Crime Detection, Investigation, and Prevention

Crime detection begins with the discovery of a crime scene and proceeds through the precess of evidence
collection, identification and analysis.

Crime prevention and detection is the major task of the police. In carrying out this task, the police cooperate with
the authorities concerned to promote public knowledge of crime prevention and they conduct investigation and
collect evidence for examination with scientific instruments and methods through legal procedures in hope that all
cases occurring could be solved promptly to ensure social security and stability.

What are the goals of policing?

1. To protect life and property

2. To maintain peace and order

3. To enforce the law

4. To prevent and detect crimes

5. To assist the public in circumstances of personal emergency

Problem Oriented Policing - police patrol personnel look at causes of crime and potential crime in particular areas
rather than just dealing with incidents.

Community Policing - crime prevention methods involving the wider community.

Deterrence by Example - a reactive form of policing and crime prevention through the sight of police officer in
uniform.

Crime Prevention - is the anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk and the initiation of action to
remove or reduce it.

Whose responsibility is crime prevention? ans. everyone, however, law enforcement agencies such as the police
are the focal point in community crime prevention.
Whose responsibility is crime detection? ans. police, though special law enforcement agencies may be responsible
for the discovery of a particular types of crimes. Ex, PDEA for drug related offenses.

Whose responsibility is crime investigation? ans. police and other law enforcement agencies.

Crime Detection Falls Into 3 Phases

1. The discovery that a crime has been committed.

2. The identification of the suspect

3. The collection of sufficient evidence to indict the suspect before the court of justice.

criminology board exam reviewer

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation

Investigation - an inquiry, judicial or otherwise for the discovery and collection of facts concerning the matters
involved.

- it is the process of inquiring, eliciting, soliciting and getting vital information, facts, circumstances in
order to establish the truth.

Criminal Investigator - a public safety officer who is tasked to conduct the investigation of all criminal cases as
provided for and embodied under the revised penal code, criminals laws and special laws which are criminal in
nature.

- a well trained, disciplined and experienced professional in the field of criminal investigation.

Custodial Investigation - investigation conducted by law enforcement officers after a person has been arrested or
deprived of his freedom of action.
Neighborhood Investigation - one of the most crucial steps in kidnap for ransom cases which is often overlooked.
The objective is to identify and interview in person all individuals in the area where the victim was kidnapped or
last known sighting area during the window of opportunity.(last time seen until the time discovered missing.

Crime scene - a venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has been committed.

Corpus delicti - (latin for the body of the crime) - used to describe the physical or material evidence that a crime
has been committed. ex. corpse of a murder victim.

Confession - is an express acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal prosecution of the truth of his guilt as to
the offense charge.

Admission - refers to statement of facts not directly constituting an acknowledgement of guilt.

Organized criminal group - a structured group of three or more persons existing

for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crime or offenses.

Organized crime - a combination of two or more persons who are engaged in a criminal or virtual criminal activity
on a continuing basis for the purpose of profit or power using gangland style to attain their purpose.

Physical evidence - evidenced addressed to the senses of the court that are capable of being exhibited, examined
or viewed by the court. This includes but not limited to fingerprints, body fluid, explosives, hazardous chemicals,
soil/burned debris, bombs, electronic parts used in the commission of the crime.
Victimology/victim profiling - a detailed account of the victims lifestyle and personality, assist in determining the
nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the victim and the type of person who could have committed the
crime. Complete information regarding the victims physical description, normal behavior patterns, the family
dynamics and known friends and acquintances should be obtained as soon as possible.

Miranda vs. Arizona - Ernesto Miranda had confessed to rape and kidnapping, after two hour interrogation.
Because the interrogators failed to inform Miranda of his right to counsel and remain silent, his conviction was
overturned.

Waterboarding - refers to the practice of strapping a suspect to a board with his or her head lowered, then the
face is covered and water is poured over it causing the suspect to gag and experience the sensation of drowning.

Chinese water torture - interrogation technique, repeatedly dripping water on the forehead of the suspect. The
goal is to drive the suspect to near insanity thereby obtaining a confession.

Serial Killer - is someone who murders 3 or more people with "cooling off" periods in between.

Police Blotter - is an 18" x 12" logbook with hard bound cover that contains the daily register of all crime incident
reports, official summary of arrests and other significant events reported in a police station. A separate police
blotter shall be maintained for offenses requiring confidentiality like violence against women and children and
those cases involving a child in conflict with the law to protect their privacy pursuant to RA 9262 (anti violence
against women and children act of 2004) and RA 9344 ( juvenile justice and welfare act of 2006).

Actus Reus - proof that a criminal act has occurred.

Sketch - a rough drawing or painting, often made to assist in making a more finished picture.

Types of Sketches

1. Floor plan (Birds Eye View)

2. Elevation Drawing

3. Exploded View

4. Respective Drawings
Allan Pinkerton - a Scottish american detective who created the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, the first
detective agency in the US.Pinkerton foiled a plot to assassinate President Lincoln.

Rouges Gallery - is a police collection of pictures or photographs of criminals and suspects kept for identification
purposes.A compilation of descriptions, methods of operation having places and names of criminal and their
associates.

Mugshot - is a photographic portrait taken after one is arrested.

Criminal investigation - it is the collection of facts in order to accomplish the three fold aims:

3 Fold Aims Of Criminal Investigation

To identify the guilty party

To locate the guilty party

To provide evidence of his guilt

6 Cardinal points of investigation

What specific offense was committed

How the offense was committed

Who committed it

Where the offense was committed

When it was committed

Why it was committed

Tools of an investigator in gathering facts

1. Information - data gathered by an investigator and other

person including the victim himself and from:

 1. public records

2. private records

3. modus operandi file

2. Interview - skillful questioning of witness and

suspects.

3. Instrumentation - scientific examination of real

evidence, application of instruments and

method of physical sciences in detecting crime.

Phases of investigations

1.Phase 1 - identify the suspect through:

1. confession

2. eyewitness testimony

3. circumstantial evidence

4. associate evidence

2. Phase 2 - locate and apprehend suspect.

3. Phase 3 - gather and provide evidence to

establish the guilt of the accused.

Composition/Organization of an investigation team:

Team leader

Investigator/recorder

Photographer

Evidence Custodian

Composite illustrator/Artist

Equipment of an Investigator
Police line

Video camera

Voice recorder

Camera

Measuring device

Gloves

Flashlight

Fingerprint kit

Evidence bag

Evidence tag

Evidence bottles/vials

Investigators tickler

Investigators Tickler

Investigators checklist

Anatomical diagram form

Evidence Checklist

Turn-over receipt

Standard Methods of Recording Investigative Data:

Photographs

Sketching crime scenes

Written notes (what you have seen/observed)

Developing and lifting fingerprints found at the crime scene.

Gathering physical evidence

Plaster cast

Tape recording of sounds

Video tape recording of objects

Written statement of objects and witnesses.

