Module – 1

Introduction to Geotechnical
Earthquake Engineering
by
Dr. Deepankar Choudhury
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India.
Email: dc@civil.iitb.ac.in
URL: http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/~dc/

Lecture - 4
 Fig. Location, year and number of fatalities (in parenthesis)
for earthquakes in India during 1800 – 2001

(Modified
after
Bilham and
Gaur, 2000)

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

 Earthquake Distribution during 1800 to 2007, reference USGS

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

 Seismic Zonation Map of India as per IS 1893: 2002, Part 1

Zone PGA
II 0.10g
III 0.20g
IV 0.25g
V 0.40g

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

 Module – 2

Basics of Vibration
Theory

20
D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 Reference:
NPTEL Video Course on

Soil Dynamics
Module – 2

by
Prof. Deepankar Choudhury,
IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
21
D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 Dynamic loads :
1. Earthquake load,
2. Wind load,
3. Moving load,
4. Guide way unevenness,
5. Machine induced load,
6. Blast load,
7. Impact load etc.

Vibration

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

 Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

o No of independent co-ordinates (displacements) required to define the
displaced position of all the masses relative to their all the position is
defined as degrees of freedom.

o Generally in Dynamics, mass property dictates the DOF whereas in

Statics , the stiffness property dictates the DOF

 Examples

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

Simple Vibrating System (SDOF system)

 Mass-Spring-Damper (MSD) System

 m Kinetic Energy
 k Potential Energy
 c Dissipation

 D’Allembart’s principle
 For any object in motion, the externally applied forces, inertial force and
forces of resistance form a system of forces in equilibrium.

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India 26

 Linear Model for Equation of Motion
d 2u du
m. 2 c. k .u p(t )
dt dt
 Governing Equation of Motion

mu cu ku p(t )
Units MLT FLT system SI unit
system
m M F/LT-2 kg

k MT-2 F/L N/m

c MT-1 F/LT-1 N-s/m

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India 27

 Type of vibrations
Vibration

Free Vibration Forced Vibration

[p(t) = 0)] [p(t) = 0)]

Undampe Damped Undampe Damped

d (c = 0) (c = 0) d (c = 0) (c = 0)

Periodic Aperiodic

Transient (t tf) Steady state (t )

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India 28
ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

 SDOF system
 Free Vibration
 1. Undamped Free Vibration
The structure is disturbed from its
static equilibrium and then vibrates
without any applied forces.

The equation of motion is:

The solution is: u(t) A cos( n t) Bsin( n t)

n k m (rad/s) natural circular frequency

A and B are determined by the initial conditions

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India 29

ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

ut 0 uo uo A
ut 0 uo uo B n

which can be written as u(t) C sin( n t )

2 2 uo n uo
C u o (u o n ) cos sin
C C

2π 1
natural period Tn (s) natural frequency fn n
(Hz)
n Tn 2π

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India 30

ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

 Equation of motion: Earthquake excitation

fS ku
fD cu mut cu ku 0
fI mu t

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India 31

Forced Vibration: Response to Step Excitation

Now,
f(t) u (t ta )
= 1, t>t a
= 0, t<t a
= 1/2, t=t a
Equation of motion
mx cx kx Fu (t )
Initial conditions x(0) x0 , x(0) x0

33
Prof. Deepankar Choudhury, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
Response to Step Excitation

x(0) x(0) 0
2 F0
x 2 n x n x
m
x(t ) CF PI
nt
F0
=e ( A cos D t B sin D t)
m 2n
Using the initial conditions,

F0 nt
x(t ) 1 e cos D t sin D t
k 1 2

34
Prof. Deepankar Choudhury, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
Forced Vibration due to Arbitrary
excitation (Duhamel’s Integral)
dx(t )  f ( )d .h(t -  )  h(t -  ). f ( )d
t
So, x(t )   h(t   ). f ( )d
0

x(t )  CF  PI
t
=e n t
( A cos D t  B sin D t )   h(t   ). f ( )d
0

Initial conditions, x(0)  x0 , x(0)  x0

x0  n x0
t
x(t )= e n t
( x0 cos D t  sin D t )   h(t   ). f ( )d
d 0

1 nt
where, h(t )  e .sin D t
md
If , x(0)  0, x(0)  0
t
x(t )   h(t   ). f ( )d  Duhamel's Integral
0

1
Prof. Deepankar Choudhury, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
 Example Problem

1
D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 For the system shown in Figure, mention (with reasoning) the
number of degrees of freedom for the system for a small
oscillation. Derive the governing equation of motion (from first
principle). Consider, mass of the linkage AB and other
connectors are negligible. Calculate the natural frequency and
natural period of vibration for the system if k1 = k2 = 90 N/m
and m1 = m2 = 10 kg. And c1 = c2 = 6 N-s/m. Estimate the
damped frequency, damped period, damping ratio of the
system.

2
D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 Module – 3

Engineering Seismology

IIT Bombay, DC 22
Seismology is the branch of Geophysics concerned
with the study and analysis of Earthquakes and the
science of energy propagation through the Earth's
crust.
Engineering Seismology is concerned with the
solution of engineering problems connected with the
Earthquakes. Seismology is extremely important
because:
•Study of earthquakes gives us important clues
about the earth’s interior
•Understanding earthquakes allows us to minimize
the damage and loss of life
IIT Bombay, DC 23
 What is Earthquake ?
• An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's
crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquake is also known as a quake,
tremor or temblor.
 What is an Earthquake?

An earthquake is the vibration of Earth

produced by the rapid release of accumulated
energy in elastically strained rocks
Energy released radiates in all directions from its
source, the focus
Energy propagates in the form of seismic waves

Sensitive instruments around the world record

the event

IIT Bombay, DC 25
Focus and Epicenter of Earthquake
 What causes an Earthquake?
Movement of Tectonic Plates
Earth is divided into sections called Tectonic
plates that float on the fluid-like interior of the
Earth. Earthquakes are usually caused by
sudden movement of earth plates
Rupture of rocks along a fault
Faults are localized areas of weakness in the
surface of the Earth,sometimes the plate
boundary itself
IIT Bombay, DC 27
 Why an earthquake occurs?
• The earth's crust (the outer layer of the planet) is made up of several
pieces, called plates.
• The plates under the oceans are called oceanic plates and the rest
are continental plates

Earthquakes usually
occur where two plates
are running into each
other or sliding past
each other.

An image of the world's plates and their boundaries.

Where do Earthquakes occur?
Plate boundaries
Faults

IIT Bombay, DC 29
Release of Accumulated energy

IIT Bombay, DC 30
 The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake

 The point within Earth

where faulting begins is
the focus, or hypocenter
 The point directly above
the focus on the surface
is the epicenter

IIT Bombay, DC 31