CAE Healthcare: Your Worldwide Training Partner of Choice
CAE Healthcare: Your Worldwide Training Partner of Choice
PRODUCT CATALOG
Your worldwide
training partner
of choice
Better healthcare for all
begins with better training for
healthcare professionals.
At CAE, our goal is to provide the most advanced, realistic, medical training solutions available. Our end-to-end
spectrum of healthcare solutions includes patient, surgical and imaging simulation, center management,
and learning modules. Whether it’s a hospital, nursing or medical school, emergency response team,
military branch, or allied health program, we offer custom, healthcare training solutions in risk-free
environments that will take your team to the next level of confidence, knowledge, and preparedness.
Contents
03 Table of Contents
07 CAE - A Global Safety Leader
09 A Commitment To Quality
11 PAT IEN T S IM U L AT I O N
15 CAEAria™
17 CAEApollo™
19 CAEAres™
21 CAEAthena™
23 CAEHPS®
25 CAEJuno™
27 CAELucina™
29 CAELuna™
31 CAEMaestro™
33 Immersive Training Digital Solutions
35 U LT R A S O U N D S I M U L AT I O N
39 CAEVimedix™ Cardiac, Abdo
41 CAEVimedix™ Ob/Gyn
43 CAEBluePhantom™ Ultrasound Training
44 CAEBluePhantom™ Femoral Line Training
45 CAEBluePhantom™ Midscapular Thoracentesis Training
47 SU RG I C A L S IM U L AT I O N
51 CAEEndoVR™
53 CAELapVR™
54 CAECathLabVR™
55 CAENeuroVR™
57 Surgical Cut Suits and Trauma Training Models
59 C A E LE A R NINGSPACE
63 CAELearningSpace™
64 Choose your CAE LearningSpace Configuration
67 C A E H E A LT H C A R E A C A D E M Y
71 CAE Healthcare Academy
“Keeping people safe
is actually in the
MARC PARENT / company’s mission, and
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, CAE
every employee at CAE
is passionate about this
noble cause that is ours.”
INTRODUCTION I 05
CAE WORLDWIDE
CAE is a high technology company, at the leading edge of digital immersion, providing solutions to
make the world a safer place. Backed by a record of more than 70 years of industry firsts, we continue
to reimagine the customer experience and revolutionize training and operational support solutions
in civil aviation, defense and security, and healthcare. We are the partner of choice to customers
worldwide who operate in complex, high stakes and largely regulated environments, where successful
outcomes are critical. We have the broadest global presence in our industry, with approximately 10,000
employees, 160 sites, and training locations in over 35 countries. In 2009, the company leveraged its
vast experience in aviation in founding CAE Healthcare, a medical simulation business with a mission
to improve training and increase patient safety. Today, hospitals, medical schools, nursing schools,
defense forces and societies in more than 80 countries use our training solutions to make healthcare safer.
INTRODUCTION I 07
CAE QUALITY
At CAE, quality is engineered into everything we do. Some of the world’s finest modelers of human
physiology collaborate with our experienced core of medical simulation engineers to design and build the
very best simulation training tools while advancing technology and accelerating innovation. We have adopted
Six Sigma principles and Lean Management practices to ensure operational excellence at every phase,
and have achieved ISO 9001:2015 certification. This certification is testament to our deep commitment to
only delivering the highest quality healthcare simulation products and services in the world. With customers
across the globe, our dedicated regional customer service team is on-call and prepared to deliver fast,
reliable, and personalized service, and solve the most complex challenges with high-quality solutions.
INTRODUCTION I 09
PATIENT SIMULATION
With lifelike respiratory and cardiovascular systems and the ability to automatically generate physiological
responses, our patient simulators are as close to the real thing as you can get without someone’s life on the line.
PATIENT SIMULATION I 11
“The possibilities
are endless.
With this kind of
MARISA BELOTE /
SIMULATION CENTER DIRECTOR, technology, the only
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT MEDICINE
limitation is we the
faculty and what we
think we can do with it.”
PATIENT SIMULATION I 13
PA TI E NT S I M UL A TI O N
CAEAria
TM
range of clinical interventions, allowing learners to practice the high demands of children’s healthcare
FEATURES
ADVANCED AIRWAY /
Supports a variety of airway adjuncts.
NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT /
Sternal rub, cyanosis and seizures.
PATIENT SIMULATION I 15
PA TI E NT S I M UL A TI O N
CAEApollo
TM
With its unique physiological model, CAE Apollo creates realistic patients with automatic
behavior for an in-depth and more effective training experience. CAE Apollo offers versatility
and fidelity with tailored configurations for nursing and prehospital programs.
FEATURES
NURSING – TRACHEOSTOMY /
Site for practicing suctioning techniques, care and management of trach.
PATIENT SIMULATION I 17
PA TI E NT S I M UL A TI O N
CAEAres
TM
modern platform and created to fulfill the requirements in advanced life support and other emergency
patient management protocols, CAE Ares is durable to sustain repeated lifesaving maneuvers.
FEATURES
SYMEYES /
Blinking eyes with reactive pupils that display an array of patient symptoms and states.
LIFE-SAVING MEASURES /
Advanced airway for intubation and ventilation and advanced CPR performance analysis measures.
CAE AresAR /
An engaging augmented reality solution that helps learners visualize real-time 3D holograms of human anatomy
and physiology for increased immersion and interaction in life-threatening medical emergency training.
PATIENT SIMULATION I 19
PA TI E NT S I M UL A TI O N
CAEAthena
TM
mobile simulation and transport scenarios with capabilities for advanced practice in airway management,
ventilation and cardiovascular education, Athena allows healthcare teams to build stronger technical and
FEATURES
SYMEYES /
Blinking eyes with reactive pupils that display an array of symptoms and conditions.
AESTHETICALLY AUTHENTIC /
Realistic female proportions, anatomy and vocalization.
ADVANCED CPR /
AHA compliant CPR maneuvers on a female patient with comprehensive performance analysis.
PATIENT SIMULATION I 21
PA TI E NT S I M UL A TI O N
CAEHPS ®
CAE HPS interfaces with real clinical monitors and ventilators, and automatically responds to the
FEATURES
AUTHENTIC BREATHING /
Realistic respiratory system which adds the ability for uptake and distribution of volatile anesthetics, direct gas
exchange in the lungs, variable airway resistance, lung and chest wall compliance, and real capnography.
ADVANCED - TECHNOLOGIES /
Highest fidelity that supports high stakes competency development or assessment in respiratory care and
management with real monitor interface, drug recognition, thumb twitch, pericardiocentesis, peritoneal lavage.
PATIENT SIMULATION I 23
PA TI E NT S I M UL A TI O N
CAEJuno
TM
offers a unique combination of basic to advanced scenarios that engage and prepare learners to
FEATURES
SCALABLE /
Modular configurations that are scalable to meet growing or changing educational program needs.
2-IN-1 /
Easily and fully converts from female to male with chest skin, wig and genitalia for increased realism, saving
program cost and space.
MULTI-SIM CONTROL /
Allows for control of up to 10 synchronized CAE Juno units from one single instructor device.
PATIENT SIMULATION I 25
PA TI E NT S I M UL A TI O N
CAELucina
TM
maternal-fetal physiology to train on all the stages of delivery and rare emergency obstetrical scenarios.
FEATURES
INTERVENTION DETECTION /
Objective real-time feedback helps assess learner performance in shoulder dystocia, uterine massage
and CPR maneuvers.
BIRTHING MECHANISM /
Best-in-class birthing mechanism, which is silent, sophisticated and reliable. The birthing fetus is free of unrealistic
mechanical connection points, disengages smoothly from delivery mechanism, and allows for a realistic delivery.
SYMEYES /
Blinking eyes with reactive pupils that display an array of symptoms and conditions.
MULTIPLE CONFIGURATIONS /
CAE Lucina’s prepartum, intrapartum, postpartum, and non-gravid configurations address a
wide variety of training needs in obstetrical care. Supports performing prepartum vaginal
exams with static cervices and managing a Class III postpartum hemorrhage with a 1.8
liter fluid reservoir.
PATIENT SIMULATION I 27
PA TI E NT S I M UL A TI O N
CAELuna
TM
and maintain proficiency and competency in caring for infants. From well newborn assessment and
care to advanced life support and resuscitation skills, CAE Luna provides the total training solution for
FEATURES
ADVANCED AIRWAY /
The only infant simulator that supports laryngospasm and a tracheostomy site for practicing and honing
unexpected life-threatening respiratory events.