2 Kinds of Information

1. Regular sources - ex. citizen, company records

2. Cultivated sources - ex. paid informant

Interrogation or questioning witness or suspect who is reluctant to divulge or reveal information with the goal of
extracting a confession or obtaining information while an Interview is simple questioning of a person who
cooperate with the investigator.

How the Suspect is Identified

1. Confession or Admission - is a declaration of an

accused acknowledging his guilt.

2. Eyewitness testimony

3. Circumstantial evidence

How circumstantial Evidence Obtained

1. Motive

2. Opportunity

3. Associative Evidence

Types of Interview

1. Informal (on the scene interview) - conducted by

police/investigator at the crime scene to get

description of criminal if seen.

2. Formal - interview conducted by the investigator

assigned to the case.

Types of Formal Interview

 1. Normal - for willing or cooperative witness.

2. Group/Pretext Interview - for hostile witness or

witness who refuse to cooperate.

3. Follow Up - additional interview in addition to vital

points if necessary.

Qualifications of Interviewer

1. Salesman

2. Actor

3. Psychologist

Requisites of an Interview

1. Establish rapport

2. Forcefulness of personality

3. Breadth of interest

Setting of Interview

1. Background Interview - time and place of

interview are not a consideration except for busy

person.

2. Routine Criminal Cases - interview should be

carefully planned. Busy person can be interviewed

at night, privacy is important.

3. Important Criminal Cases - should be conducted in

places other than the subjects home/office to

prevent him/her feeling confident. Investigator

should get interviewees respect.

 4. Appropriate Time - General rule - (ASAP) as soon

possible while facts are fresh in the memory of

interviewees.

Methods of Crime Scene Search

1. Strip method - the area is blocked out in the form

of a rectangle. The searchers (3 person is good)

proceed slowly at the same pace along paths

parallel to one side of the rectangle.

2. Double Strip Search Method - modification of the

strip search method. The rectangle is traversed

first parallel to the base then parallel to a side.

3. Spiral Search Method - The searchers (3 person is

good) follow each other along the path of a spiral

beginning on the outside and spiraling in towards

the center.

4. Zone Search Method - one searcher is assigned

to each subdivision of a quadrant and then each

quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants.

5. Wheel Search Method - the area is considered to

be approximately circular. The searchers gather at

the center and proceed outward along radii or

spokes. Procedure is repeated several times

depending on the size of the circle and the number

of searchers.

methods of crime scene search

strip search method

methods o crime scene search

spiral search method

methods of crime scene search

wheel search method

methods of crime scene search

double strip search method

methods of crime scene search

zone search method

Special Crime Investigation

Special Crime Investigation - is a special study of modern techniques in the investigation of serious and specific
crimes including murder, homicide, rape, abortion, robbery, arson kidnapping, blackmail, carnapping and criminal
negligence.The emphasis is on physical evidence rather than an extra judicial confession. Special crime
investigation focuses on specific crimes which by their nature are difficult and complex to investigate.

The following are some example of cases subject to special crime investigation.

1. Robbery

2. Arson

3. Kidnapping

4. Abortion

5. Rape

6. Murder

7. Homicide

8. Carnapping

9. Criminal Negligence, Hit and Run cases

10.Drug Cases

11.Bombing
12.Swindling

Fire Technology and Investigation

Fire - exothermic reaction involving the oxidation of some substance (fuel) resulting in the release of energy in the
form of light and heat.

Fire Quadrangle

Fuel

Oxygen

Heat

Ignition energy

Triangles of Fire

Fuel

Oxygen

Heat

- removal of any of these results in the suppression of the

fire.

Some major products of combustion

water

carbon dioxide

carbon monoxide
oxides of sulfur

Definition of terms

Vapor Density - the density of the vapor relative to the density of air and is calculated by dividing the molecular
weight of the gas by that of air.

Flash point - the lowest temperature at which

liquid fuel produces a flammable vapor.

3. Fire point/flame point - the lowest temperature at which

liquid fuel produces a flammable vapor in sufficient quantity

such that if a source of ignition is introduced, the vapor

will ignite and is usually a few degrees above the flash point

4. Ignition/auto-ignition temperature - the temperature at

which a fuel will ignite on its own with out any additional

source ignition.

5. Thermal inertia - the ease at which a material can be ignited.

6. Heat release rate - is a measure of the amount of energy a

specific type of fuel can contribute to the heat flux in a fire.

7. Heat transfer - the mechanism in which fire can spread from

its origin to other sources of fuel.

Methods of heat transfer

Conductive/conduction heat transfer - heat is transferred by direct contact and the rate of transfer is dependent
on factors such as the thermal conductivity of the material and the temperature difference between the cooler and
warmer areas.

Convective/convection heat transfer - transfer of heat through physical movement of materials and occurs only in
liquids and gases. Hot gases rise and spread heat to nearby ceilings and walls.
Radiative/radiation heat transfer - heat is transferred if the form of electromagnetic energy directly from one
object to another. ex. infrared radiation from the sun.

8. Combustion - or burning - is the sequence of

exothermic chemical reaction between fuel and an oxidant

accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of

chemical species.The result of the heat can result in the

form of either glowing or flame.

Glowing combustion - occurs when solid fuels are not capable of producing sufficient quantities of gas during
pyrolysis to sustain a flame. If access to the oxidant (air) is limited, glowing combustion may result.

Flaming combustion -commonly recognized type of fire and occurs with gaseous fuel sources only. The color of the
flame can give some indication of the composition of the fuel.

Spontaneous combustion - the ignition of organic matter with out apparent cause, typically through heat
generated internally by rapid oxidation.A process whereby a material self heats.

Explosive combustion - can occur when vapors, dust of gases, premixed with appropriate amount of air are ignited.

Definition of Terms:

Arson - intentional or malicious destruction of property by fire.

Fire analysis - the process of determining the origin, cause and responsibility as well as the failure analysis of fire
or explosion.

Fire cause - the circumstances or agencies that bring a fuel and an ignition source together with proper air or
oxygen.

Fire spread - the movement of fire from one place to another.

Flash fire - a fire that spreads with extreme rapidity such as the one that races over dust, over the surface of
flammable liquids or through gases.

Fuel load - the total quantity of combustible contents of the building, spaces or fire area, including interior finish
and trim expressed in heat units or the equivalent weight in wood.

Point of origin - the exact physical location where a heat source and fuel comes in contact with each other and a
fire begins.

Rekindle - a return to flaming combustion after incomplete extinguishment of a fire reigning at some time after
being put out.

Spalling - chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces.

Definition of terms - (RA no.9514)

Abatement - any act that would remove or neutralize fire hazard.

Administrator - any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of a building for him.

Blasting Agent - any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off explosives.

Cellulose nitrate or Nitro cellulose - a highly combustible and explosive compound produced by the reaction of
nitric acid with a cellulose material.

