adhered to.
Serious consequences (that include lynching in many cases) are in store for
anyone who was willing to break the race line. Whites feared the emergence of
black power and in reaction they create a caste system of hate. Race riots result
from the times in Wilmington, North Carolina; Atlanta, Georgia; Springfield,
Illinois; St. Louis, Illinois; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Detroit, Michigan. James Johnson,
president of the NAACP, refers to 1919 as “The Red Summer” because of the
violence displayed against blacks that year.

African American Leaders

C- The effects on African Americans resulting from the dogged segregation
of Jim Crow South are numerous. One effect is the division of blacks among
themselves. Two schools of thought develop for the appropriate manner in which
to deal with civil rights issues.
Booker T. Washington created the first school in dealing with the
oppressive white treatments of blacks. Washington urges blacks to put up with the
injustices and strive for higher education and stronger industry. Washington
believes that he civil rights issues will work themselves out over time. He
contends that hard work is the key to success as individuals and as a race.
DuBois staunchly opposes Washington’s stance. DuBois argues that non-
activism will only perpetuate racial injustice. Political activism is the only way to
combat the oppression. He believes that a group of highly intelligent men (the
“talented tenth”) can relieve the injustices created by a white dominated society.
DuBois helped found the NAACP; that has lived up to its name throughout the
Civil Rights Movement. Washington is viewed as a conservative and DuBois a
radical liberal.
These philosophies govern most aspects of colored advancements. Alonzo
Herndon epitomizes the ideals of the Washington philosophies while still
interested in the DuBois’s ideas. Herndon, a former slave, ran a very successful
barber shop where he meets the most prominent men in Atlanta. John Hope is
closer to the ideals preached by DuBois. He was very active in civic groups for
the advancement of minorities.

Georgia’s Participation in World War I

D- The issues that face blacks in America often overshadowed by more
international events. The world is in the midst of the industrial revolution and on
its way to the beginning of World War I. In Europe countries entangle alliances
that cause war for more countries than necessary. Along with strong nationalism
campaigns by various ethnicities the countries create hostile environments that
lead to blurred jurisdictions, and in June of 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir
to the Austrian-Hungarian throne) is assonated in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
World War I results from state leaders' aggressions toward other countries.
These aggressions are supported by the rising nationalism of the European
nations. Economic and imperial competition and fear of war prompt military
 alliances and an arms race, which further escalate the tensions supplying to the
eruption of war.
America will enter the war after a US passenger ship (the Lusitania) is sunk by a
German submarine in 1915. Georgia is involved in military aspects as well as
industrial support. Georgia has several military training camps and a couple of
POW camps for WWI. Georgia also puts its textile industry to use for war efforts.

Historic Sites
1. Stone Mountain Park

U.S. Highway 78 East, Exit 8

Stone Mountain, GA 30087
or
1000 Robert E. Lee Blvd
Stone Mountain, GA 30083

● Admission Prices:

One-time admission price for children and adults: $27.00

with Mountain Membership: $17.00
Year Mountain Memberships: 12+ is $54.00, ages 3-11 is $42.00

● Parking:

2011 One-Day Parking (Passenger Car, Truck, Motorcycle) $10.00

One-Day Parking (Vehicles with 15 or more passengers) $20.00
Annual Parking Pass (Passenger Car, Truck, Motorcycle) $35.00
Annual Mountain Member Parking Pass (Passenger Car, Truck,
Motorcycle) $20.00

● Hours

The park is open 365 days a year. The hours vary during the year, but
range between 8:00 A.M. and 10:00 P.M. A detailed calendar is available
on the park web site.
http://www.stonemountainpark.com/dates-hours/OperatingCalendar.aspx

● Contact Information

General Information: 770.498.5690 or 800.401.2407

Group Information: 770.498.5636
 Campground: 770.498.5710 or 800.385.9807
Stone Mountain Park’s Customer Service Center
Monday – Sunday 9:00AM – 5:30 PM EST
For automated 24 hour information, call 770.498.5690 within the metro
Atlanta area or 1.800.401.2407 outside metro Atlanta.
Mailing Address: Stone Mountain Park
PO Box 778
Stone Mountain Park, GA 30086

● Benefits to 8th grade students

Although the park has evolved over the years into a family-friendly amusement
park, the historical aspects of the park and its place in Georgia’s race-related history is
important. The Ku Klux Klan used Stone Mountain for their 1915 foundation setting,
and they continued to use Stone Mountain for their rallies for 50 years, until 1981. The
owner of the mountain actually granted easement to the Klan so it could hold
ceremonies/celebrations there in perpetuity.
This site is a known world-wide, although its historical roots in the Klan are not.
Students can see how the history of the monument is intertwined with racial history of the
state of Georgia. For instance, the Klan at the time of the 2nd founding called itself the
Knights of Mary Phagan, having organized around the Leo Frank trial. The Klan itself
helped pay for the carving, and thus had a tremendous amount of influence in the
Confederate theme, which also shows the political and social clout of the Klan at the
time.
After decades of attempts, the state purchased the property in the 1950s and
condemned its own property, ending the easement, but not the connection to the Klan.

