Seminar Report

On

CLOUD COMPUTING

Submitted by:

Arpit Rawat
Roll No: UE7308
CSE 7 Th Sem

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 INDEX

Content Page No.

Introduction 3
History 5
Layers of cloud computing 7
Architecture 9
Cloud 10
Types of cloud 10
Essential characteristics of cloud 12
Advantages of cloud computing 13
Multi-tenancy 13
Features of Multi-tenancy 14
Disadvantages of cloud computing 15
Need for change of present internet scenario 15
Silicon valley towards cloud computing 16
Google towards cloud computing 17
Microsoft towards cloud computing 18
Apple towards cloud computing 18
Future scope 19

INTRODUCTION

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Cloud computing is an emerging computing technology that uses the internet and
central remote servers to maintain data and applications. Cloud computing allows
consumers and businesses to use applications without installation and access
their personal files at any computer with internet access. This technology allows
for much more efficient computing by centralizing storage, memory, processing
and bandwidth.

In other words is the provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized

resources as a service over the Internet on a utility basis. It’s services often
provide common business applications online that are accessed from a web
browser, while the software and data are stored on the servers.

The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the Internet
is depicted in computer network diagrams and is an abstraction of the underlying
infrastructure it conceals.

A technical definition is "a computing capability that provides an abstraction

between the computing resource and its underlying technical architecture (e.g.,
servers, storage, networks), enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a
shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned
and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction."

Most cloud computing infrastructures consist of services delivered through

common centers and built on servers. Clouds often appear as single points of
access for consumers' computing needs. Commercial offerings are generally
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expected to meet quality of service requirements of customers, and typically
include service level agreements (SLAs). The major cloud service providers include
Salesforce, Amazon and Google.[10][11] Some of the larger IT firms that are actively
involved in cloud computing are Fujitsu, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard,[12] IBM,[13]
VMware, NetApp and Dell.

Courtsey : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

HISTORY

The Cloud is a term that borrows from telephony. Up to the 1990s, data circuits
(including those that carried Internet traffic) were hard-wired between
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destinations. Subsequently, long-haul telephone companies began offering Virtual
Private Network (VPN) service for data communications. Telephone companies
were able to offer VPN-based services with the same guaranteed bandwidth as
fixed circuits at a lower cost because they could switch traffic to balance
utilization as they saw fit, thus utilizing their overall network bandwidth more
effectively. As a result of this arrangement, it was impossible to determine in
advance precisely which paths the traffic would be routed over. The term
"telecom cloud" was used to describe this type of networking, and cloud
computing is conceptually somewhat similar.

In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and their
associates. They applied many technologies developed by companies such as
Google and Yahoo! to business applications. They also provided the concepts of
"on demand" and SaaS with their real business and successful customers. The key
for SaaS is that it is customizable by customers with limited technical support
required. Business users have enthusiastically welcomed the resulting flexibility
and speed.

In the early 2000s, Microsoft extended the concept of SaaS through the
development of web services. IBM detailed these concepts in 2001 in the
Autonomic Computing Manifesto, which described advanced automation
techniques such as self-monitoring, self-healing, self-configuring, and self-
optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with heterogeneous
storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system
elements that can be virtualized across an enterprise.

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Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing
their data centers after the dot-com bubble which, like most computer networks,
were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time just to leave room for
occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in
significant internal efficiency improvements whereby, small, fast-moving "two-
pizza teams" could add new features faster and easier, Amazon started providing
access to their systems through Amazon Web Services on a utility computing basis
in 2005.

In 2007, Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarked on a large scale

cloud computing research project.[25] By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for
cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services,
those who use IT services and those who sell them", and observed that
"organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets
to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to cloud
computing ... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in
significant reductions in other areas."