Cellulose nitrate plastic (Pyroxylin) - any plastic substance,materials or compound having cellulose nitrate as base.

Combustible/Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials that are easily set on fire.

Combustible fiber - any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such as cotton,oakum,rags,waste cloth,waste
paper,kapok,hay,straw,Spanish moss,excelsior,and other similar materials commonly used in commerce.

Combustible liquid - any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8 degrees Celsius or 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

Corrosive liquid - any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or with certain chemicals.

Curtain board - a vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials attached to and extending below the
bottom chord of the roof trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments so that heat and
smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent.

Cryogenic - descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction with other elements
produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings.

Damper - a normally open device installed inside an air duct system which automatically closes to restrict the
passage of smoke or fire.

Distillation - the process of first raising the temperature to separate the more volatile from the less volatile parts
and then cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce as nearly purified substance.

Duct system - a continuous passageway for the transmission of air.

Dust - a finely powdered substance which when mixed with air in the proper proportion and ignited will cause an
explosion.
Electrical arc - an extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage of an electric current across a space between
two conductors or terminals due to the incandescence of the conducting vapor.

Ember - a hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned and is still oxidizing without the
manifestation of flames.

Finishes - materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental or protective purposes.

Fire - the active principle of burning characterized by the heat and light of combustion.

Fire Trap - a building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it lacks adequate exits or fire
escapes.

Fire Alarm - any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the occupants of the building or
the fighting element of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to undertake immediate action to save life
and property and to suppress the fire.

Fire door - a fire restrictive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or partitions.

Fire Hazard - any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the probability of the occurrence of
fire or which may obstruct,delay,hinder or interfere with firefighting operations and the safeguarding of life and
property.

Fire Lane - the portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and unobstructed at all times for the
expedient operations of firefighting units.

Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - any device intended for the protection of buildings or persons to include
but not limited to built in protection system such as sprinklers and other automatic extinguishing system,detectors
for heat,smoke and combustion products and other warning system components,personal protective equipment
such as fire blankets,helmets,fire suits,globes and other garments that may be put on or worn by persons to
protect themselves during fire.

Fire Safety Constructions - refers to design and installations of walls,barriers,doors,windows,vents,means of

egress etc. integral to and incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize danger to life,from
smoke,fire,fumes or panic before the building is evacuated.

Flash Point - the minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an
ignitable mixture with air.

Forcing - a process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or dimensions.

Fulminate - a kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by percussion.

Hazardous operation/process - any act of manufacturing, fabrication, conversion etc., or produces materials which
are likely to cause fires or explosions.

Horizontal exit - passage way from one building to another or through or around a wall in approximately the same
floor level.

Hose Box - a box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are stored and arranged for firefighting.

Hose Reel - a cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is connected.\.

Hypergolic fuel - a rocket or liquid propellant which consist of combinations of fuels and oxidizers which ignite
simultaneously on contact with each other.

Industrial Baking and Drying - the industrial process of subjecting materials to heat for the purpose of removing
solvents or moisture from the same and,or to fuse certain chemical salts to form a uniform glazing the surface of
materials being treated.
Jumper - a piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety device in an electrical system.

Occupancy - the purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used.

Occupant - any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by virtue of a lease contract with
the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter.

Organic Peroxide - a strong oxidizing organic compound which release oxygen readily. It causes fire

when in contact with combustible materials especially under conditions of high temperature.

Overloading - the use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which draw or consume electrical current
beyond the designed capacity of the existing electrical system.

Owner - the person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or real property.

Oxidizing Material - a material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or support
combustion.

Pressurized or Forced Draft Burning Equipment - type or burner where the fuel is subjected to pressure prior to
discharge into the combustion chamber and /or which includes fans or other provisions for the introduction of air
above normal atmosphere pressure into the same combustion chamber.

Public Assembly Building - any building or structure where 50 0r more people congregate, gather or assemble for
any purpose.
Public Way - any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the sky, dedicated for public
use.

Pyrophoric - descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air.

Refining - a process where impurities and,or deleterious materials are removed from a mixture in order to produce
a pure element of compound. It shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.

Self Closing Doors - automatic closing doors that are designed to confine smoke and heat and delay the spread o
fire.

Smelting - melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to separate impurities from pure metals.

Sprinkler System - an integrated network of hydraulically designed piping installed in a building, structure or area
with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water when activated by heat or
combustion products from a fire.

Standpipe System - a system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be attached on each floor,
including a system by which water is made available to the outlet as needed.

Vestibule - a passage hall or ante chamber between the outer doors and the interior parts of a house or building.

Vertical Shaft - a enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor as well as from the base to the
top of the building.

RA no.9514 - Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008 (Dec. 19, 2008).

PD. 1185 - known as the fire code of the Philippines, was enacted into law 1977, repealed by RA no. 9514.

RA no. 9263 - Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Professionalization Act of
2004.
BFP Powers/Functions

1. Preventions and suppression of all destructive

fires on

a. buildings

b. houses

c. other structure

d. forest

e. land transportation vehicles

f. ships/vessels

g. petroleum industry installations

h. plane crashes and similar incidents

2. Enforcement of the Fire Code of the Philippines

3. Investigate all causes of fire

4. File proper complaints with the prosecutors office

note: Vessel/Ship must be docked at piers or wharves or anchored in major seaport.

BFP Organization

Headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by a Deputy Chief. It shall composed of a Provincial, District, City and
Municipal stations.

In large provinces, district offices may be established to be headed by a district fire marshall.

In large cities and municipalities, district offices may be established with subordinate fire stations headed by a
district fire marshall.

There shall be at least one fire station in every provincial, capital, city and municipality.

The local government unit shall provide the site of the fire station.

BFP Key Positions

The Chief of the Fire Bureau - rank is Director.

The Deputy Chief of the Fire Bureau - rank is Chief Superintendent.

Assistant Regional Director for Fire Protection - rank is Senior Superintendent.

District Fire Marshall of NCR District Offices - rank is Senior Superintendent.

Provincial Fire Marshall - rank is Superintendent.

District Fire Marshall of Province - rank is Chief Inspector.

Chief of City/Municipal Fire Station - rank is Senior Inspector.

Key Positions - Qualifications

1. Municipal Fire Marshal - should have the rank of

Senior Inspector.

a. Must have finished at least 2nd year Bachelor of

Laws or earned at least 12 units in a masters

degree program in public administration,

management, engineering, public safety,

criminology or other related discipline.

b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary

training of career courses for such position as

may be established by the fire bureau.

2. City Fire Marshal - should have the rank of Chief

Inspector.

a. Must have finished at least 2nd year Bachelor of

Laws or earned at least 24 units in a masters

degree program in public administration,

management, engineering, public safety,

criminology or other related disciplines.

b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary

training or career courses for such position as

 may be established by the fire bureau.