RESUSCITATION SKILLS /
In accordance with NRP and PALS guidelines, effective chest compressions result in artificial circulation, cardiac
output, central and peripheral blood pressures, palpable pulses and CO2 return, thereby providing realistic
feedback on learner performance.
PATIENT SIMULATION I 29
PA TI E NT S I M UL A TI O N
CAEMaestro
TM
CAE Maestro, the latest generation of patient simulation software, features the power of CAE Physiology
for model-driven simulation and is designed with a streamlined interface for instructor-driven scenarios.
FEATURES
CHECKLISTS /
Captures learners’ clinical skill performance as well as communication skills. Instructor has full control to customize Maestro simulated patient monitor signals and signs.
MONITOR SIGNALS /
Instructor has full control to customize the Maestro simulated patient monitor signals and data.
ASSESSMENT TOOLS /
AHA compliant CPR analysis supports assessment and feedback of learner performance.
PATIENT RECORDS /
Uploaded media files can be shared to learners during the simulation experience.
LOGS /
Real-time event logging captures interventions and patient status changes which can be used in debriefing. AHA-compliant CPR analysis supports assessment and provides feedback to learners.
PATIENT SIMULATION I 31
PA TI E NT S I M UL A TI O N
C A E Immersive Training
Digital Solutions CAE MAESTRO EVOLVE: INTUITIVE VIRTUAL SOLUTION FOR DISTANCE LEARNING
Mixed reality. Simulated equipment. Gaming. This is where healthcare education is going, and CAE is helping to
pioneer the way. We are harnessing the power of state-of-the-art technologies to create sophisticated learning
tools that offer an immersive and interactive glimpse into the innermost workings of the human body in turn
accelerating retention and learning. This is the future of healthcare education. CAE makes it available today.
Deliver powerful simulation training from anywhere with CAE Maestro Evolve, an interactive virtual learning
platform offering limitless possibilities for innovative instruction and content development with a continuous stream
of new, pre-programmed scenarios, virtual patients, virtual medical equipment and teaching tools.
PATIENT SIMULATION I 33
ULTRASOUND SIMULATION
Ultrasound’s ability to
improve patient outcomes
is largely dependent on the
skill of the practitioner.
The path to accurately diagnosing and assessing pathologies just got shortened with our cutting-edge ultrasound
education that blends leading simulation technology with world-class instruction and methodologies.
ULTRASOUND SIMULATION I 35
“We close the loop between
DR. STEFAN MONK
CAE HEALTHCARE CHIEF MEDICAL OFFICER education and training and
safety in healthcare.”
ULTRASOUND SIMULATION I 37
ULTRA S OUND S I M UL A TI O N
COMMON PLATFORM /
Cardiac, pulmonary, abdominal and Ob/Gyn modalities share one user interface for a comprehensive and seamless
THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE AND EASY-TO-USE ULTRASOUND SIMULATOR ultrasound learning experience.
FOR YOUR TRAINING NEEDS
SELF-DIRECTED CONTENT /
CAE Vimedix is a high-fidelity simulator that facilitates the learning process for cardiac, lung, abdominal and
With a range of self-directed instructional content such as Target Cut Planes, students can learn basic
Ob/Gyn ultrasound – all on one common platform. With its state-of-the-art manikin-based system and
ultrasonographic principles without an instructor present and tailor their user experience for optimal learning.
innovative software tools, CAE Vimedix accelerates the development of essential psychomotor and cognitive
skills for ultrasound probe handling, image interpretation, diagnosises and clinical decision-making. VALIDATED PERFORMANCE METRICS /
Integrated performance metrics, validated in peer-reviewed scientific publications, allow students to continuously
develop their psychomotor and cognitive skills for optimal ultrasound scanning.
ULTRASOUND SIMULATION I 39
ULTRA S OUND S I M UL A TI O N
CAEVimedix OB/GYN
TM
The Vimedix Ob/Gyn ultrasound simulator teaches trainees to perform and interpret ultrasound exams in
FEATURES
AUGMENTED REALITY /
Learn basic anatomy with 2-D augmented reality and understand the relationship between the transducer
beam and the ultrasound image.