LAYERS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

1) Clients
2) Application

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 3) Platform
4) Infrastructure
5) Servers

Courtsey : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

Client:

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 A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software
which relies on cloud computing for application delivery, or which is
specifically designed for delivery of cloud services and which, in either case,
is essentially useless without it.
For example:
Mobile (Android, iPhone, Windows Mobile)
Thick client / Web browser (Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, WebKit)

Application:
A cloud application leverages cloud computing in software architecture,
often eliminating the need to install and run the application on the
customer's own computer, thus alleviating the burden of software
maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. For example:

 Web applications (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)

 Software as a service (Google Apps, Salesforce)
 Software plus services (Microsoft Online Services)

Platform:
A cloud platform (PaaS) delivers a computing platform and/or solution stack
as a service, generally consuming cloud infrastructure and supporting cloud
applications. It facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and
complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software
layers.
For example:

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  Services
o Payments (Amazon Flexible Payments Service, PayPal)
o Search (Alexa, Google Custom Search, Yahoo! BOSS)
o Python Django (Google App Engine)
o File storage (Amazon S3, Nirvanix, Rackspace Cloud Files)

1) Infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure (IaaS) is the delivery of computer infrastructure,

typically a platform virtualization environment, as a service. For example:

 Compute (Amazon CloudWatch, RightScale)

o Virtual machines (Amazon EC2, GoGrid, Rackspace Cloud Servers)
o OS-level virtualisation

2) Servers:
The servers layer consists of computer hardware and/or computer software
products which are specifically and solely designed for the delivery of cloud
services. For example:

 HP Bladesystem Matrix
 Fabric computing (Cisco UCS)

CLOUD

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The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the internet, based on how the internet
is depicted in computer network diagram and is an abstraction of the underlying
infrastructure it conceals.

TYPES OF CLOUD

1) Private cloud
2) Public cloud
3) Hybrid cloud

Courtsey : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

Private cloud:

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Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have
recently used to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on
private networks. These (typically virtualization automation) products claim
to "deliver some benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls",
capitalizing on data security, corporate governance, and reliability
concerns. They have been criticized on the basis that users "still have to
buy, build, and manage them" and as such do not benefit from lower up-
front capital costs and less hands-on management, essentially "[lacking] the
economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".

While an analyst predicted in 2008 that private cloud networks would be

the future of corporate IT, there is some uncertainty whether they are a
reality even within the same firm. Analysts also claim that within five years
a "huge percentage" of small and medium enterprises will get most of their
computing resources from external cloud computing providers as they "will
not have economies of scale to make it worth staying in the IT business" or
be able to afford private clouds. Analysts have reported on Platform's view
that private clouds are a stepping stone to external clouds, particularly for
the financial services, and that future datacenters will look like internal
clouds.

Public cloud:

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 Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional
mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a
fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web
services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and
bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis.

Hybrid cloud:

A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external

providers "will be typical for most enterprises". A hybrid cloud can describe
configuration combining a local device, such as a Plug computer with cloud
services. It can also describe configurations combining virtual and physical,
collocated assets—for example, a mostly virtualized environment that
requires physical servers, routers, or other hardware such as a network
appliance acting as a firewall or spam filter.

Essential characteristics of Cloud

1) On-Demand self service

2) Broad network access
3) Resource pooling
4) Rapid elasticity
5) Measured service

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Advantages of Cloud Computing

1) Storage
2) Cost
3) Energy conservation
4) Environment friendly
5) Multi-tenancy
6) Reliability
7) Mobility
8) No Downloads
9) Shared Resources

MULTI –TENANCY
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Multi Tenancy refers to a principle where a single instance of the software runs on
a server, serving multiple client organizations (tenants). With multi tenancy
software is designed to virtually partition its data and configuration so that each
client organization works with a customized virtual application instance.

FEATURES OF MULTI-TENANCY

Cost Savings:

An application instance usually incurs a certain amount of memory and processing

overhead which can be substantial when multiplied by many customers,
especially if the customers are small. Multi-tenancy reduces this overhead by
amortizing it over many customers.

Data Aggregation/Data Mining

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One of the most compelling reasons for vendors/ISVs to utilize multi-tenancy is
for the inherent data aggregation benefits. Instead of collecting data from
multiple data sources, with potentially different database schemas, all data for all
customers is stored in a single database schema. Thus, running queries across
customers, mining data, and looking for trends is much simpler.

Complexity

Because of the additional customization complexity and the need to maintain per-
tenant metadata, multitenant applications require a larger development effort.