3. District Fire Marshal/Provincial Fire Marshal/

Assistant Regional Director for Administration/

Assistant Regional Director for Operations/

Chief of Directorial Staff - should have the rank of

Superintendent.

a. Must be a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or a

holder of a Masters degree in public

administration, management, engineering,

public safety, criminology, or other related

disciplines.

b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary

training or career courses for such position as

may be established by the fire bureau.

4. District Fire marshal for the NCR/Regional

Director for Fire Protection/Director of the

Directorate of the National Headquarters Office -

should have at least the rank of Senior

Superintendent.

a. Must be a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or a

holder of masters degree in public administration,

management, engineering, public safety,

criminology, or other related disciplines.

b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary

training or career course for such position as may

be established by the fire bureau.

5. Deputy Chief for Administration and

 Deputy Chief for Operation of the Fire Bureau -

should have the rank of Chief superintendent.

a. Must be a member of the Philippine Bar or must

be a holder of a masters degree in public

administration, management, engineering,

public safety, criminology or other related

disciplines.

b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary

training or career courses as may be established

by the fire bureau.

6. Chief of the Fire Bureau - should have the rank

of Director.

a. Must be a member of the Philippine Bar or a

masters degree in public administration,

management, engineering, public safety,

criminology or other related discipline.

b. Must satisfactory passed the necessary

the training or career courses for such position

as may be established by the fire bureau.

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Traffic Operation and Accident Investigation

Traffic - may consist of pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, street cars and other conveyances either
singly or together while using the public way for purposes of travel.
Traffic laws - laws which govern traffic and regulate vehicles.

Traffic signs/road signs - are signs erected at the side of the roads to provide information to road users.

Rules of the road - are the laws and the informal rules that may have developed overtime to facilitate the orderly
and timely flow of traffic.

Right of way - is a strip of land that is granted, through an easement or other mechanism for transportation
purposes such as for a trail, driveway, rail line or highway.

- the legal right, established by usage or grant, to pass along a specific route through property
belonging to another.

Traffic signal/Traffic light - a visual signal to control the flow of traffic at intersections.

Highway - any public road. A main road especially one connecting major town or cities.

Speed limit - define the maximum, minimum or no speed limit and are normally indicated using a traffic sign.

Hit and run - is the act of causing a traffic accident and failing to stop and identify oneself afterwards.

Traffic accident - occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris or other
statutory obstruction such as tree or utility pole.

Mary Ward - worlds first road traffic death including a motor vehicle, is alleged to have occurred on august 31,
1869, when she fell out of her cousins steam car and was run over it.
Causes of traffic accidents

Human factors - ex. driver behavior, visual and auditory acuity, intoxication,decision making ability and reaction
speed.

Motor vehicle speed.

Driver impairment - factors that prevent the driver at their normal level of skill. Common impairment include, 1)
alcohol use 2) physical impairment - ex. poor eyesight 3) youth - teens and early twenty aged drivers have the
highest incidence of both accidents and fatalities among all driving age group. 4) old age 5) sleep
deprivation/fatigue 6) drug use - including prescription drug.

Road design

Vehicle design and maintenance

seat belts - wearing seat belts reduces the risk of death by two thirds.

maintenance - a well designed and maintained vehicle with good breaks, tires and well adjusted suspension will be
more controllable in an emergency and better equipped to avoid collision.

center of gravity - roll overs have become common due to increased popularity of taller SUV and minivans which
have a higher center of gravity than standard passenger car.

motorcycles - have little protection.

Skid mark - is the mark a tire makes when a vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides or spins on the surface of the
road.

skid marks are caused by rubbers deposited on the road.

one form of trace evidence, when their size and shape can reveal much about the vehicle speed and forces of
acceleration or deceleration.

the length of the skid mark is closely related to the vehicle speed at the instant of breaking, measuring the marks
yields an estimate of original speed.

Locard exchange principle - was postulated by Edmong Locard in the 20th century which states that with contact
between two items, there will be an exchange. Every contact leaves a trace. Everywhere you go, you take
something with you and you leave something behind.

Skid mark are divided into:

acceleration marks - created on acceleration if the engine provides more power that the tire can transmit.

braking marks - if the brakes "lock-up" and cause the tire to slide.

yaw marks - if the tire slide sideways.

RA 4136 - Land Transportation and Traffic code of the Philippines.

Coefficient of Friction - is a dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the force of friction between
two bodies and the force pressing them together.

Rail Adhesion - grip wheels of a train have on the rails.

Split Friction - dangerous condition arising due to varying friction on either side of a car.

Road Texture - affects the interaction of tires and the driving surface.

Profilograph - devised used to measure pavement surface roughness.

Tribometer - an instrument that measures friction on a surface.

Traffic Waves - "stop waves" "traffic Shocks" - are traveling disturbances in the distribution of cars on a highway.

Traffic Flow - the total number of vehicles passing a given point in a given time. Traffic flow is expressed as vehicle
per hour.

Traffic Congestion - "traffic jam" - is a condition on roads, streets or highways that occurs as use increases.

Characteristics of Traffic Congestion

1. Slow speed of vehicles

2. Longer travel time

3. Increased vehicle queuing

Classical Theories of Traffic Flow

1. Free flow

2. Congested traffic

Three-Phase Traffic Theory - is an alternative theory of traffic flow developed by Boris Kerner between 1996 and
2002.

1. Free flow

2. Synchronized flow

3. Wide moving jam

Pedestrian - is a person traveling on foot whether walking or running.

Gridlock - a traffic jam so bad that no movement is possible.

China - (Beijing-Zhangjiakou province) - is considered the worlds worst traffic jam ever as traffic congestion
stretched more than 100 kilometers including 11 days of gridlock.

Brazil - (Sao Paolo) - has the worlds worst daily traffic jams.

France - (A6 Auto-route) - between Paris and Lyon was considered the worlds longest traffic jam.

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Traffic Operation Definition of Terms

Abrasion - a condition manifested in pavement markings by gradual surface erosion, thinning, and disappearance
of the film due to wind, water, sand, and vehicle tire wear.

Acceleration - a rate of change of speed resulting in an increase in travel speed.

Acceleration lane - a speed change lane for the purpose of enabling vehicle entering a roadway to increase its
speed to a rate at which it can safely merge with through traffic, providing the necessary merging distance, and
giving the main road traffic the necessary time to make appropriate adjustment.

Acceleration marks - marks that are just opposite the skid marks.The tires are being rotated by the axle and when
done fast enough, the outside of the tire, the thread, takes time to catch up to the rest of the tire, which is being
held by the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road surface.Therefore, the acceleration marks are
heavy at the beginning and lighten up as the tire thread catches.

Access - a way of entering or traveling towards a location.

Actuation - the operation of a detector in registering the presence or passage of a vehicle or pedestrian.

Advance warning area - the first component of a work zone, upstream of the approach area, used to alert drivers
to road work ahead.