REAL-TIME IMAGES /
High-resolution, real-time images of a fetus at 8, 12 and 20 weeks.
VIRTUAL INSTRUCTOR /
Learn on your own and compare your obstetrics measurements and calculations to those performed by a clinical expert.
ULTRASOUND SIMULATION I 41
ULTRA S OUND S I M UL A TI O N
CAEBluePhantom
TM
FEATURES
SIMULEX™ TISSUE /
Each Blue Phantom model is designed and fabricated with our patented technology – the Simulex™ tissue –
THE MOST REALISTIC AND DURABLE ULTRASOUND TRAINING PRODUCTS FOR
to replicate the acoustic properties of human tissue.
HANDS-ON TRAINING
CAE Blue Phantom is the world leader in ultrasound training models with over 175 products. The Blue DURABILITY /
Due to the self-healing properties of our Simulex™ tissue, each Blue Phantom model guarantees at least one
Phantom product portfolio contains low, mid, and high-fidelity task trainers covering a variety of specialties
thousand simulation attempts, backed by a one-year warranty.
including but not limited to: Anesthesia, Cardiology, Emergency Medicine, Pediatrics, Pulmonology, and
Obstetrics and Gynecology. Designed and fabricated with our patented technology, ultrasound-guided
COMPATIBILITY /
procedural training has never felt so realistic.
CAE Blue Phantom products can be used with any ultrasound system capable of imaging the human tissue.
ULTRASOUND SIMULATION I 43
ULTRA S OUND S I M UL A TI O N
CAEBluePhantom CAEBluePhantom
TM TM
The femoral training model has been redesigned to provide a more realistic training experience for This hands-on training model for ultrasound-guided thoracentesis procedures allows users to gain experience and
practicing placement of ultrasound-guided femoral lines and regional anesthesia procedures. confidence identifying and guiding needle and small gauge catheter insertions in patients with pleural effusions.
The ultra-durable, self-healing tissue offers a long life, providing a low cost of ownership.
FEATURES FEATURES
• Anatomy based on digital human files. • Excellent imaging characteristics using any ultrasound imaging system.
• Innovative pumping system that allows for • Extremely realistic: model contains structures including the chest wall superficial tissue, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th
compressing of vein but not artery. ribs and intercostal spaces, pleural cavity with lung and atelectatic lung, diaphragm, and superior aspect of the spleen.
• Expanded nerve anatomy. • Users learn to avoid accessory structures such as the spleen, diaphragm and lung.
• Superior reliability and durability. • Positive fluid flow offers users immediate feedback when pleural effusion fluid is accurately accessed.
ULTRASOUND SIMULATION I 45
SURGICAL SIMULATION
Our minimally invasive and interventional simulators give surgery residents the chance to gain
proficiency and technical skills in a risk-free environment. This is the place to make mistakes and learn.
SURGICAL SIMULATION I 47
“We simply can’t have
CHRISTINE PARK, MD, FASA, FSSH
DIRECTOR OF SIMULATION AND
patient safety
INTEGRATIVE LEARNING
without simulation.”
SURGICAL SIMULATION I 49
S URGI C A L S I M UL A TI O N
CAEEndoVR
TM
CAE EndoVR is the all-in-one simulator for both gastrointestinal and bronchial training. This interventional
simulator offers learning modules for bronchoscopy, EBUS-TBNA, upper GI, and lower GI to give learners
a comprehensive set of cases for their simulation-based learning. Customize curriculum to match learner
needs; capture metrics, set parameter levels and upload supplemental multimedia content to get the
FEATURES
HAPTIC FEEDBACK /
CAE EndoVR delivers realistic haptic technology that accurately replicates the use of a scope during procedures,
enabling learners to “get a real feel” for gastrointestinal tract and bronchial endoscopy assessments.
COMING SOON
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and Endoscopic Submucosal Dissections (ESD)
SURGICAL SIMULATION I 51
S URGI C A L S I M UL A TI O N
CAELapVR
TM
procedures with CAE LapVR surgical simulator for laparoscopy training. CAE LapVR gives learners the
opportunity to develop proficiency in techniques such as suturing, knot tying and loop ligation as well as
some frequently performed laparoscopic surgeries like gallbladder removal and tubal occlusion, before
FEATURES
MODERNIZED PLATFORM /
In conjunction with an easy-to-navigate platform, CAE LapVR surgical simulators are height-adjustable, compact
and lightweight, and easy to store away. Learners can also effectively develop visual-spatial dexterity with both
dominant and non-dominant hands.