2. An Unoffical Walking Tour of the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot

This is not an official tour sanctioned by any organization. It is simply a list of

locations relative to the riot in Atlanta.
 Locations:
o Five Points/ Woodruff Park
On September 26, the crowd gathered in this area spurred by a posted
sign by the KKK.

o Decatur Street
The first violence started here when whites and blacks clashed, and the
fire department turned hoses on the blacks.

o Herndon Barbershop, 66 Peachtree Street

Owned by a successful black businessman, the barbershop was broken
into and vandalized by a group of whites. A shoeshine man was
reportedly killed there.

o Kimball House Hotel, location of a current parking deck

A group of approximately 10,000 whites gathered there and incited
into violence, resulting in the death of one man in a barbershop in the
lobby.
 o Forsyth Street Bridge
Now a MARTA hub, four black men were killed there and more
jumped from the bridge to escape the mob.

o Marietta and Forsyth Streets

Three murdered blacks were dumped at the foot of the Henry Grady
statue here.

o Peachtree Street and Cain Street

The governor’s residence at the time was located at the site of the
Westin Hotel. He called up the militia on Sunday, well after the rioting
started.

o Piedmont Hotel
Owned by the same owner as the Atlanta newspaper that fueled the
riot, it was the scene of a large mob gathering, and a place where the
Mayor spoke out against the paper for its actions.

 Benefits to 8th grade students

Although this is not an officially designated historic site, the locations associated with
the riot give anyone visiting the area the opportunity to make the past come alive. There
is a difference between reading about something in a textbook and having the chance to
actually see where something took place. For 8th grade students, the importance of
knowing that this part of Georgia’s past, specifically a time when violence could erupt
because blacks “overstepped their bounds”, is not so far in the past that we cannot see
exactly where the events took place cannot be measured. For many this age, history is
something in the past too far away to conceive. This could change that outlook.

3. Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia

 Location:

3370 LaFayette Road, Fort Oglethorpe, GA 30742

 Admission:

Chickamauga Battlefield: $0
Cravens House on historic Lookout Mountain: $0
Point Park at Lookout Mountain Battlefield: 

ADULT                   $3.00 Per Person. (Age 16 years or older)

CHILDREN FREE (Age 15 and under)

*EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:
 School groups may receive a fee waiver if you make reservations at least two
weeks prior to your visit. A fee waiver application must be submitted
along with a letter of request on institution letterhead requesting and
explaining the reasons for the educational visit. Talks or guided tours must be
reserved in advance and are subject to availability of staff.
 Fee Waiver Request Application . . .                     
                 

 Hours:

National Military Park- From Sunrise to Sunset

The Chickamauga Battle Visitor Center- 8:30-5:00

 Contact information:

By Phone:

Chickamauga Battle Visitor Center- (706) 866-9241

Lookout Mountain Battlefield Visitor Center- (423) 821-7786

Fax- (423) 752-5215

By Mail:
Park Superintendent
Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park
P.O. Box 2128
Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia 30742

Email: Click Here

 Benefits to 8th grade Students

Chickamauga is most famous for the battle that took place in the Civil War;
however, it has an instrumental part in Georgia’s effort in WWI. Chickamauga is home
to garrison and administration camps. Just beside that at Camp Greenleaf (at
Chickamauga) has Army Med Corp training.

The city of Fort Oglethorpe hosts is also home to a POW camp for the allied
powers. The historical battlefield puts students into the actual setting of Georgia’s
strongest efforts during WWI.

Websites with Audiovisuals

  Short (1:30) clip from Public Broadcasting Atlanta’s Voices of Change series on
Lugenia Burns Hope.
http://www.pba.org/programming/programs/voicesofchange/3144/

 Short (1:30) clip from Public Broadcasting Atlanta’s Voices of Change series on
W.E.B DuBois.
http://www.pba.org/programming/programs/voicesofchange/3105/

 Steve Oney, author of And the Dead Shall Rise presents a lecture on the Frank
case on Forum Network (service of PBS and NPR as part of the Breman Jewish
Heritage Museum’s exhibition on the Frank case. (2008)
http://forum-network.org/lecture/and-dead-shall-rise

 Steve Oney speaking on C-Span2 Book TV about his book. This is a 45 minute
lecture. (2003) This lecture is better quality than the Forum Network one.
http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/178832-1

 Author Robert Norrell talks about his book Up From History: The Life of Booker
T. Washington. (C-Span video library)
http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/283886-1

 This is a 2:48 video from C-Span’s American Writers series; the topic of this
edition is W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington.
http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/165130-1

 Theda Perdue, Professor of Southern Culture at the University of North Carolina

discusses her book Race and the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition of 1895. This
video is approximately an hour long. (Forum Network)
http://forum-network.org/lecture/theda-perdue-race-and-atlanta-cotton-states-exposition-
1895