Advisory maximum speed - an advisory speed posted when the roadway geometries result in a maximum safe
speed which is 20 km/hr or more below the operating speed and is 10 km/hr or more below the regulatory speed
limit.

Advisory speed - the speed, determined to the nearest 5 km/hr at which traffic may safely negotiate a potential
hazard under favorable driving conditions.
A.I.D. - automatic incident detection.

Anti lock breaking system - (ABS) breaking system designed to break to break the vehicle in the most effective
manner, without locking up the tires and causing the tires to go into a skid.This system is used differently than
standard breaks when breaking in an emergency situation.The break pedal is stepped on and held in place while
the electronic system takes over and modulates or applies the brakes until the wheels want to lock up and then
releases and breaks again.

Base drawing - The scale drawing made of the accident scene that shows all the landmarks and detail to set the
scene. It generally does not contain any measurements or any points of impact (POI) or points of rest (POR)

Bottleneck - a highway section with reduced capacity that experiences operational problems such as congestion.

Boulevard - an improved strip of land between the roadway and the sidewalk or between two opposing roadways.

Bull nose - the area or point of divergence between two diverging roadways such as between free way mainline
lanes and an exit ramps.

Bumper fracture - fractures that typically occur due to the impact of a vehicle on the calves of a decedent with
fractures of the tibia or fibula.They may be unilateral or lateral.

Call box - a telephone pr other communications device located a given locations along the side of the
freeway.Motorists can request various services such as police, fire, or ambulance by pressing certain buttons or
using voice communications.

Carbon dioxide - a molecule consisting of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen,which is a major
combustion product of the burning of organic materials.Carbon dioxide is the result of complete combustion of
carbon.

Carbon monoxide - a colorless, odorless, very toxic gas formed by burning carbon or organic fuels.A gaseous
molecule having the formula CO, which is the product of incomplete combustion of organic materials.

Carpool - an arrangement in which a group of people share the use and possibly the cost of a car in traveling to and
from pre-arrange destinations together.
Causeway - a bridge or raised way constructed over marshy land or water.It may be either an earth fill or bridge
type structure.

Center lane facility - a reserved lane at or near the center of the roadway.

Chemical etching - a form of texturing a mold utilizing an acid bath that erodes selective portion of the metal,
leaving a resulting texture or pattern.

Chicane - a series of curb extensions on alternating sides of a roadway, which narrow a roadway and requires
vehicle to meander to travel through the chicane. Typically, a series of three curb extensions is used.

Chop shop - a location, often an automobile repair shop or salvage yard, where a stolen car is stripped of its parts
(radio,doors,engine,etc) the remains are cut up and sold for scrap metal.

Citation - a ticket issued by an officer deputized by the LTO for violating traffic laws.

Collision - an incident resulting in property damage, personal injury or death, and involving the loss of control
and/or the striking of one or more vehicles with another vehicle, person, an animal, or an inanimate object.

Collision,primary - the impact between and another vehicle or a vehicle and a fixed object.

Collision,secondary - the impact between the occupant

Collision,tertiary - the impact between the occupant and the restraint system.

Corrosion - the degradation of metals or alloys due to reaction with the environment.The corrosive action on the
metals or alloys is accelerated by acids, bases, or heat.
Crosswalk - (pedestrian crossing) is a designated point on a road at which some means are employed to assists
pedestrians wishing to cross.

Curb - a vertical or sloping member along the edge of the roadway clearly defining the roadway edge.

Declination - the difference between true north as shown on a topographic map and magnetic north as indicated
by the magnetic needle on a compass.

Drag factor - comes from the tool used to determine the value of the coefficient of friction of the road surface.A
portion of a concrete-weighted tire is pulled or dragged along the roadbed by a "fish scale"The investigator reads
the scale and and divides by the weight of the tire to determine the coefficient of friction.It is called dragged factor
because it is determined by dragging the tire.

Driveway - every entrance or exit used by vehicular traffic to or from lands or buildings abutting a highway.

DUI - driving under the influence.

DWI -driving while intoxicated.

Dyslexia - a disturbance to the ability to read.

Efface - to rub out, to strike, scratch out, or to erase.

First responder - the initial responding law enforcement officer or other public safety official or service provider
arriving at the scene prior to the arrival of the investigator in charge.

Footbridge - (pedestrian bridge) is a bridge designed for pedestrians and in some cases cyclists, animal traffic
rather than vehicular traffic.

Footpath - is a path along the side of the road.

Gross weight - the weight of the vehicle without load plus the weight of any load thereon.

Intersection - is a road junction where two or more roads either meet or cross at grade.(same level)An intersection
maybe 3 way, T-junction, fork, 4 way, cross roads, 5 way or more.
Laned roadway - a roadway is which is divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for vehicular traffic.

Longitudinal axis - the long axis of the vehicle that runs from the front (hood) to the rear (trunk) of the vehicle.

Metallic paint - paint used for covering metal surfaces, the pigment is usually iron oxide.

Meter - the basic unit of length in the metric system.

Motor vehicle - (road vehicle) is a self propelled wheeled vehicle that does not operate on rails such as trains or
trolleys.

Overhang - that potion of a transport vehicle which extends beyond the front or rear bumper.

Pavement - (road surface) is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or
foot traffic such as road or walkway.

Pedestrian - is a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running.

Prying tool - a tool that can be used to forcibly open a locked door/cover by applying leverage to the door/cover at
one of its edges.

R.A.4136 - Land transportation and traffic code.

Refuge island - (pedestrian island) is a small section of pavement or sidewalk completely surrounded by asphalt or
other road materials where pedestrian can stop before finishing crossing the road.

Right of way - the right of one vehicle or pedestrian to proceed in a lawful manner in preference to another vehicle
or pedestrian approaching under such circumstances of direction, speed, and proximity as to give rise to danger of
collision unless one grants precedence to the other.

Road - is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places which typically has been paved or otherwise
improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a horse, cart, or motor vehicle.
Roadway - consists of a width of road on which a vehicle is not restricted by any physical barriers or separation to
move laterally.

Road junction - is a location where vehicular traffic going in different directions can proceed in a controlled manner
designed to minimize accidents.

Runabout - is type of circular intersection or junction in which road traffic is slowed and flows almost continuously
in one direction around a central island to several exits into the various intersecting roads.

Skid marks - marks left on the road surface when the tire stops rotating, locks up and skids.

Speed limit - the maximum speed at which a vehicle may legally travel on a particular stretch of road.

Stellar pattern - A bull’s-eye-type fracture of the windshield when struck by a human or anthropomorphic head
during a collision. Damage occurs in the form of a circular pattern, with cracks radiating from the center.

Stile - is a structure which provides people a passage through or over a fence or boundary via steps, ladder, or
narrow gaps.

Submarining - action of the occupant sliding forward underneath the lap belt portion of the restraint system, with
the lap belt webbing resting above the pelvic girdle.