COMING SOON
OB/GYN Procedures of Hysterectomy, Salpingectomy and Tubal Ligation
SURGICAL SIMULATION I 53
S URGI C A L S I M UL A TI O N
CAECathlabVR CAENeuroVR
TM TM
INCREASE ENDOVASCULAR PROFICIENCY WITH EASE THE MOST ADVANCED NEUROSURGERY SIMULATOR FOR ENHANCED
RISK-FREE TRAINING
CAE Healthcare’s newly redesigned CathLabVR endovascular simulator is a highly portable system that
CAE NeuroVR enables neurosurgeons and residents to practice and develop expert skills in open cranial and endo-
allows residents and physicians to experience endovascular procedures anywhere, anytime.
scopic brain surgery within an immersive virtual reality training environment. With training modules that replicate
Learners can navigate diverse virtual 3D anatomies with cardiac and vascular abnormalities as they
realistic instruments, imaging, and open neurological procedures, CAE NeuroVR allows for risk-free, self-directed
develop proficiency within a safe learning environment.
practice resulting in reduced medical errors and better patient outcomes.
FEATURES
FEATURES
MODULARITY, PORTABILITY, DURABILITY /
ENHANCED REALISM /
The new CAE CathLabVR is redesigned with flexibility and portability in mind. This on-the-go simulator is compact
Develop expert skills due to CAE NeuroVR’s enhanced realism, which includes realistic sounds, tactile feedback and
due to its modular design and can even travel with you on an airplane.
lifelike representation of brain tissue, blood vessels and tumors.
SURGICAL SIMULATION I 55
S URGI C A L S I M UL A TI O N
CAE Healthcare is the worldwide distributor for Strategic Operations (STOPS) Inc. medical products for
BPS (BLOOD PUMPING SYSTEM) /
simulation-based education in traumatic events, point-of-injury triage, treatment en route, and transition
An innovation in patient-worn bleeding simulation, BPS is a hyper-realistic medical training system designed to
of care and surgical intervention. From Hyper-realistic® cut suits and task trainers, medial and non-medical
simulate human arterial and venous hemorrhage in conjunction with simulated human injury products.
personnel learn to safely manage severe patient trauma scenarios by experiencing realistic look, feel,
6-IN-1 TRAINER /
Combining multiple task trainers within one unit, the 6-in-1 trainer eliminates the
need for multiple products. Practice procedural and tactical interventions such as:
Nasopharyngeal Airway (NPA) Adjunct Insertion, Clearing of upper airway obstructions,
Surgical Airways, Chest-Needle Thoracentesis, Sternal Intraosseous Catheter Insertion
and Proximal Humerus Intraosseous Catheter Insertion.
REALISM /
Hyper-realistic® and human-worn, these medical products for
simulated-based training provide both medical and non-medical
personnel with the utmost realistic trauma scenarios from look
to feel to even smell.
SURGICAL SIMULATION I 57
CAE LEARNINGSPACE
LearningSpace lets you turbo boost your learning environment with, industry-leading simulation
management solution that fit your goals and get your team ready for the real world.
CAE LEARNINGSPACE I 59
“You have a company
devoted to the people,
JARED STAAB, DO, MA devoted to the patients,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ANESTHESIOLOGY
AND CRITICAL CARE
devoted to healthcare personnel,
and devoted to patient safety.
When something is designed
on a foundation as strong
as those, it’s a novel concept.”
CAE LEARNINGSPACE I 61
CA E L E A R NI NGS PA C E
CAELearningSpace
TM
FEATURES
WEB-BASED /
Record, annotate and assess in any room, on any device and from anywhere. Eliminate downtime with remote
A COMPREHENSIVE AND HASSLE-FREE SOLUTION FOR SIMULATION MANAGEMENT system monitoring, troubleshooting, regular backups and software updates.