Release Management

Multi-tenancy simplifies the release management process. In a traditional release

management process, packages containing code and database changes are
distributed to client desktop and/or server machines. These packages then have
to be installed on each individual machine. With the multi-tenant model, the
package typically only needs to be installed on a single server. This greatly
simplifies the release management process.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

1) Internet connectivity
2) Network down
3) Security is in hands of third party
4) Cloud host disappears
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Need for change of present Internet scenario

Present internet scenario is based on the concept that there are a number of
servers on which all the data is stored and the clients all over the world are talking
to them. But imagine a situation in which the amount of data exceeds the
capacity of these servers. Plus the more the data on the server the slower the
server runs. To solve these problems is introduced.

Cloud computing is based on the concept that there will be a cloud on which all of
the data will be there and the clients round the globe will talk to it. The capacity
of cloud servers is more than anyone can imagine. Plus there will be no repetition
of the data. All this plus the speed won’t be affected because there will not be
load on any one server.

As the user and the data are going to increase exponentially cloud computing
which provides more elasticity than the current internet scenario will prove
worthwhile.

SILICON VALLEY TOWARDS CLOUD COMPUTING

Silicon Valley is the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern
California, United States. It is the leading high-tech hub because of its large
number of engineers and venture capitalists.

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 Courtesy – http://www.executiveofficespace.net/siliconvalley.jpg

Most of the leading companies such as Google, Apple, Microsoft, IBM have
already sensed that advantages of cloud computing and have taken their first step
towards it.

GOOGLE TOWARDS CLOUD COMPUTING

Google has raised its first step towards cloud computing. In January 2010 it is
launching gOS CLOUD which is the first ever cloud computing operating system.
gOS Cloud is a operating system in which there is just a browser. It takes just a
few seconds to boot and then the browser cum OS opens. This OS cum browser is
connected to the cloud. You just open the gOS Cloud and get whatever you need
from the cloud just on the click of a button.

Courtesy : http://images.tothetech.com/2008/12/gos-cloud.jpg

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Microsoft towards Cloud Computing

With the upcoming concept of cloud computing Microsoft fears that it’s existence
could suffer. With Google providing the operating system for cloud computing the
monopoly of Google is for sure. Although Microsoft is working hard to avoid this
situation. It is coming with Microsoft Azure platform which offers an intuitive,
reliable and powerful platform for the creation of web applications and services.

The Windows Azure platform is comprised of Windows Azure: an operating

system as a service; SQL Azure: a fully relational database in the cloud; and .NET
Services: consumable web-based services that provide both secure connectivity
and federated access control for applications.

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Currently in Community Technology Preview (CTP), the services are free to
evaluate through January 2010. We will begin charging customers on February
1st, 2010.

Apple towards Cloud Computing

Apple one of the largest computer technology company has launched new web
based application on its website www.iwork.com as their first step towards cloud
computing.

It is planning to allow users to create and edit documents, spreadsheets and

presentations online, and store them on central servers that can then be accessed
from any computer. The program converts the iWork document into a number of
cross-platform formats for sharing files with Windows colleagues, including PDF
and MS Word.

FUTURE SCOPE

The next generation computing will surely be cloud computing. As the amount of
data a user have is going to increase exponentially and when multiplied by the
total population the world the total amount of data will go on beyond the
handling limit of internet servers present right now. Thus to control this scenario
cloud computing is introduced. Every bit of data that any user requires will be
available on the cloud. You just need a slim laptop which will connect you to the
cloud and then you can access any data you like.

Information technology is changing rapidly, and now forms an invisible layer that
increasingly touches every aspect of our lives. Power grids, traffic control,
healthcare, water supplies, food and energy, along with most of the world's
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financial transactions, now depend on information technology. An emerging IT
delivery model-cloud computing-can significantly reduce IT costs & complexities
while improving workload optimization and service delivery. Cloud computing is
massively scalable, provides a superior user experience, and is characterized by
new, internet-driven economics.

REFERNCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

http://www.authorstream.com/CloudComputing

http:// www.ibm.com/ibm/cloud/

www.infosys.com/research/publications/Documents/cloud-computing.pdf

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