Tint - a color that has been made lighter by the addition of white.

Tire impression - when a tire contacts a surface, it results in the transfer of the class characteristics of design and
size and possibly of wear and individual characteristics of the tire.

Tire patch - that portion of the tire that rest on the road surface.It is oval shaped and has its longest axis along the
normal direction of travel of the vehicle.When a vehicle is sliding sideways, the tire marks left on the road gets
almost twice as wide as the tires turn sideways and the short axis is in the direction of travel that makes the tire
marks.

Tire thread - part of a tire that contacts the road surface and contains a design.
Traffic - may consists of pedestrians,ridden or herded animals,vehicles, streetcars, and other conveyances, either
singly or together, while using the public way for purposes of travel.

Traffic circle - is a type of intersection that has a generally circular central island.

Traffic collision - (traffic accident) occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road
debris, or other stationary obstruction such as a tree or utility pole.

Traffic engineering - is a branch of civil engineering that use engineering techniques to achieve the safe and
efficient movement of people and goods on roadways.

Traffic light - (traffic signal) are signalling devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other
locations to control competing flows of traffic.

Traffic signs - (road signs) are signs erected at the side of roads to provide information to road users.

Trails - (byway) is a path with a rough beaten or dirt/stone surface used for travel.

Tumblehome - The curvature of a vehicle body inward toward the roof. This gives the vehicle a rounder look from
the front and decreases aerodynamic drag.

VIN - vehicle identification number, the serial number that the car's manufacturer stamps on several motor vehicle
parts (many of which are inaccessible) for the purpose of tracing and identifying car ownership.

Vulcanization - a irreversible process in which a rubber compound is heated under pressure resulting in a chemical
change in its structure.

Walkway - is a composite or umbrella term for all engineered surfaces or structures which support the use of trails.

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Drug Education and Vice Control

RA no. 9165 - Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.

RA no 6425 - Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 - the law that was repelled by RA no. 9165.

Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) - the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in the planning and formulation
of policies and programs on drug prevention and control.

Duties/Function of the DDB -To develop and adopt a comprehensive, integrated, unified and balanced national
drug abuse prevention and control strategy.

Composition of the DDB

3 permanent members

2 regular members

12 ex officio members

The 12 ex officio members are the following:

DOJ secretary or his/her representative

DOH secretary or his/her representative

DND secretary or his/her representative

DOF secretary or his/her representative

DOLE secretary or his/her representative

DILG secretary or his/her representative

DSWD secretary or his/her representative

DFA secretary or his/her representative

DECS secretary or his/her representative

CHED chairman or his/her representative

National Youth Commission chairman or his/her representative

PDEA director general

The DDB is under the office of the President.

The Department Secretary's representative shall in no case be lower than Under Secretary.

The Two Regular Members of the DDB are:

The President of The Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP)

The Chairman or President of a non-governmental organization involved in dangerous drug campaign to be

appointed by the President of the Philippines.

Permanent Consultants of the DDB

Director of the NBI

Chief of the PNP

PDEA - implementing arm of the DDB.

Qualification of the 3 Permanent members of the DDB

- at least 7 years training and experience in the field of dangerous drugs and in any of the following fields:
law,medicine,criminology,psychology or social work.They are appointed by the President.

The President shall designate a Chairman of the DDB from among the 3 permanent members who shall serve for
6 years.

The Chairman of the DDB shall have a rank of Under Secretary.

Term of office of the permanent members of the DDB - 6 years and until their successors shall have been duly
appointed and qualified.

The PDEA shall be headed by a Director General with the rank of undersecretary.

The PDEA Director General shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines.

Duties/Functions of PDEA Director General

1. Responsible for the general administration and

management of the agency.

 2. Perform other duties that may be assigned to

him/her by the President.

The PDEA Director General and the 2 Deputy Director General must possess adequate knowledge, training and
experience in the field of dangerous drugs and in any of the following field: law enforcement, law, medicine,
criminology, psychology and social work.

There are 2 PDEA Deputy Director General

1. One for Administration

2. One for Operation

They shall have a rank of Assistant Secretary and both are appointed by the President of the Philippines upon
recommendation of the board.

Mandatory Services of the PDEA

1. Intelligence and Investigation

2. International Cooperation and Foreign Affairs

3. Preventive Education and Community Involvement

4. Plans and Operation

5. Compliance, Legal and Prosecution

6. Administrative and Human Resource

7. Financial Management

8. Logistic Management

9. Internal Affairs

PDEA shall establish regional offices.

PDEA Academy - Shall be established either in Baguio City or Tagaytay City and in such other places as may be
necessary.

PDEA Academy shall be headed by a Superintendent with the rank of Director. He shall be appointed by the PDEA
Director General.

3 Pronged Approached in the Solution of Drug Problems

 1. Law enforcement activities

2. Preventive Drug Education and Information

program in school and in communities.

3. Treatment and Rehabilitation programs for drug

dependent.

Classification of Drugs according to effect

Depressant - "downers" - a drug reducing functional or nervous activity. Lower the level of arousal when taken.

Stimulants - "Uppers" - increase mental and/or physical function. A substance that raises the levels of
physiological or nervous activity in the body.

Hallucinogens - "psychedelics" - a drug that causes hallucinations. Psychoactive drugs that cause subjective change
in perception,thought,emotion and consciousness.

Classification of Drugs according to Pharmacology

Depressants

Narcotics

Tranquilizers

Stimulants

Hallucinogens

Solvents/Inhalants

Classifications of Drugs according to Legal Categories

Prohibited Drugs

Regulated Drugs

Volatile substances
Golden Triangle of Drug Trafficking

Laos

Thailand

Burma

The Golden Crescent

Afghanistan

Pakistan

Iran

India

Classification of Drug user/Abuser

Situational user - those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy to perform an important work.
Such individual may or may not exhibit psychological dependence.

Spree user - school age user who take drugs for "kicks", adventure, daring experience or a means of fun.

Hardcore addicts - those whose activities revolves almost entirely around drug use and securing supplies. They
show strong psychological dependence on the drug.

Hippies - Those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life.

Commonly abused drugs:

Sedatives - are depressant drugs which reduce anxiety and excitement such as barbiturates, tranquilizers and
alcohol.

Stimulants - are drugs which increase alertness and activity such as amphetamine, cocaine and caffeine.

Hallucinogen/Psychedelics - drugs which affect sensation,thinking,self awareness and emotion.

Narcotics - drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep. This includes opium and its derivatives like
morphine,codeine and heroin.

Solvents - volatile substances which are found to be the most commonly abused.

Primary causes of drug addiction:

Pride - excessive feeling of self worth or self esteem or sense of self importance.

Anger - against, himself,family,friends and society in general.

Lust - burning sexual desire can distort the human mind to drug abuse.

Gluttony - "food trip" in the lingo of junkies.