Gain a 360-degree view of your simulation training environment, learner performance and educational
SECURE /
outcomes. CAE LearningSpace is a proven center management solution for performance improvement in training
Protect privacy and data with centralized authentication for all users, password sign-on and encryption of all
environments with effective video-driven performance assessment. Capture stunning HD recording in real-time,
captured data and recording.
allowing facilitators to debrief anytime and anywhere to improve technical and non-technical skills and facilitate
self-reflection.
CENTER MANAGEMENT /
A host of center management solutions such as Inventory Management make it easier for you to focus on delivering
high-quality training.
SCALABLE /
With one scalable platform and universal hardware configurations, CAE LearningSpace grows with your center. Add
rooms, features, and linked simulation centers as your program grows.
DISTANCE LEARNING /
Manage the virtual delivery of your simulation training – Standardized Patients, OSCE encounters, manikin-based
sessions, lectures and presentations – all on one platform. Engage with students through live streaming, video
uploads of lectures and student sessions from any device.
CAE LEARNINGSPACE I 63
CA E L E A R NI NGS PA C E
A SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM FOR INTELLIGENT CAPTURE AND DEBRIEF A STREAMLINED SYSTEM THAT EXCEEDS EXPECTATIONS
CAE LearningSpace Experience is a simple solution for debrief. It is easily adaptable within a fast-paced healthcare CAE LearningSpace Essentials is a streamlined center management system designed for nursing or
environment where standards and practices are rapidly evolving. The user-friendly system allows clinical teams allied health programs, with easy scheduling, integrated patient simulator curriculum and checklists for
of all levels to hit the ground running as they practice new safety protocols and gain instant feedback. standardized assessment and evaluation. Get started quickly with a system that includes all the proven
benefits of LearningSpace for more effective simulation and video-enhanced improvement.
CAELearningSpace Enterprise
TM
CAE LearningSpace Enterprise is CAE Healthcare’s proven center management system with a 17-year track
record and a community of experienced users around the world. As our most robust clinical simulation
management platform, LearningSpace Enterprise is engineered to offer an enriched end-user experience,
including audiovisual capture and debrief, centralized Standardized Patient management, advanced
scheduling and rich reporting to manage all aspects of healthcare learning.
CAE LEARNINGSPACE I 65
CAE HEALTHCARE ACADEMY
You’re in good hands with our team of registered nurses, surgeons, general practitioners and a variety
of specialists who provide peer-to-peer support and will guide you through every step of the way.
EDUCATION SOLUTIONS /
CAE Healthcare offers healthcare organizations evidence-based, clinical education solutions to help improve
HELPING TO IMPROVE PATIENT SAFETY AND OUTCOMES
patient safety and outcomes.
The CAE Healthcare Academy is your partner for education, consultation, support and turnkey solutions in your
PRODUCT EDUCATION /
learning environment. Members of the Academy provide ongoing “train the trainer” services for simulation-based
Training for Life™ courses, customer on-site courses, educational webinars, product videos, and Essentials
education and also offer consulting and professional services to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of
of Simulation.
healthcare learning environments.
CONTINUING EDUCATION /
Adaptive and self-directed learning, simulation webinars, CAE ICCU e-learning.
CUSTOMER SUPPORT /
Clinicians available 12 hours per day, Monday through Friday to answer questions regarding physiology,
programming, facilitation, best practices and more.
TAILORED SOLUTIONS /
CAE Healthcare offers customized professional services and consultation on a variety of simulation-based topics:
• Simulation center design/start up • Customized development of Simulated Clinical
• Curriculum integration Experiences (SCEs)
• Program infrastructure • Sustainability
• Faculty development
• Debriefing • Training Needs Analysis (TNA)
• Short-term staffing needs • Accreditation support
real results.
All of this positions CAE to be your ideal partner in providing uber-realistic, state-of-the-art training tools,
consultation, support and turnkey solutions that produce top flight medical professionals who are
Your
more worldwide
prepared than ever to meet the life and death challenges of their jobs. Better tools.
training partner
Better training. Better patient outcomes. Visit us at CAEHealthcare.com to set up a consultation.
of choice
©2021 CAE HEALTHCARE 657-0121
CAE Healthcare offers simulation-based patient, imaging, interventional and learning solutions
to improve patient safety and outcomes. Our leading-edge products and learning modules
responders, military medics, students and allied health professionals around the world.