Greed - wealth,fame,recognition as exemplified by people under pressure in their work of art such as
musician,actors and athletes who indulge in rug abuse.

Envy - to get attention from someone as sign of protest.

Laziness - "i cant syndrome" incapacity to achieve is a breeding ground of drug abuse and boredom coupled with
poor self image.

Warning Signs of Commonly Abused Drugs

1. Marijuana

glassy red eye

loud talking

inappropriate laughter followed by sleepiness

loss of interest, motivation

weight gain or loss

2. Depressant

contracted pupils

drunk-like

difficulty concentrating

clumsiness

poor judgement

3. Stimulants - ex. cocaine, amphetamines

dilated pupils

hyperactivity

euphoria
irritability

anxiety

excessive talking followed by depression or excessive sleeping

may go long period of time without eating or sleeping

weight loss

dry mouth and nose

4. Inhalants - ex. glues, aerosols, vapors

watery eyes

impaired vision, memory and thought

secretions from the nose or rashes around the nose and mouth

head aches and nausea

appearance of intoxication

drowsiness

poor muscle control

changes in appetite

anxiety

irritability

lots of cans,aerosols in the trash

5 . Hallucinogens - ex. LSD, PCP

dilated pupils

bizarre and irrational behavior including paranoia, aggression, hallucination

mood swings

detachment from people

absorption with self or other objects

slurred speech

confusion

6. Heroin
contracted pupils

no response of pupils to light

needle marks

sleeping at unusual time

sweating

vomiting

coughing, shiffling

twitching

loss of appetite

7. Alcohol

clumsiness

difficulty walking

slurred speech

sleepiness

poor judgement

dilated pupils

possession of false ID cards

8. Tobacco/Nicotine

smell of tobacco

stained fingers or teeth

Analgesic - any drugs such as salicylates, morphine or opiates used primarily for the relief of pain.

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Drug Education Definition Of Terms

Acute tolerance - The development of tolerance within the course of a single exposure to a drug.
Addiction - Implies a very severe form of dependence, one involving an overwhelming compulsion for the use of a
particular drug.

Adulterant - Material used to increase the mass of a controlled substance. Adulterants produce physiological
effects and give the illusion that more controlled substance is present than its actual content.

Alkaloid - One of a group of nitrogenous organic bases, especially one of vegetable origin, having a powerful toxic
effect on animals and man, such as nicotine, cocaine, strychnine, or morphine.

Amitriptyline - A tricyclic antidepressant drug, found to impair skilled performance and to be additive with ethanol
in its adverse effects.

Amobarbital - A barbiturate derivative used as a sedative or hypnotic; available in ampules for intravenous or
intramuscular injection for the control of seizures.

Amphetamine - A drug that is representative of a class of structurally related compounds known as

phenethylamines. Basis of a group of hallucinogenic,habit-forming drugs that affect the central nervous
system.The sale and use restricted to physicians; trade name Benzedrine.

Analgesic - Any drugs, such as salicylates, morphine, or opiates used primarily for the relief of pain.

Anaphylaxis - An allergic hypersensitivity reaction of the body to a foreign protein or drug.

Antidepressant - A drug, such as imipramine and tranylcypromine, that relieves depression by increasing central
sympathetic activity.

Antisera - Injecting human serum into various animals, such as the horse, goat,sheep, rabbit, duck, hen, or guinea
pig, can produce antihuman sera.
Antiserum - Any immune serum that contains antibodies active chiefly in destroying a specific infecting virus or
bacterium.

Barbiturate - A derivative of barbituric acid that produces depression of the central nervous system and
consequent sedation.

Benzoylecognine - A cocaine metabolite.

Butabarbital - A short- to intermediate-acting barbiturate derivative.

Butalbital - An occasionally encountered short-acting barbiturate closely related to Talbutal and less closely to
Amobarbital and Secobarbital. Intoxication can result in lethargy, confusion, disorientation, and ataxia.

Cannabidiol - A constituent of cannabis, which, upon isomerization to a

tetrahydrocannabinol, has some of the physiologic activity of marijuana.

Cannabinol - (C21H26O2) A physiologically inactive phenol formed by spontaneous dehydrogenation of

tetrahydrocannabinol from cannabis.

Cannabis - A genus of tall annual herbs in the family Cannabaccae having erect stems, with 3 to 7 elongated leaflets
and pistillate flowers in spikes along the stem. Commonly known as marijuana or sometimes referred to on the
street as grass or pot.

Chronic - Persistent, prolonged, repeated.

Chronic effect - A pathologic process caused by repeated exposures over a period of long duration.

Chronic tolerance - The gradual decrease in degree of effect produced at the same blood concentration in the
course of repeated exposure to that drug.
Cocaine - A colorless to white crystalline powder. Used as a local anesthetic (medicine or dentistry), usually as the
hydrochloride. Also known by street names, such as coke, snow, or freebase.

Codeine - A narcotic alkaloid that is used in medicine and cough syrups; highly toxic and habit-forming narcotic.

Concentration - The amount of a substance in a stated unit of a mixture or solution. Common methods of stating
concentration are percent by weight,percent by volume, or weight per unit volume. Amount of a drug in a unit
volume of biological fluid, expressed as weight/volume.

Confirmatory test - Second test by an alternative chemical method for unambiguous identification of a drug or
metabolite.

Crack - Concentrated form of cocaine, which is used in vapor form. It is smoked or inhaled through crack pipes. It is
a highly addictive drug that causes psychotic behavior, which is often violent. Almost pure form of the drug cocaine
hydrochloride, obtained from a shrub native to Bolivia and Peru. It can cause increased alertness and energy,
runny nose, and decreased appetite when snorted, injected, or smoked.

Cut-off concentration - Concentration of a drug in a specimen or sample used to determine whether the specimen
or sample is considered positive or negative. In some circumstances it is recommended that the cut-off
concentration should be set equal to the limit of detection.

Depressants - Drugs that depress the action of the central nervous system such as phenobarbital, pentobarbital,
and alcohol.

Designer drugs - Drugs that are produced illicitly by means of chemical technology.They can cause uncontrollable
tremors, chills, or sweating and faintness and paranoia when injected or taken in pill form.

Diazepam - (valium) The second benzodiazepine derivative to have been approved for human usage has been one
of the most frequently prescribed drugs in the United States. It is administered as an antianxiety agent,muscle
relaxant, or anticonvulsant.

Drug - Any natural or synthetic substance that is administered to produce specific physiological or psychological
effects.
Drug abuse - The nonmedicinal use of a drug in a manner that is not socially acceptable.

Drug dependence - The primary hazard of the abusive use of drugs is the likelihood for some individuals to develop
a “need” or compulsive desire that may occur as a result of a psychological or a physical craving.

Hallucinogens - Drugs like marijuana, LSD, PSP, and ecstasy that produce changes in mood, thought and
perception.

Hashish - Purified resin prepared from the flowering tops of the female cannabis plant and smoked or chewed as a
narcotic or an intoxicant.

Impramine - The prototype of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs.

Marijuana - Popular name for the dried flowers and leaves of Cannabis sativa.

Meperidine hydrochloride - A fine, white, odorless, crystalline powder; very soluble in water, soluble in alcohol,
and used in medicine as a narcotic.

Methadone hydrochloride - A synthetic narcotic. Used medicinally as a sedative and also useful in treating heroin
addiction.

Methamphetamine - Colorless, volatile liquid; characteristic strong odor and slightly burning taste. Highly toxic,
flammable, as well as a dangerous fire risk. Basis of a group of hallucinogenic, habit-forming drugs that affect the
central nervous system.

Morphine - White crystalline alkaloid, slightly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; highly toxic, narcotic, habit-
forming drug.

Mushroom - (Drugs) Umbrella-shaped fungus, some varieties of which contain a drug that can cause
hyperventilation, tremors, and hyperactivity when the fungus is chewed, smoked, or ground and infused in water
and drunk as a tea.

Narcotic - Pharmacologically, any substance that produces narcosis, a stuporous state resembling sleep, and
characterized by loss of sensation. Addictive substance that reduces pain, alters mood and behavior, and usually
induces sleep or stupor.
Opiates - Natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic substances with morphine-like effects in the body. They are
primarily employed as analgesics and can be considered narcotic in their effects.

Opium - A highly toxic plant alkaloid that is a habit-forming narcotic; one source of opium is morphine.

Overdose - An excessive dose of medicine or narcotic substance.

Peyote - The common name for the small Mexican cactus, Lophophora williamsii,which contains the hallucinogen,
mescaline.

Pharmacodynamics - The study of the relationship of drug concentration to drug effects.

Pharmacokinetics - The study of the time course of the processes (absorption,distribution, metabolism, and
excretion) a drug undergoes in the body.

Pharmacologic - Relating to the study of drugs and their origin, natural properties,and effects on living organisms.

Phencyclidine (PCP) - Has an anesthetic activity and is manufactured legitimately for use as a veterinary anesthetic.
It has no legitimate use in humans because of its hallucinogenic actions. The effects on humans

are considered euphoric, but at times depression or anxiety and aggressive behavior are produced. Common street
names are PCP, peace pill,hog, and angel dust.

Picking - Adherence of a drug to the face of the punch used to produce a tablet.Picking creates holes in the
surfaces of pressed tablets, usually near letters such as A or R.

Propoxyphene - A mildly effective narcotic analgesic, somewhat less potent than codeine, that bears a close
structural relationship to methadone.

Qualitative test - A test that determines the presence or absence of specific drugs or metabolites, proteins, or
enzymes in the specimen or sample.

Quinine - Bulky, white, amorphous powder or crystalline alkaloid; very bitter taste; odorless and levorotatory. Used
in medicine as an antimalarial drug.
Secobarbital - A barbiturate derivative of short duration of action; used as either a sedative or hypnotic.

Solvent - A substance capable of dissolving another substance (solute) to form a uniformly dispersed mixture
(solution) at the molecular or ionic size level.

Stimulants - Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system, creating feelings of confidence and
energy. A drug that produces a temporary increase of functional activity or efficiency. A drug that increases
alertness and motor activity and, at the same time, reduces fatigue, allowing the individual to remain awake for an
extended period of time. It can cause weight loss, increased respiration and heart rate, blurred vision, and anxiety
when snorted,injected, smoked, or swallowed in capsule, tablet, or pill form.

Strychnine - An alkaloid found together with the less active brucine in the seed of Strychnos nux-vomica, a tree
indigenous to India. It is a potent central nervous system stimulant and convulsant, acting by the selective blockage
of postsynaptic neuronal inhibition.

Substance abuse - Use of alcohol or drugs that results in adverse effects on the user. Substance abuse is a major
health and social problem in the United States among adolescents.

Tolerance - A state that develops after long-term exposure to a drug. Metabolic tolerance infers a faster removal
and oxidation by the liver. Functional tolerance infers a change in sensitivity of the organ to the effects of the drug.

Police Report Writing (Technical English)

Definition of Terms:

Affidavit - summary judgment. The kind of affidavit necessary to support a summary judgement is that affidavit
from which it may be clearly drawn that certain facts pleaded by either party are certain, undisputed and
indubitable which dispense with the hearing or trial of the case.(PNP definition).

After operation report - it is a report that may be rendered after any successful police operation that leads to the
arrest of any member or some members of syndicated crime group.

After soco report - it is a report rendered by the team leader of the SOCO that conducted the scene of the crime
operations, processing or investigation.

Agents report - it is a report rendered by a documented agent who answers an intelligence requirement.

Agreement - Proposal. A proposal remains an offer even if not answered and irrespective of the length of time that
has passed. It only becomes an agreement when accepted by the other party.(PNP definition).
Book of account - a book containing charges and showing a continuous dealing with persons generally. To be
admissible in evidence, it must be kept as an account book and the charges made in the usual course of business.

Case officer - the person responsible for and in charge of the investigation of the case.

Police blotter - a record or log where all types of operational and under cover dispatches shall be recorded
containing the 5 "W" and 1 "H"(Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How of an information.

Spot report - refers to an immediate initial investigative or incident report addressed to higher headquarters
pertaining to the commission of the crime, occurrence of natural or man-made disaster or unusual incidents
involving loss of lives and damage of properties.

Tactical interrogation report - the report rendered by an interrogator which contain the following information: 1.
Personal and family background 2. Educational background 3. Professional background 4. Criminal
activities,associates/armaments 5. Plans

Summary of information (SOI) - an intelligence report rendered regarding any illegal activity or violation of laws
being observed by intelligence operatives within a given area of responsibility. This is the usual basis of case
operations hence, information received should be cared, validated, countered checked, analyzed and evaluated.

Police Report - report made by the police containing the initial statement made by the victim at the time she or he
reported the crime. A police report consists of a testament, specific details of the event and names of people
involved.

Index Crime - are very serious crimes that happen frequently or regularly that they can serve as index of the crime
situation. Index Crime is basically anything that is physically pursued by the person committing the crime while non
index crimes consists of non physical confrontation.

Non Index Crime - refers to all crime not classified as index crime. These crimes are mostly victimless.

Crime Solution Efficiency - means the number of crimes solved after the arrest of the suspects and filing of charges
against them.

Crime Clearance Efficiency - means the number of crimes considered solved because the suspects have been
identified and charged but they remain at large.

Crime Incidence - the number of crimes reported as index or non index crimes within a given period.

Crime Volume - is a basic indicator of the frequency of known criminal activity. It represents the number of
reported offenses.

Crime Trend - represents the percentage change in crime based on data reported in a prior equivalent period.

Crime Rate - the measure that gives an index of crime occurring in a particular jurisdiction for a specific time
period.